Jehoram

Fausset's Bible Dictionary

("exalted by Jehovah"), JEHORAM or Joram

1. Son of Ahab, king of Israel. Succeeded his brother Ahaziah who had no son, 896 B.C., and died 884 B.C. Jehoram, king of Judah, had two accessions recorded in Scripture, and an earlier one not recorded, but conjectured by Usher;

(1) probably when Jehoshaphat went from his kingdom to Ramoth Gilead battle in his 17th year ( 2 Kings 3:1);

(2) when he retired from the administration, making his son joint king, in his 23rd year ( 2 Kings 8:16 margin);

(3) at Jehoshaphat's death, in his 25th year. ( 2 Chronicles 21:1;  1 Kings 22:50 margin)

Thus, the accession of Jehoram king of Israel in Jehoshaphat's 18th year synchronized with

(1) the second year after the first accession ( 2 Kings 1:17), and

(2) the fifth year before the second accession, of Jehoram king of Judah ( 2 Kings 8:16).

For the last year of his reign he synchronized with Ahaziah, Joram's son, slain along with him by Jehu (2 Kings 9). There was a close alliance between Judah and Israel, begun by Ahab his father with Jehoshaphat and continued by himself. With Judah (whose territory Moab had invaded, 2 Chronicles 20, and so provoked Jehoshaphat) and Edom as allies, Jehoram warred against Mesha, who had since Ahaziah's reign ( 2 Kings 1:1) withheld the yearly tribute due to Israel, "100,000 lambs and the wool of 100,000 rams" (Keil) (2 Kings 3;  Isaiah 16:1). The allies would have perished for want of water in their route S. of the Dead Sea, then northwards through Edom and the rocky valley Ahsy which separates Edom from Moab, but for Elisha who had a regard for Jehoshaphat, and brought water to fill the wady Ahsy miraculously from God; the water was collected for use in ( Jeremiah 14:3) the ditches made by his direction. (See Dibon ; ELISHA.)

Rain fell probably in the eastern mountains of Edom far away from Israel, so that they perceived neither the wind which precedes the rain nor the rain itself; and this at the time of the morning "meat offering" to mark the return of God's favor in connection with sacrifice and prayer to Him. The reddish earth of the ditches colored the water, gleaming in the rising sun, and seemed blood to Moab, who supposed it to indicate a desperate conflict between the three kings. Edom's late attempt at rebellion ( 2 Chronicles 21:8) made the Moabites' supposition probable; and remembering how their own joint expedition against Judah with Ammon and Edom (20) had ended in mutual slaughter, they naturally imagined the same issue to the confederacy against themselves. After smiting the cities, telling the trees, stopping the wells, and marring the land, the allies pressed the king of Moab sore in his last stronghold Kir Haraseth, the citadel of Moab ( Isaiah 15:1), now Kerak, on a steep chalk rock above the deep valley, wady Kerak, which runs westward into the Dead Sea.

Failing to break through the besiegers to the king of Edom, from whom he expected least resistance, he offered his firstborn son a burnt offering to Chemosh. (See Chemosh .) So there ensued "great wrath against Israel"; Israel's driving him to such an extremity brought on Israel some of the guilt of the human sacrifice offered. Their conscience and superstitious feelings were so roused (probably a divine sign visibly accompanying this feeling) that they gave up the siege and the subjugation of Moab. The Dibon stone records probably the victories of Mesha subsequent to this, though the allies' circuitous route S.E. of the Dead Sea, instead of directly E. across Jordan, may have resulted from Mesha's successes already in the latter quarter. Jehoram fell into Jeroboam's sin of worshipping Jehovah under the calf symbol, which every Israelite king regarded as a political necessity, but not into his father's and mother's Baal idolatry; nay, he removed Baal's statue ( 2 Kings 3:2-3).

Jehoshaphat's influence produced a compromise on both sides, to the spiritual good of neither, as always happens in compromises between the world and the church. Baal worship outlived such half hearted religious efforts. How could it be otherwise, when Jezebel lived throughout his reign, as whole-hearted for false gods as her son was half hearted for the true God! ( 2 Kings 9:30;  2 Kings 10:18 ff;  2 Kings 3:13). However, Jehoram's removal of Baal's statue seems to have drawn Elisha to him, so that the prophet was able to offer the Shunammite woman to speak to the king in her behalf ( 2 Kings 4:13). As Elisha spoke so sternly to him in  2 Kings 3:14, the removal of the Baal statue may have been subsequent to, and the consequence of, Jehoram's witnessing the deliverance of himself and his two allies, wrought through Jehovah's prophet in chapter 3.

The king's want of faith, yet mixed with recognition of God's exclusive omnipotence, appears in his answer to the Syrian king's command that he should heal Naaman of his leprosy, "Am I God to kill and to make alive, that this man," etc. ( 2 Kings 5:7;  Deuteronomy 32:39); his unbelief ignored the existence of God's prophet in Israel. The miraculous cure deepened his respect for Elisha. The prophet again and again saved Jehoram by warning him of the position of the Syrian camp ( 2 Kings 6:8-12; compare  Luke 12:3). Blinding, and then leading the Syrian hosts sent to surround him in Dothan, into the midst of Samaria, he checked Jehoram who would have smitten them ("wouldest thou smite those whom thou hast taken captive with thy sword?" Surely not. Much less those taken not in open battle, but by a device, combined with mental blindness sent by God), and caused him instead to set bread and water, "great provision" ( 2 Kings 6:22-23), before them, and then to send them home, the effect being that love melted the enemy's heart, and Syrian "bands" (i.e. flying bodies), reverencing God's power, for long ceased to harass Israel ( Romans 12:20).

Abatement of the divine scourge, apparently, brought with it carnal security to Jehoram. Then followed a divinely sent regular war. Benhadad besieged Samaria; a terrible famine ensued. The tale of a mother who had slain her child for food, and complained of another mother having hidden hers contrary to agreement, roused Jehoram to rend his clothes; then appeared the hair sackcloth of mourning penitence "within" ( Mibaait ), a bore sign without the real repentance of heart, as his threat of murdering Elisha proves,  Romans 12:31. The prophet probably had advised holding out, and promised deliverance if they humbly sought Jehovah ( Jonah 3:6). Jehoram thought that by his sackcloth he had done his part; when God's help did not yet come, Jehoram vented his impatience on the prophet, as if Elisha's zeal for Jehovah against Baal was the cause of the calamity. (See Elisha .)

Elisha, by deferring the entrance of the executioner, gave time for Jehoram's better feelings to work. He stayed the execution in person, then complained despairingly of the evil as "from Jehovah," as if it were vain to "wait still further for Jehovah." Elisha's prophecy of immediate plenty, and its fulfillment to the letter (2 Kings 7), restored the friendly relations between Jehoram and him ( 2 Kings 8:4). Jehoram's conversation with Gehazi about Elisha's great works and his raising the dead lad, and the Shunammite woman's return at that very time, occurred probably while the prophet was at Damascus prophesying to Hazael his coming kingship (2 Kings 8). Similarly Herod was curious about our Lord's miracles, and heard John Baptist gladly ( Luke 9:9;  Luke 23:8;  Mark 6:14;  Mark 6:20). A fascination draws bad men, in spite of themselves, toward God's servants, though it be only to hear their own condemnation. The revolution in Syria seemed an opportunity to effect his father's project, to recover Ramoth Gilead.

Jehoram accordingly, in concert with Ahaziah of Judah, his nephew, seized it. Jehoram was wounded, and returned to Jezreel to be healed. Jehu his captain was left at Ramoth Gilead to continue the war with Hazael. But Jehu, with characteristic haste, immediately after Elisha had anointed him, set out for Jezreel and with an arrow slew Jehoram and threw his body on the very plot of ground which by falsehood and murder Ahab had dispossessed Naboth of, fulfilling Elijah's prophecy ( 1 Kings 21:19;  1 Kings 21:22). Lord A. C. Hervey considers the seven years' famine ( 2 Kings 8:1) foretold to the Shunammite to be the same as that in  2 Kings 4:38. It ended on the same year as Jehoram died, after 12 years' reign, therefore it must have begun in his sixth year. As the Shunammite's child must have been at least three years old when raised again, Elisha's acquaintance with her must have been four or five years sooner, bringing us to Jehoram's second year; so that Elisha's presence with the three allied kings (2 Kings 3) must have been in Jehoram's first year.

Lord Hervey thinks Elijah was not translated until the sixth year of Jehoram, whereas Elisha began ministering in the first year of Jehoram. Thus Elijah's writing to Jehoram of Judah ( 2 Chronicles 21:12) was addressed to him in Elijah's lifetime. He did not begin reigning until the fifth year of Jehoram of Israel ( 2 Kings 8:16), thus  2 Kings 1:17 will belong to the narrative in 2 Kings 2. He thinks the 25 distinct years assigned to Jehoshaphat a mistake, that 22 is the real number, three being added for the three last years of Asa his father, when incapacitated by disease in the feet he devolved the kingly duties on Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 16:12). Three years were then added, to Ahab's reign to make the whole number of years of the kings of Israel tally with the whole number of the years of the kings of Judah, unduly lengthened by the three added to Jehoshaphat's reign.

2. JEHORAM, son of Jehoshaphat, succeeded at the age of 32 and reigned 892 to 884 B.C. Married Athaliah, Ahab's daughter, the reflex of her wicked mother Jezebel; he yielded himself up to the evil influences of his wife instead of following the example of his pious father. His first act as a king was to murder his six brothers, though his father had provided for them independently of him so as to avert collision ( 2 Chronicles 21:1-4); also several "princes of Israel." Not only did he set up idolatrous high places, but "caused Jerusalem to commit fornication and compelled Judah thereto" ( 2 Chronicles 21:11). Elisha's prophetic writing threatened him with great plagues to his people, children, wives, and goods, and disease of the bowels so that they should fall out, because of his apostasy and murder of his brethren who were "better than himself" (2 Chronicles 12-15, 18-19). (Elijah.)

All this came to pass. Edom, heretofore tributary to Jehoshaphat, made a king over themselves ( 1 Kings 22:47;  2 Kings 3:9;  2 Samuel 8:14) and revolted; and only by a night surprise did Jehoram extricate himself at Zair ( 2 Kings 8:20-22, for which the copyist in  2 Chronicles 21:9 has "with his princes"), in Edom, from "the Edomites who compassed him in." Libnah a fenced city ( 2 Kings 19:8) also revolted, probably as being given by Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 21:3) to one of those sons whom Jehoram had murdered. The great reason was God's anger" because he had forsaken the Lord God of his fathers." Then those surrounding peoples, upon whom the fear of the Lord had been in Jehoshaphat's days so that they made no war, nay even gave presents and tribute to him, as the Philistines and the Arabians ( 2 Chronicles 17:10-11) near the Ethiopians, now were stirred up by the Lord against Jehoram.

They carried away his substance from his house, his sons, and wives, so that there was never a son left him save Jehoahaz (Ahaziah) the youngest (God for the sake of His covenant with David still leaving" a light to him and to his sons for ever":  2 Chronicles 21:7;  2 Samuel 7:12-13;  Psalms 132:17), a retribution in kind for the murder of his father's sons. An incurable disease of the bowels after two years' agony caused his death. He died "without being desired," i.e. unregretted ( Jeremiah 22:18). No burning of incense was made for him, and his body though buried in the city of David was excluded from the sepulchres of the kings. The undesigned propriety of the same names appearing as they would naturally do in the allied royal houses of Judah and Israel, e.g. Jehoram and Ahaziah, confirms the truth of the sacred history.

3. A priest in the time of Jehoshaphat ( 2 Chronicles 17:8).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Jeho'ram. (Whom Jehovah Has Exalted). Son of Ahab, king of Israel, who succeeded his brother, Ahaziah, B.C. 896, and died B.C. 884. The alliance between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, commenced by his father and Jehoshaphat, was very close throughout his reign. We first find him associated with Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom in a war against the Moabites. The three armies were in the utmost danger of perishing for want of water. The piety of Jehoshaphat suggested an inquiry of Jehovah , thorough Elisha.

After reproving Jehoram, Elisha, for Jehoshaphat's sake, inquired of Jehovah , and received the promise of an abundant supply of water, and of a great victory over the Moabites; a promise which was immediately fulfilled. The allies pursued them with great slaughter into their own land, which they utterly ravaged and destroyed most of its cities. Kirharaseth alone remained, there the then king of Moab made his last stand. An attempt to break through the besieging army having failed, he resorted to the desperate expedient of offering up his eldest son, as a Burnt Offering, upon the wall of the city, in the sight of the enemy. Upon this the Israelites retired and returned to their own land.  2 Kings 3:1.

A little later, when war broke out between Syria and Israel, we find Elisha befriending Jehoram; but when the terrible famine in Samaria arose, the king immediately attributed the evil to Elisha, and determined to take away his life. The providential interposition by which both Elisha's life was saved the city delivered is narrated  2 Kings 7:1, and Jehoram appears to have returned to friendly feeling toward Elisha.  2 Kings 8:4.

It was soon after these events that the revolution in Syria predicted by Elisha took place, giving Jehoram a good opportunity of recovering Ramoth-gilead from the Syrians. He accordingly made an alliance with his nephew Ahaziah, who had just succeeded Joram on the throne of Judah, and the two kings proceeded to occupy Ramoth-gilead by force. The expedition was an unfortunate one.

Jehoram was wounded in battle, and obliged to return to Jezreel to be healed of his wounds.  2 Kings 8:29;  2 Kings 9:14-15. Jehu, and the army under his command, revolted from their allegiance to Jehoram,  2 Kings 9:1, and hastily marching to Jezreel, surprised Jehoram, wounded and defenseless as he was. Jehoram, going out to meet him, fell pierced by an arrow from Jehu's bow on the very plot of ground which Ahab had wrested from Naboth, the Jezreelite; thus fulfilling to the letter the prophecy of Elijah.  1 Kings 21:29. With the life of Jehoram, ended the dynasty of Omri.

2. Eldest son of Jehoshaphat, succeeded his father on the throne of Judah at the age of 32, and reigned eight years, from B.C. 893-2 to 885-4. As soon as he was fixed on the throne, he put his six brothers to death, with many of the chief nobles of the land. He then, probably at the instance of his wife Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, proceeded to establish the worship of Baal. A prophetic writing from the aged prophet Elijah,  2 Chronicles 21:12, failed to produce any good effect upon him. The remainder of his reign was a series of calamities.

First the Edomites, who had been tributary to Jehoshaphat, revolted from his dominion and established their permanent independence. Next Libnah,  2 Kings 19:8, rebelled against him. Then followed invasion by armed bands of Philistines and of Arabians, who stormed the king's palace, put his wives and all his children, except his youngest son Ahaziah, to death,  2 Chronicles 22:1, or carried them into captivity, and plundered all his treasures. He died of a terrible disease.  2 Chronicles 21:19-20.

Bridgeway Bible Dictionary

Judah and Israel each had a king named Jehoram (often shortened to Joram). Judah’s Jehoram was the son of the good king Jehoshaphat ( 1 Kings 22:50). However, he himself was wicked. He married Athaliah, daughter of the Israelite king Ahab and his Baalist wife Jezebel, and introduced the Baalism of Jezebel into Judah ( 2 Kings 8:16-18;  2 Chronicles 21:4-6). To make sure no one stopped him doing as he pleased, he killed all likely rivals. Because of his wickedness, Elijah assured him of a horrible death ( 2 Chronicles 21:11-15). During his reign Edom and Philistia broke free from Judah’s rule ( 2 Chronicles 21:8), and Arab raiders plundered Judah with much success ( 2 Chronicles 21:16-17). In one attack they killed most of the royal family ( 2 Chronicles 22:1). Jehoram died a horrible death as predicted, and no one regretted his departure ( 2 Chronicles 21:18-20).

Israel’s Jehoram (often called Joram, to avoid confusion) was brother-in-law to Judah’s Jehoram. He was the second son of Ahab and Jezebel, and became king when his older brother Ahaziah died as a result of an accident ( 1 Kings 22:51;  2 Kings 1:2;  2 Kings 1:17;  2 Kings 3:1). Though not as devoted to Baal as his parents, he remained in conflict with Elisha, the prophet who led God’s opposition to Baal ( 2 Kings 3:1-3;  2 Kings 3:13;  2 Kings 6:30-31). When wounded in battle with Syria, Joram returned to his summer palace in Jezreel to recover. There he was assassinated by his army commander Jehu, who then seized the throne and began a violent anti-Baal purge ( 2 Kings 8:28-29;  2 Kings 9:14-26).

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible

JEHORAM , in the shorter form JORAM , is the name of two kings in the OT.

1. Jehoram of Israel was a son of Ahab (  2 Kings 3:1 ), and came to the throne after the brief reign of his brother Ahaziah. The first thing that claimed his attention was the revolt of Moab. This he endeavoured to suppress, and with the aid of Jehoshaphat of Judah he obtained some successes. But at the crisis of the conflict the king of Moab sacrificed his son to his god Chemosh. The result was that the invading army was discouraged, and the allies retreated without having accomplished their purpose (  2 Kings 3:4 ff.). It is probable that the Moabites assumed the offensive, and took the Israelite cities of whose capture Mesha boasts. The prophet Elisha was active during the reign of Jehoram, and it is probable that the siege of Samaria, of which we have so graphic an account in   2 Kings 6:1-33;   2 Kings 7:1-20 , also belongs to this period. Jehoram engaged in the siege of Ramoth-gilead, and was wounded there. The sequel in the revolt of Jehu is well known. See Jehu.

2. Jehoram of Judah , son of Jehoshaphat, came to the throne during the reign of the other Jehoram in Israel. He was married to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel. All that the history tells us is that he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and that Edom revolted successfully from Judah in his time. In endeavouring to subdue this revolt Jehoram was in great danger, but with a few of his men he cut his way through the troops that surrounded him (  2 Kings 8:16-24 ).

3. A priest sent by Jehoshaphat to teach the Law (  2 Chronicles 17:8 ).

H. P. Smith.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

The eldest son and successor of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. He reigned eight years (B.C. 892-885) alone as king of Judah, having been previously for some years associated with his father ( 2 Chronicles 21:5,20;  2 Kings 8:16 ). His wife was Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel. His daughter Jehosheba was married to the high priest Jehoiada. He sank into gross idolatry, and brought upon himself and his kingdom the anger of Jehovah. The Edomites revolted from under his yoke, and the Philistines and the Arabians and Cushites invaded the land, and carried away great spoil, along with Jehoram's wives and all his children, except Ahaziah. He died a painful death from a fearful malady, and was refused a place in the sepulchre of the kings ( 2 Kings 8:16-24;  2 Chronicles 21 ).

Copyright Statement These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., DD Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain.

Bibliography Information Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Jehoram'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/j/jehoram.html. 1897.

People's Dictionary of the Bible

Jehoram ( Je-Hô'Ram ), whom Jehovah Has Exalted. 1. The son and successor of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. He reigned eight years, three of which he was associated with his father, though some suppose that he reigned eight years alone. He married Athahah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel; and, through her influence, all the brothers of the king were murdered, and the gross idolatries of the Phœnicians were introduced into the kingdom of Judah. The Edomites revolted, and made themselves independent. The Philistines on one side, and the Arabians on the other, ravaged the country, and even Jerusalem and the royal palace. Jehoram was at length smitten with a malignant dysentery. He died miserably, and was denied the honors of a royal burial. He is also called Joram.  2 Kings 8:16;  2 Kings 8:21;  2 Kings 8:24;  2 Chronicles 21:2. One of the priests.  2 Chronicles 17:8. 3. See Joram.

Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary

Son of Jehosaphat. ( 2 Kings 3:2-3) The meaning of the name is, exaltation of the Lord; from Ram, exaltation; and Jah, the Lord.

Holman Bible Dictionary

Joram

Morrish Bible Dictionary

See JORAM.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

See JORAM.

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature

(Heb. Yehoram', יְהוֹרָם , Jehovah Exalted ,  1 Kings 22:50;  2 Kings 1:17;  2 Kings 3:1;  2 Kings 3:6;  2 Kings 8:16;  2 Kings 8:25;  2 Kings 8:29;  2 Kings 9:15;  2 Kings 9:17;  2 Kings 9:21-24;  2 Kings 12:18;  2 Chronicles 17:8;  2 Chronicles 21:1;  2 Chronicles 21:3-5;  2 Chronicles 21:9;  2 Chronicles 21:16;  2 Chronicles 22:1;  2 Chronicles 22:5-7;  2 Chronicles 22:11; Septuag. Ι᾿Ωράμ , A.V. "Joram" in  2 Kings 9:15;  2 Kings 9:17;  2 Kings 9:21-23), also in the contracted form JORAM ( יוֹרָם , Yoram ',  2 Samuel 8:10;  2 Kings 8:16;  2 Kings 8:21;  2 Kings 8:23-25;  2 Kings 8:28-29;  2 Kings 9:14;  2 Kings 9:16;  2 Kings 9:29;  2 Kings 11:2;  1 Chronicles 3:11;  1 Chronicles 26:25;  2 Chronicles 22:5;  2 Chronicles 22:7; Sept. Ι᾿Ωράμ ,, but Ι᾿Εδδουράμ in  2 Samuel 8:10), the name of five men.

1. Son of Toi, king of Hamath, sent by his father to congratulate David upon his victory over Hadadezer ( 2 Samuel 8:10; Heb. and A.V. "Joram"); elsewhere called Hadoram ( 1 Chronicles 18:10).

2. A Levite of the family of Gershom, employed with his relatives in special sacred services connected with the Temple treasury ( 1 Chronicles 26:25; Heb. and A.V. "Joram"). B.C. 1014. 3. One of the priests sent by Jehoshaphat to instruct the people in the Law throughout the land ( 2 Chronicles 17:8). B.C. 910.

4. (Josephus Ι᾿Ώραμος , Ant. 9:2, 2.) The son of Ahab and Jezebel, and successor to his elder brother Ahaziah, who died childless. He was the tenth king on the separate throne of Israel and reigned 12 years, B.C. 894- 883 ( 2 Kings 1:17;  2 Kings 3:1). The date of his accession, in the second year of the reign of Jehoram of Judah ( 2 Kings 1:17), must be computed from a viceroyship of the latter during his father Jehoshaphat's war at Ramoth- gilead ( 1 Kings 22:2 sq.). The reckoning in  2 Kings 9:29 is according to Jehoram's actual reign; that in  2 Kings 8:25, according to the years of his reign as beginning prophetically with the Israelitish calendar or regnal point, i.e. the autumn, as those of Judah do in the spring. (See Kingdom Of Israel).

The Moabites had been tributary to the crown of Israel since the separation of the two kingdoms; but king Mesha deemed the defeat and death of Ahab so heavy a blow to the power of Israel that he might safely assert his independence. He accordingly did so, by withholding his tribute of "100,000 lambs and 100,000 rams, with the wool." The short reign of Ahaziah had afforded no opportunity for any operations against the revolters, but the new king hastened to reduce them again under the yoke they had cast off. The good king of Judah, Jehoshaphat, was too easily induced to take a part in the war. He perhaps feared that the example of Moab, if allowed to be successful, might seduce into a similar course his own tributary, the king of Edom, whom he now summoned to join in this expedition. Accordingly, the three kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom marched through the wilderness of Edom to attack Mesha. The three armies were in the utmost danger of perishing for want of water. The piety of Jehoshaphat suggested an inquiry of some prophet of Jehovah, and Elisha, the son of Shaphat, at that time, and since the latter part of Ahab's reign, Elijah's attendant ( 2 Kings 3:11;  1 Kings 19:19-21), was found with the host. From him Jehoram received a severe rebuke, and was bid to inquire of the prophets of his father and mother the prophets of Baal. Nevertheless, for Jehoshaphat's sake, Elisha inquired of Jehovah, and received the promise of an abundant supply of water, and of a great victory over the Moabites, a promise which was immediately fulfilled. The same water which, filling the valley, and the trenches dug by the Israelites, supplied the whole army and all their cattle with drink, appeared to the Moabites, who were advancing, like blood when the morning sun shone upon it. Concluding that the allies had fallen out and slain each other, they marched incautiously to the attack, and were put to the rout. The allies pursued them with great slaughter into their own land, which they utterly ravaged and destroyed, with all its cities. Kirharaseth alone remained and there the king of Moab made his last stand. An attempt to break through the besieging army having failed, he resorted to the desperate expedient of offering up his eldest son, the heir to his throne, as a burnt offering upon the wall of the city, in the sight of the enemy. Upon this, the Israelites retired and returned to their own land (2 Kings 3). B.C. cir. 890. (See Mesha).

It was, perhaps, in consequence of Elisha's rebuke, and of the above remarkable deliverance granted to the allied armies according to his word, that Jehoram, on his return to Samaria, put away the image of Baal which Ahab, his father, had made ( 2 Kings 3:2); for in 2 Kings 4 we have an evidence of Elisha's being on friendly terms with Jehoram in the offer made by him to speak to the king in favor of the Shunammitess. (He is highly spoken of in the Talmud [ Berachoth , 10]; but he did not remove the golden calves introduced by Jeroboam.) The impression on the king's mind was probably strengthened by the subsequent incident of Naaman's cure, and the temporary cessation of the inroads of the Syrians, which doubtless resulted from it (2 Kings 5). (See Naaman).

Accordingly, when, a little later, war again broke out between Syria and Israel, we find Elisha befriending Jehoram. The king was made acquainted by the prophet with the secret counsels of the king of Syria and was thus enabled to defeat them; and, on the other hand, when Elisha had led a large band of Syrian soldiers, whom God had blinded, into the midst of Samaria, Jehoram reverentially asked him, "My father, shall I smite them?" and, at the prophet's bidding, not only forbore to kill them, but made a feast for them, and then sent them home unhurt. This procured another cessation from the Syrian invasions for the Israelites ( 2 Kings 6:23). (See Ben-Hadad).

What happened after this to change the relations between the king and the prophet we can only conjecture. But, putting together the general bad character given of Jehoram ( 2 Kings 3:2-3) with the fact of the prevalence of Baal worship at the end of his reign ( 2 Kings 10:21-28), it seems probable that when the Syrian inroads ceased, and he felt less dependent upon the aid of the prophet, he relapsed into idolatry, and was rebuked by Elisha, and threatened with a return of the calamities from which he had escaped. Refusing to repent, a fresh invasion by the Syrians and a close siege of Samaria actually came to pass, according probably to the word of the prophet. Hence, when the terrible incident arose, in consequence of the famine, of a woman boiling and eating her own child, the king immediately attributed the evil to Elisha, the son of Shaphat, and determined to take away his life. The message which he sent by the messenger whom he commissioned to cut off the prophet's head, "Behold, this evil is from Jehovah, why should I wait for Jehovah any longer?" coupled with the fact of his having on sackcloth at the time ( 2 Kings 6:30;  2 Kings 6:33), also indicates that many remonstrances and warnings, similar to those given by Jeremiah to the kings of his day, had passed between the prophet and the weak and unstable son of Ahab. The providential interposition by which both Elisha's life was saved and the city delivered is narrated in 2 Kings 7 and Jehoram appears to have returned to friendly feelings towards Elisha ( 2 Kings 8:4). B.C. cir. 888-884. (See Elisha).

It was very soon after the above events that Elisha went to Damascus, and predicted the revolt of Hazael, and his accession to the throne of Syria in the room of Ben-hadad; and it was during Elisha's absence, probably, that the conversation between Jehoram and Gehazi, and the return of the Shunammitess from the land of the Philistines, recorded in 2 Kings 8 took place. Jehoram seems to have thought the revolution in Syria, which immediately followed Elisha's prediction, a good opportunity to pursue his father's favorite project of recovering Ramoth-gilead from the Syrians. He accordingly made an alliance with his nephew, Ahaziah, who had just succeeded Jehoram on the throne of Judah, and the two kings proceeded to strengthen the eastern frontier against the Syrians by fortifying Ramoth- gilead, which had fallen into Jehoram's hands, and which his father had perished in the attempt to recover from the Syrians. This strong fortress thenceforth became the headquarters of the operations beyond the river. Hazael was scarcely settled on the throne before he took arms and marched against Ramoth, in the environs of which the Israelites sustained a defeat. Jehoram was wounded in the battle and obliged to return to Jezreel to be healed of his wounds ( 2 Kings 8:29;  2 Kings 9:14-15), leaving his army in the charge of Jehu, one of his ablest and most active generals, to hold Ramoth- gilead against Hazael. Jehu, however, in this interval was anointed king of Israel by the messenger of Elisha, and immediately he and the army under his command revolted from their allegiance to Jehoram (2 Kings 9), and Jehu, hastily marching to Jezreel, surprised Jehoram, wounded and defenseless as he was. Jehoram, going out to meet him, fell pierced by an arrow from Jehu's bow on the very plat of ground which Ahab had wrested from Naboth the Jezreelite, thus fulfilling to the letter the prophecy of Elijah ( 1 Kings 21:21-29). B.C. 883. (See Jehu) .

5. (Josephus Ι᾿Ώραμος , Ant. 9:5, 1.) The eldest son and successor of Jehoshaphat, and fifth king on the separate throne of Judah, who began to reign (alone) at the age of thirty-six years, and reigned three years, B.C. 887-884. It is indeed said in the general account ( 2 Chronicles 21:5;  2 Chronicles 21:20;  2 Kings 8:16) that he began to reign at the age of thirty-two and that he reigned eight years; but the conclusions deducible from the fact that his reign began in the fifth year of Jehoram, king of Israel ( 2 Kings 8:16), show that the reign thus stated dates back three years into the reign of his father, who from this is seen to have associated his eldest son with him in the later years of his reign, as, indeed, is expressly stated in this last cited passage (see Keil's Com. on  2 Kings 1:17; Reime, Harmon. Vitae Josaphat , Jen. 1713, and Diss. De Num. Annor. Regni Josaph. , ib.). This appears to have been on the occasion of Jehoshaphat's absence in the conflict with confederate invaders, the Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites (2 Chronicles 20); and must be distinguished from a still earlier copartnership ( 2 Kings 1:17), apparently during the allied attack upon the Syrians at Ramoth-gilead, in which Ahab lost his life. (See Jehoshaphat).

Jehoram's daughter Jehosheba was married to the high priest Jehoiada (q.v.). He had himself unhappily been married to Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and her influence seems to have neutralized all the good he might have derived from the example of his father. One of the first acts of his reign was to put his six brothers to death and seize the valuable appanages which their father had in his lifetime bestowed upon them. After this we are not surprised to find him giving way to the gross idolatries of that new and strange kind the Phoenician which had been brought into Israel by Jezebel and into Judah by her daughter Athaliah. For these atrocities the Lord let forth his anger against Jehoram and his kingdom. The Edomites revolted, and, according to old prophecies ( Genesis 27:40), established their permanent independence. It was as much as Jehoram could do, by a night attack with all his forces, to extricate himself from their army, which had surrounded him. Next Libnah, the city of the priests ( Joshua 21:13), one of the strongest fortified cities in Judah ( 2 Kings 19:8), and perhaps one of those "fenced cities" ( 2 Chronicles 21:3) which Jehoshaphat had given to his other sons, renounced allegiance to Jehoram because he had forsaken Jehovah, the God of his fathers. But this seemed only to stimulate him to enforce the practice of idolatry by persecution. He had early in his reign received a writing from Elijah the prophet admonishing him of the dreadful calamities which he was bringing on himself by his wicked conduct, but even this failed to effect a reformation in Jehoram. (See Elijah).

At length the Philistines on one side, and the Arabians and Cushites on the other, grew bold against a king forsaken of God, and in repeated invasions spoiled the land of all its substance; they even ravaged the royal palaces, and took away the wives and children of the king, leaving him only one son, Ahaziah. Nor was this all: Jehoram was in his last days afflicted with a frightful disease in his bowels, which, from the terms employed in describing it, appears to have been malignant dysentery in its most shocking and tormenting form (see R. Mead, Bibl. Krankh. 44; but comp. Bartholin. Morb. Bibl. c. 12; G. Detharding, De morbo reg. Jorami, Rostock, 1731). (See Disease).

After a disgraceful reign and a most painful death, public opinion inflicted the posthumous dishonor of refusing him a place in the sepulchre of the kings. Jehoram was by far the most impious and cruel tyrant that had as yet occupied the throne of Judah, though he was rivalled or surpassed by some of his successors ( 2 Kings 8:16-24; 2 Chronicles 21). His name appears, however, in the royal genealogy of our Saviour ( Ι᾿Ωράμ , "Joram,"  Matthew 1:8). (See Kingdom Of Judah).

Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature

Jehoram, 1

Jeho´ram, (God-exalted), eldest son and successor of Jehoshaphat, and fifth king of Judah, who began to reign (separately) in B.C. 889, at the age of thirty-five years, and reigned five years. Jehoram was associated with his father in the later years of his reign, but he profited little by this association. He had unhappily been married to Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel; and her influence seems to have neutralized all the good he might have derived from the example of his father. One of the first acts of his reign was to put his brothers to death and seize the valuable appanages which their father had in his lifetime bestowed upon them. After this we are not surprised to find him giving way to the gross idolatries of that new and strange kind—the Phoenician—which had been brought into Israel by Jezebel, and into Judah by her daughter Athaliah. For these atrocities the Lord let forth His anger against Jehoram and his kingdom. The Edomites revolted, and, according to old prophecies , shook off the yoke of Judah. The Philistines on one side, and the Arabians and Cushites on the other, also grew bold against a king forsaken of God, and in repeated invasions spoiled the land of all its substance; they even ravaged the royal palaces, and took away the wives and children of the king, leaving him only one son, Ahaziah. Nor was this all; Jehoram was in his last days afflicted with a frightful disease in his bowels, which, from the terms employed in describing it, appears to have been malignant dysentery in its most shocking and tormenting form. After a disgraceful reign, and a most painful death, public opinion inflicted the posthumous dishonor of refusing him a place in the sepulcher of kings. Jehoram was by far the most impious and cruel tyrant that had as yet occupied the throne of Judah, though he was rivaled or surpassed by some of his successors (; 2 Chronicles 21).

Jehoram, 2

Jeho´ram, King of Israel [JORAM]