Concordance

Charles Buck Theological Dictionary

A dictionary or index to the Bible, wherein all the leading words are ranged alphabetically, and the books, chapters, and verses wherein they occur referred to, to assist in finding out passages, and comparing with the several significations of the same word. Cardinal Hugo de St. Charo seems to have been the first who compiled a concordance to the Holy Scriptures; and for carrying on this work, it is said, he employed 500 monks to assist him. Rabbi Mordecai Nathan published a Hebrew concordance, printed at Venice in 1523, containing all the Hebrew roots, branched into their various significations, and under each signification all the places in Scripture wherein it occurs; but the best and most useful Hebrew concordance is that of Buxtorf, printed at Basil in 1632. Calasius, an Italian cordelier, has given us concordances of the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, in two columns: the first, which is Hebrew, is that of rabbi Mordecai Nathan verbatim, and according to the order of the books and chapters: in the other column is a Latin interpretation of each passage of Scripture quoted by R. Mordecai: this interpretation is Calasius's own; but in the margin he adds that of the LXX and the Vulgate, when different from his. The work is in 4 vols. folio, printed at Rome in 1621.

A new edition of this work was published by subscription in London, in 1747, 8, 9, by Mr. Romaine, to which he obtained the signature of every crowned head in Europe, his Holiness not excepted. Dr. Taylor published, in 1754, a Hebrew concordance, in 2 vols. folio, adapted to the English Bible, and disposed after the same manner as Buxtorf. This is perhaps the best for English readers. The Greek concordances are only for the New Testament, except one by Conrad Kircher on the Old, containing all the Hebrew words in alphabetical order; and underneath, all the interpretations of them in the LXX, and in each interpretation all the places where they occur in that version. In 1718, Trommius published his Greek concordance for the LXX, at Amsterdam, in 2 vols. folio; and Schmidius, improving on a similar work of H. Stephen, has given an excellent Greek concordance for the New Testament the best edition of which is that of Lepsic, anno 1717. William's concordance to the Greek Testament gives the English version to each word, and points out the principal Hebrew roots corresponding to the Greek words of the Septuagint, 4to.1767. We have several concordances in English, as Fisher's, Butterworth's, Newman's, Brown's; but the best esteemed is that in 4to. by Alexander Cruden, which no minister or student should be without, except he have such a prodigious memory as to supersede the necessity of it. Crutwell's Concordance of Parallels may also be consulted with profit. Talbot's complete Analysis, and new Arrangement of the Bible; Dodd and Locke's Common- place Books; with Clark on the Promises, and Gastrill's Institutes, may also be useful to preachers.

Webster's Dictionary

(1): (n.) Agreement; accordance.

(2): (n.) Concord; agreement.

(3): (n.) An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place.

(4): (n.) A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book.

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature

(Lat. concordantioe), a book containing the words in the Holy Scriptures, in alphabetical order, with their context more or less fully given, and a designation by chapter and verse of the places in which they are to be found. (See Glauchius, De usu Concorcantiarum Biblicarum, Lips. 1668.) While the Scriptures remained in manuscript, or were not divided into sections and paragraphs, indexes of their words and phrases could neither be formed nor used. As soon as any regular divisions began to be made, the importance of concordances, or alphabetical indexes, was felt, and learned men devoted their labors to form them. The first concordances were prepared for the Latin Vulgate. (See below.) See Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica, p. 112; Watts's Bibliotheca Britannica; Winer's Handbuch; Walch, Biblioth. Theol. 4:307; Rohr's Kritische Prediger-Bibliothek, 1841.; Meth. Quar. Review, 1847, p. 451; Princeton Review, 1828, p. 471. The following are the most important works of this description.

I. Hebrew. —

1. The first Hebrew Concordance was by Rabbi Isaac (or Mordecai) Nathan (q.v.), in 1445. It cost seven years' hard labor by himself and some assistants. It was first printed at Venice in 1524, fol., by Daniel Bomberg, then by Franzoni ( Ib. 1564, fol.), again by Pesaro (Basle, 1581, fol.), and afterwards at Rome in 1622. It is entirely Hebrew, and entitled Meir Nathib ( מֵאִיר נָתִיב ), " ‘ The Light Of The Way ." It was translated into Latin by A. Reuchlin (Basil. 1556, fol., 1569, 4to), but both the Hebrew and the Latin editions are full of errors.

2. These errors were for the most part corrected and other deficiencies supplied by Mario di Calasio (q.v.), a Franciscan friar, who published Concordantiae Sacr. Bibl. Hebr. Et Latin . (Romae, 1621, 4 vols. fol.), republished in London under the direction of W. Romaine (1747-9, 4 vols. fol.), under the patronage of all the monarchs in Europe, not excepting the pope himself.

3. Concordantiae Bibl. Ebraioe, Nova Et Artificiosa Methodo Dispositoe (Basil. 1632, fol.), by John Buxtorf, the father, but published by his son. It takes for its basis the work of Rabbi Nathan, though it is much better arranged, more correctly printed, the roots more distinctly ascertained, and the meanings more accurately given; but as the references are made by Hebrew letters, and relate to the rabbinical divisions of the Old Testament, it, is of little service, unless the student is familiar with the Masoretic system. This work was abridged under the title of Fons Leonis , etc. (Berolini. 1677, 8vo). A new edition of Buxtorf's Heb. Concordance , by Bar, has lately been published (Stettini. 1861 sq., 4to).

4. Before the republication of Calasio there appeared Chr. Nolde's (q.v.) Concor. Particularum Ebraeo-Chaldaicarum (Hafn. 1679, 4to: an edition seems to have been begun in 1675, fol., but this never saw the light). This concordance contains the particles, or indeclinable words, omitted in former (as well as later) concordances. The best edition of Nolde is that by Tympe (Jena, 1734, 4to). It contains, as an appendix, a Lexicon Of The Hebrew Particles , by John Henry Michaelis and Christ. Koerber.

5. But the best, or at least to the English reader most important work up to the present century on this subject is The Hebrew Concordance , Adapted To The English Bible, Disposed After The Manner Of Buxtorf , by John Taylor, D.D. (London, 1754, 2 vols. fol.). It was the fruit of many years' labor, and still has its value.

6. An edition of Buxtorf's Heb. Concordance , which has received so much care and attention on the part of the editor as nearly to deserve the name of a new work — Hebraische And Chaldaische Concordanz Zu Den Heiligen Schriften Des Alten Testaments , by Dr. Julius First (Leipzig, 1840, fol.), offers one of the most useful aids to the study of the Bible that has ever appeared. In addition to those of a more mechanical kind, such as a good type and clear arrangement, there are, 1. A corrected text, founded on Hahn's Vaznderhooght ; 2. The Rabbinical Significations ; 3. Explanations In Latin , giving the etymology of the Rabbinical; Illustration s from the three Greek versions, the Aramaic Paraphrase, the Vulgate, etc.; the Greek words employed by the Seventy as renderings of the Hebrew; together with philological and archaeological notices, so as to make the Concordance contain a brief Hebrew lexicon.

7. The Englishman'S Hebrew And Chaldee Concordance , edited by G. V. Wigram (Lond. 1843, 2 vols. 8vo), is an original and exceedingly useful work, and remarkably accurate. It gives the Hebrew words in their order, but quotes the passages in which they occur from the common English Bible. It contains the first complete list of the Hebrews proper names ever made. It deserves to be more extensively known and used. Its high price is a serious check to its circulation.

8. Aaron Pick, The Bible Student'S Concordance (Lond. 1845, 8vo), a work of little account to scholars.

9. W. Wilson, The Bible Student'S Hebrew Guide (Lond. 1850, 4to), equally brief and insufficient.

Other and earlier Hebrews Concordances are: Rabbi Anschel, מִרְכֶּבֶת הִמִּשְׁנֶה (a vocabulary, with references to passages, Cracow, 1534, 4to, and later); Crinesius, Concordantioe Ebraicoe (Vitemb. 1627, 4to); Layman, Concordantioe Ebraeo-Sacrae , etc. (1681, fol.); Trostius, Concordantiae Chaldaicae (Vitemb. 1617, 4to).

II. Greek Concordance s.

(a) To the Septuagint. —

1. Conrad Kircher, Concordantioe Veteris Testamenti Graecae Ebraeis Vocibus Respondentes (Francof. 1607, 2 vols. 4to). This work follows the order of the Hebrew words, placing the corresponding Greek word after it; in consequence of which, it is more useful in consulting the Hebrew than the Greek Scriptures.

2. The best Greek Concordance to the Septuagint is that which bears the title A. Trommii Concordantioe Graecae Vers. Vulgo Dic. Lxx Interpre . (Amst. et Traj. ad Rh. 1718, 2 vols. fol.). (See Tromme).

It follows the order of the Greek words, of which it first gives a Latin translation, and then the Hebrew word or words for which the Greek term is used in the Seventy. Then the different places in which the words occur follow in the order of the several books and chapters. When the word occurs in any of the Greek translators, Aquila, Symmachus, or Theodotion, the places where it is found are referred to at the end of the quotations from the Sept. The words of the Apocrypha are placed at the end of each enumeration. There are two indices at the end of the work: one Hebrew and Chaldaic, by examining which the Greek term used in the Septuagint for any Hebrew or Chaldee word is seen at once, with the Latin version and the place where it is found in: the Concordance, so that Tromme serves in a measure for a Hebrew Concordance; the other index contains a lexicon to the Hexapla of Origen, and comprehends the Greek words in the fragments of the old Greek translators published by Montfaucon.

(b) To The New Testament . —

1. The first Greek concordance to the New Testament, now exceedingly rare, is entitled Xysti Betuleii Concordantioe Graecoe Novi Testamenti (Basil. 1546, fol.). The author's real name was Birck.

2. A concordance to the Greek New Testament, projected and partly executed by Robert Stephens, and completed and published by his son Henry (Genev. 1594, and with a supplement, 1600, fol.), is too inaccurate to merit more than a passing notice.

3. Of much value is Erasmi Schmidii Novi Testamenti J. C. Graeci; Hoc Est, Originalis Linguae Ταμιεῖον (Vitemb. 1638, fol.; revised ed. Gotha, 1717, fol.; also Glasg. 1819, 2 vols. 8vo; recently by the Messrs. Bagster of London, in a thin, flat pocket volume, and in another form, 32mo, being one of their "Polymicrian series").

4. J. Williams, concordance to the Greek Testament (Lond. 1767, 4to), a work especially useful to the mere English reader.

5. A new and very superior edition of Schmid's Ταμιεῖον has been put forth by C. H. Bruder, Concordantioe (Leipz. 1842, 4to). Among the advantages of this edition, let it suffice to specify, 1. Fulness, accuracy, and correspondence with Griesbach's edition; 2. Regard has been paid to the editions of Lachmann and Scholz; all the readings of the Elzevirs, Mill, Bengel, Knapp, Tittmann, Scholz, and also of Erasmus, Robert Stephens's. third edition, and of Schmid himself, are either given or pointed out. The student is presented also with a selection of readings from the most ancient MSS., from the interpreters of Scripture who lived in the earlier ages of the Church, and the works of the ecclesiastical fathers: no various reading possessing critical value is omitted.

6. One of the most valuable aids for the general study of the New Testament which modern times have produced is The Englishman'S Greek Concordance Of The New Testament , being an attempt at a Verbal Connection Between The Greek And The English Texts (Lond. 1839, 8vo). The work, which is carefully compiled, takes Schmid as its basis. The plan is the same as that of the "Englishman's Hebrew Concordance" above, and it is by the same editor. It has been republished in this country (N. Y. 1848, 8vo).

III. Latin Concordance s. —

1. Antony of Padua (born A.D. 1195, died 1231) is said to have produced the first work of the kind, entitled Concordantiae Morales , which was formed from the Vulgate translation.

2. Hugo de Santo Caro, better known as Cardinal Hugo, a Dominican monk, who died about 1262, followed Antony in 1244, by compiling for the Vulgate a concordance of the Scriptures. Having given himself sedulously to the study of Holy Writ, with a view of writing a commentary thereon, he was, in order to facilitate his labor, led to project and undertake to form a concordance, calling to his aid his brother monks to the number of no fewer than five hundred. Their labors have been a rich storehouse for subsequent compilers. The concordance thus made was improved by Conrad of Halberstadt, who flourished about 1290, and by John of Segovia in the ensuing century.

3. R. Stephens, Concordantic Bibliorum Utriusque Testamenti (1555, fol.).

4. After the revision of the Vulgate by Sixtus V, a concordance to it appeared, entitled Concordantiae Sacr. Bibl. Vulgat. Edit. F. Lucae Brugensis (Antw. 1617; Paris, 1683). Most of the Latin concordances are reprints of this, e.g. by Luca and Phalesti (Vien. 1825, fol.).

5. A new Latin concordance to the Vulgate, edited by Ducrisson, appeared in Paris in 1838 (4to).

IV. German Concordance s. —

1. The first German concordance was that of Conrad Agricola (Nurnb. 1609, fol.), repeatedly reprinted and revised.

2. The most useful is that of F. Lankisch, Concordant. Bibl. Germanico- Hebraico-Graecoe (Lips. 1677, fol., often reprinted; best edition that of Reineccius, Lips. 1718). There are several modern German concordances, the most noteworthy of which is

3. J. G. Hanff, Biblische Real-Und Verbal-Concordenz (2 vols. in 4 pts. 8vo, Stuttg. 1828-34).

4. We may also mention a valuable concordance for the German Bible — Biblische Hand-Concordanzfur Relegionslehrer Und Alle Freunde Der Heiligen Schrift (pub. by H. Schott, Leipzig, 1827, 8vo). The work is more comprehensive than similar writings in the English language. It is divided into three parts:

(1.) A full and complete register of all the words found in the Bible;

(2.) An index of the most important things, subjects, and ideas found in the Bible, with references to the places where they lie in the sacred volume; as, for instance, under the head "Lord's Supper, a meal commemorative of the death of Jesus, it brings us into intimate fellowship with Christ; the worthy participation of the same; spiritual enjoyment of the flesh and blood of Christ," etc.

(3.) The leading doctrines of Christianity systematically arranged, drawn up according to Luther's Catechism, and accompanied by scriptural proofs.

Other concordances in German are those of G. Buchner (Jena, 1750, 1757, 1776; Halle, 1837; Lpz. 1806), Wichmann (Lpz. 1782), F. J. Bernhard (Lpz. 1850-2), J. M. Otto (Sulzb. 1842), K. A. Toller (Stuttg. 1838), S. Lueg (Passau, 1841).

IV. The first complete French concordance was that of Mark Wilks, Concordance des Saintes Ecritures (Paris, 1840, 8vo).

V. English Concordance s. —

1. The first concordance to the English version of the New Testament was published without date, but certainly before 1540, by "Mr. Thomas Gybson," being chiefly, as appears probable from the prefatory epistle to the reader, the work of the famous printer John Day. It is entitled The Concordance of the New Testament, most necessary to be had in the hands of all soche as desire the communication of any place contained in the New Testament.

2. The first English concordance to the entire Bible was that of John Marbeck - A Concordance, That Is To Saie, A Worke Wherein By The Order Of The Letters Of The A, B, C, Ye Maie Redely Find Any Worde Conteigned In The Whole Bible, So Often As It Is There Expressed Or Mentioned , Lond. 1550, fol. Till the' year 1555, when Robert Stephens published his concordance, it was not customary to mark the verses in books of this sort. At first it was thought sufficient to specify the chapter with the letters a, b, c, d, as ‘ marks to point out the beginning, middle, and end of each chapter. But in 1545 Robert Stephens divided the Bible into verses, thus preparing the way for a more exact reference in concordances, etc.; but Marbeck does not appear to have made use of this improvement, as his work refers merely to the chapters. — (See Marbeck).

3. The following work, which appeared in the same year as the last, is a translation from the German — A Briefe And A Compendious Table, In Maner Of A Concordance, Openyng The Waye To The Principall Histories Of The Whole Bible, And The Most Comon Articles Grounded And Comprehended In The Newe Testament And Olde, In Maner As Amply As doeth the great concordance of the Bible. Gathered and set forth by Henry Bullinger, Leo Jude, Conrade Pellicane, and by the other ministers of the Church of Ligurie. Translated from the Hygh Almayne into Englysh by Walter Lynne. To which is added, a Translation of the Third Boke of Machabees (8vo, 1550). Lynne, the translator, was an English printer, who flourished about the middle of the 16th century, a scholar, author, and translator of several books. (See Bullinger). An improved edition of the tabular concordance, adapted to the translation of 1611, was published by John Downame (London, 1646, 8vo).

4. All earlier English concordances were superseded by the more correct and valuable work of Alexander Cruden (q.v.), entitled A Complete Concordance To The Holy Scriptures Of The Old And New Testament, Etc ., To Which Is Added A Concordance To The Books Called Apocrypha (1737, 4to). Three editions were published by the author during his life, and many have appeared since his death. The London edition of 1810 is the best standard edition. Several useful editions of Cruden have been put forth by the Messrs. Bagster, who have also issued An Alphabetical Index of the Holy Scriptures, comprising the Names, Characters, and Subjects, both of the Old and New Testament, in two sizes, which the Biblical student will find very serviceable.

Cruden's concordance has been for a century the basis of every other work of the kind, such as Brown's, Butterworth's, Coles's, Eadie's, etc. With all its excellences, however, it has more serious defects than is generally apprehended. The Rev. Thomas Scott was so well aware of this that he contemplated a revision of the work. Its chief fault is its great want of completeness, but a moiety of the words being really given at all, and only a part of the occurrences of these, the proper names being especially defective. These and other defects are in a good measure remedied in the edition issued by the "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge" (Lond. 1859, 8vo), but this still is far from perfect. A really complete and accurate English concordance is yet a desideratum. The want is now met by Strong's Exhaustive Concordance to the Auth. Engl. Version of the Holy Scriptures (N. Y., 1849, 4to).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

kon - kôr´dans  :

1. Nature of Work

2. Classes of Concordances

3. Their Indispensableness

4. Concordances to Latin Vulgate

5. Concordances to the Hebrew Old Testament

6. Concordances to the Septuagint

7. Concordances to the Greek New Testament

8. Concordances to the English Bible

Literature

1. Nature of Work

The object of a concordance of Scripture is to guide the reader to any passage he is in search of by means of an alphabetical arrangement of the words found in Scripture, and the bringing together under each word of all the passages in which that word occurs. Thus, in the verse: "Cast thy burden upon Yahweh" ( Psalm 55:22 ), the reader will look in the concordance under the words "cast" or "burden," and there will find a reference to the text. The merit of a concordance is obviously exhaustiveness and clearness of arrangement. There are abridged concordances of the Bible which give only the most important words and passages. These are seldom satisfactory, and a fuller work has in the end frequently to be resorted to.

2. Classes of Concordances

The ordinary reader is naturally most familiar with concordances of the English Bible, but it will be seen that, for scholarly purposes, concordances are just as necessary for the Scriptures in their original tongues, and for versions of the Scriptures other than English There are required concordances of the Old Testament in Hebrew, of the New Testament in Greek, of the Septuagint version (Greek) of the Old Testament, of the Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible , 390-405 ad) version (Latin) of the New Testament, as well as of the translations of the Scriptures into German, French and other living languages. There are now, further, required concordances of the Rvv of the English Old Testament and New Testament, as well as of the King James Version. There are needed, besides, good concordances to the Apocrypha, alike in its the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) forms. Textual criticism leads to modifications of the earlier concordances of the Hebrew and Greek texts. It is customary in concordances of the English version to facilitate reference by giving not only single words, but also phrases under which several passages are grouped, and to make the work more useful by furnishing lists of Scripture proper names, with their meanings, and, in the larger works, references to the Hebrew or Greek words for which the English words stand.

3. Their Indispensableness

The indispensableness of a good concordance for the proper study of the Bible is so apparent that it is not surprising that, since the idea was first conceived, much labor has been expended on the preparation of such works. The wonder rather is that the idea did not occur earlier than it did. No single scholar could ever hope to produce a perfect work of the kind by his own efforts. Modern concordances are based upon the labors of previous generations.

4. Concordances to Latin Vulgate

The oldest concordances date from the 13th century, and are based, as was then natural, upon the Latin Vulgate. A Concordantiae Morales is attributed to Antony of Padua (died 1231). The first concordance of which we have actual knowledge is that of Hugo of Caro, Dominican monk and cardinal (died 1263). It was called Concordantiae S. Jacobi from the monastery in which it was compiled. 500 monks are said to have been engaged upon its preparation. Hugo's Concordance became the basis of others into which successive improvements were introduced. The words of passages, at first wanting, were inserted; indeclinable particles were added; alphabetic arrangement was employed. Verse divisions were unknown till the time of Robert Stephens (1555). See Bible .

5. Concordances to Hebrew Old Testament

The earliest Hebrew concordance seems to have been that of Rabbi Mordecai ben Nathan (1438-48). It went through several editions and was translated into Latin by Reuchlin the (1556). Both original and translation contained many errors. It was improved by Calasio, a Franciscan friar (1621), and more thoroughly by John Buxtorf, whose Concordance was published by his son (1632). This latter formed the basis of Dr. Julius Fürst's Libr. Sacrorum Vet. Test. Concordantive Heb atque Chaldaic  ; 1840 (English translation, Hebrew and Chaldean Concordance ). A later Hebrew Concordance in Germany is that of Solomon Mandelkern (1896). In England, in 1754, appeared the valuable Hebrew Concordance , Adapted to the English Bible , by Dr. Taylor, of Norwich. With it may be classed The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldaic Concordance (1843; revised edition, 1876).

6. Concordances to the Septuagint

Though earlier attempts are heard of, the first printed concordance of the Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament) was that of Trommius, published in Amsterdam in 1718, in the author's 84th year. This important work remained the standard till quite lately.

It is very complete, giving references not only to the Septuagint, but to other versions (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) in which the words occur, and showing by an index at the end the Hebrew or Chaldaic words to which the Greek words correspond. In 1887 Bagster published A Handy Concordance of the Septuagint . Earlier works are superseded by the recent publication (1892, 1897, 1900) of Hatch and Redpath's scholarly Concordance to the Septuagint , and Other Greek versions of the Old Testament .

7. Concordances to the Greek New Testament

Concordances of the Greek New Testament began with that of Xystus Betulius (his real name was Birck) in 1554. The Concordance ( Tameion ) of Erasmus Schmid (1638) has often been reprinted and reëdited. On it is based the useful abridged Concordance published by Bagster. Recent works are Bruder's (1842; 4th edition, 1888; based on Schmid, with many improvements); in America, Hudson's Critical Greek and English Concordance , revised by Ezra Abbot (1870); in England, Moulton and Geden's Concordance to the Greek Testament according to the Texts of Westcott and Hort , Tischendorf , and the English Revisers (1897).

8. Concordances to the English Bible

The list of concordances to the English Bible is a long one; it is necessary here to particularize only a few of the chief. The oldest is a Concordance of the New Testament , brought out before 1540 by one Thomas Gybson, though, as appears from the Preface, it was principally the work of the printer John Day (the producer of Foxe's Book of Martyrs ). The first Concordance to the whole Bible was that of John Marbeck (1550). In the same year was published a translation by Walter Lynne of the Index Librorum of Bullinger, Conrad Pelican and others, under the title of A Briefe and a Compendious Table , in manor of a Concordance , openying the waye to the principall Histories of the whole Bible , etc. Alex. Cruden, whose own Concordance, the most adequate of all, was published in 1737, enumerates most of his predecessors in the intervening period. Cruden's personal history is a pathetic one. A recurring mental malady overshadowed his career; but his indomitable perseverance and fixity of purpose, joined with a clear idea of what he wished to accomplish, enabled him to overcome all obstacles, and produce a book for which the Christian world is grateful. The work is entitled A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments , etc.; to which is added , a Concordance to the Books called Apocrypha . Mr. Spurgeon said regarding it, "Be sure you buy a genuine unabridged Cruden, and none of the modern substitutes, good as they may be at the price.... You need only one; have none but the best." Many editions of this valuable book have been published. It no longer remains, however, the only authority, nor even the most complete and serviceable, though perhaps still the most convenient, for the purpose of the student. In 1873 was published the Analytical Concordance to the Bible by Robert Young, LL.D., to which an appendix has since been added. This bulky work contains "every word in alphabetical order, arranged under its Hebrew or Greek original; with the literal meaning of each and its pronunciation." It marks 30,000 various readings, and gives geographical and antiquarian notes. Yet more comprehensive is The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible by James Strong, LL.D. This includes the new feature of a comparative concordance of the Authorized and Revised (English) versions It embraces also condensed Dictionaries of the Hebrew and Greek words, to which references are made from the English words by figures. It Thus differs in plan from Young's, which gives the Hebrew and Greek words in the body of the concordance at the head of the passages coming under them. Lastly must be noticed the very valuable work published in the same year (1894) in America by J.B.R. Walker, Comprehensive Concordance , with an Introduction by Marshall Curtiss Hazard . It is stated to give 50,000 more passages than Cruden.

Literature

See articles on "Concordance" in the various Dictionaries and Encyclopedias; articles by Dr. Beard in Kitto's Encyclopedia (Volume I); and by Dr. C. R. Gregory in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Encyclopedia (Volume III); Preface to Cruden's complete Concordance , and Introduction by Hazard to Walker's Comprehensive Concordance .

Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature

Concordance, the name assigned to a book which gives the words contained in the Holy Scriptures in alphabetical order, with a reference to the place where each may be found.