Chariot

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible

Chariot . The original home of the chariot was Western Asia, from which it passed to Egypt and other countries. In OT chariots are associated mainly with war-like operations, although they also appear not infrequently as the ‘carriages,’ so to say, of kings, princes, and high dignitaries (  Genesis 50:9 ,   2 Kings 5:9 ,   Jeremiah 17:25; cf.   Acts 8:28 ff. the case of the Ethiopian eunuch) in times of peace. When royal personages drove in state, they were preceded by a body of ‘runners’ (  2 Samuel 15:1 ,   1 Kings 1:5 ).

The war chariot appears to have been introduced among the Hebrews by David ( 2 Samuel 8:4 LXX [Note: Septuagint.] ), but it did not become part of the organized military equipment of the State till the reign of Solomon. This monarch is said to have organized a force of 1400 chariots (  1 Kings 10:26 ,   2 Chronicles 1:14 ), which he distributed among the principal cities of his realm (  1 Kings 9:19;   1 Kings 10:26 ). At this time, also, a considerable trade sprang up in connexion with the importation of chariots and horses. It was not from Egypt, however, which was never a horse-breeding country, that these were imported as stated in the corrupt text of   1 Kings 10:28 f., but from two districts of Asia Minor, in the region of Cappadocia and Cilicia, named Musri and Kuë (see Skinner, Cent. Bible, in loc ). In the following verse a chariot from Musri is said to have cost 600 shekels of silver (see Money), and a horse 150, hut the Gr. text gives 100 shekels and 50 shekels respectively. Similarly in   2 Kings 7:6 the reference is to the chariotry of the Hittites and their allies of Musri.

Until the Macedonian period, when we first hear of chariots armed with scythes ( 2Ma 13:2 ), the war chariot of antiquity followed one general type, alike among the Assyrians and the Egyptians, the Hittites and the Syrians. It consisted of a light wooden body, which was always open behind. The axle, fitted with stout wheels with 6 or 8 spokes (for the Heb. terms see  1 Kings 7:33 ), was set as far back as possible for the sake of greater steadiness, and consequently a surer aim. The pole was fixed into the axle, and after passing beneath the floor of the chariot was bent upwards and connected by a band of leather to the front of the chariot. The horses, two in number, were yoked to the pole. Traces were not used. In Assyrian representations a third horse sometimes appears, evidently as a reserve. The body of the chariot naturally received considerable decoration, for which, and for other details, reference may be made to Wilkinson’s Anc. Egyp. (1878), i. 224 241, and Rawlinson’s Five Great Monarchies (1864), ii. 1 21, where numerous illustrationss are also given. The ‘chariots of iron’ of the ancient Canaanites (  Joshua 17:16 ,   Judges 1:19;   Judges 4:3 ) were chariots of which the woodwork was strengthened hy metal plates.

In Egypt and Assyria the normal number of the occupants of a war chariot was two the driver, who was often armed with a whip, and the combatant, an archer whose bow-case and quiver were usually attached to the right-hand side of the car. Egyptian representations of Hittite chariots, however, show three occupants, of whom the third carries a shield to protect his comrades. This was almost certainly the practice among the Hebrews also, since a frequently recurring military term, shâlîsh , signifies ‘the third man,’ presumably in such a chariot.

Mention may be made, finally, of the chariots set up at the entrance to the Temple at Jerusalem, which were destroyed by Josiah. They were doubtless dedicated originally to J″ [Note: Jahweh.] , although they are termed by the Hebrew historian ‘chariots of the sun’ ( 2 Kings 23:11 ), their installation having been copied from the Babylonian custom of representing Shamash, the sun-god, riding in a chariot.

A. R. S. Kennedy.

Fausset's Bible Dictionary

Chariot, sometimes including the horses ( 2 Samuel 8:4;  2 Samuel 10:18). Mentioned first in  Genesis 41:43, where Joseph rides in Pharaoh's second chariot; also  Genesis 46:29. In the Egyptian monuments they occur to the number of 27,000 in records of the reign of Rameses II, 1300 B.C., and even earlier in the 18th dynasty 1530 B.C., when Amosis I used them against the shepherd kings. A leading purpose of chariots was war. Pharaoh followed Israel with 600 chosen chariots ( Exodus 14:7). The Canaanites of the valleys armed theirs apparently with iron scythes ( Joshua 17:18;  Judges 1:19). Jabin had 900, which enabled him to "oppress the children of Israel mightily," because of their sins ( Judges 4:3). The Philistines in Saul's time had 30,000 ( 1 Samuel 13:5). David took from Hadarezer of Zobah 1,000, and from the Syrians 700; these to retrieve their loss gathered 32,000 ( 1 Chronicles 19:7).

God forbad their use to His people, lest they should depend on human help rather than on Him ( Deuteronomy 17:16;  Deuteronomy 20:1;  Psalms 20:7), also lest there should be a turning of the elect nation's heart back to Egypt and its corrupt ways. Solomon from carnal state policy allied himself to Egypt, and disregarded God's prohibition, as Samuel foretold would be the case if Israel, not content with God, should set up a human king ( 1 Samuel 8:11-12). Solomon had 1,400 chariots, and bought each out of Egypt at 600 shekels of silver, and a horse for 150; and taxed certain cities for the cost, according to eastern usage ( 1 Kings 9:19;  1 Kings 10:26;  1 Kings 10:29). In  Exodus 14:7 translate "captains (literally, men of the king's council of 30) over the whole of them." Not as some thought, "third men in every one of them."

For the Egyptian chariots only carried two, the driver and the warrior. The Assyrian chariots ( Nahum 2:3-4) depicted on the monuments often contain a third, namely, the warrior's shieldbearer. In  Exodus 14:9 "horsemen" are mentioned. Hengstenberg thinks rekeb does not mean cavalry, as they are not depicted in the Egyptian monuments, but merely "riders in chariots." But Diodorus Siculus states that Rameses II had 24,000 cavalry. Egyptian art seems even in later times, when certainly cavalry were employed, to have avoided depicting horsemen. The language of  Exodus 15:1;  Isaiah 31:1, can be reconciled with either view. Ancient papyri allude to mounting on horseback (Cook, in Speaker's Commentary). The men in the chariot always stood.

The Egyptian chariot consisted of a semicircular frame of wood with straight sides, resting on the axle-tree of a pair of wheels; and on the frame a rail attached by leather thongs; one wooden upright in front; open at the back for mounting. On the right side the bowcase and the quiver and spearcase crossed diagonally. The horses wore only breastband and girths attached to the saddle, and a bearing rein fastened to a ring in front of it. In New Testament the only chariots mentioned are that of the Ethiopian eunuch of Candace ( Acts 8:28-29;  Acts 8:38), and  Revelation 9:9. The Persians sacrificed horses to the sun; so the Jews under the idolatrous Manasseh dedicated chariots and horses to the sun ( 2 Kings 23:11). Josiah burned these chariots with fire, thus making the object of their superstition, fire, to consume their instruments of worship.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

The first mention of the chariot is when Joseph, as a mark of distinction, was placed in Pharaoh's second state chariot ( Genesis 41:43 ); and the next, when he went out in his own chariot to meet his father Jacob (46:29). Chariots formed part of the funeral procession of Jacob (50:9). When Pharaoh pursued the Israelites he took 600 war-chariots with him ( Exodus 14:7 ). The Canaanites in the valleys of Palestine had chariots of iron ( Joshua 17:18;  Judges 1:19 ). Jabin, the king of Canaan, had 900 chariots ( Judges 4:3 ); and in Saul's time the Philistines had 30,000. In his wars with the king of Zobah and with the Syrians, David took many chariots among the spoils ( 2 Samuel 8:4;  10:18 ). Solomon maintained as part of his army 1,400 chariots ( 1 Kings 10:26 ), which were chiefly imported from Egypt (29). From this time forward they formed part of the armies of Israel ( 1 Kings 22:34;  2 Kings 9:16,21;  13:7,14;  18:24;  23:30 ).

In the New Testament we have only one historical reference to the use of chariots, in the case of the Ethiopian eunuch ( Acts 8:28,29,38 ).

This word is sometimes used figuratively for hosts ( Psalm 68:17;  2 Kings 6:17 ). Elijah, by his prayers and his counsel, was "the chariot of Israel, and the horsemen thereof." The rapid agency of God in the phenomena of nature is also spoken of under the similitude of a chariot ( Psalm 104:3;  Isaiah 66:15;  Habakkuk 3:8 ).

Chariot of the cherubim ( 1 Chronicles 28:18 ), the chariot formed by the two cherubs on the mercy-seat on which the Lord rides.

Chariot cities were set apart for storing the war-chariots in time of peace ( 2 Chronicles 1:14 ).

Chariot horses were such as were peculiarly fitted for service in chariots ( 2 Kings 7:14 ).

Chariots of war are described in  Exodus 14:7;  1 Samuel 13:5;  2 Samuel 8:4;  1 Chronicles 18:4;  Joshua 11:4;  Judges 4:3,13 . They were not used by the Israelites till the time of David. Elijah was translated in a "chariot of fire" ( 2 Kings 2:11 ). Compare  2 Kings 6:17 . This vision would be to Elisha a source of strength and encouragement, for now he could say, "They that be with us are more than they that be with them."

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Chariot. A vehicle used either for warlike or peaceful purposes, but, most commonly, the former. The Jewish chariots were patterned after the Egyptian, and consisted of a single pair of wheels on an axle, upon which was a cart with high front and sides, but open at the back.

The earliest mention of chariots, in Scripture, is in Egypt, where Joseph, as a mark of distinction, was placed in Pharaoh's second chariot.  Genesis 41:43. Later on, we find mention of Egyptian chariots for a warlike purpose.  Exodus 14:7.

In this point of view, chariots among some nations of antiquity, as elephants among others, may be regarded as filling the place of heavy artillery in modern times, so that the military power of a nation might be estimated by the number of its chariots. Thus, Pharaoh, in pursuing Israel, took with him 600 chariots.

The Philistines, in Saul's time, had 30,000.  1 Samuel 13:5. David took from Hadadezer, king of Zobah, 1000 chariots,  2 Samuel 8:4, and from the Syrians, a little later, 700,  2 Samuel 10:18, who in order to recover their ground, collected 32,000 chariots.  1 Chronicles 19:7.

Up to this time, the Israelites possessed few or no chariots. They were first introduced by David,  2 Samuel 8:4, who raised and maintained a force of 1400 chariots,  1 Kings 10:25, by taxation on certain cities agreeably to eastern custom in such matters.  1 Kings 9:19;  1 Kings 10:25.

From this time, chariots were regarded as among the most important arms of war.  1 Kings 22:34;  2 Kings 9:16;  2 Kings 9:21;  2 Kings 13:7;  2 Kings 13:14;  2 Kings 18:24;  2 Kings 23:30;  Isaiah 31:1.

Most commonly two persons, and sometimes three, rode in the chariot, of whom the third was employed to carry the state umbrella.  1 Kings 22:34;  2 Kings 9:20;  2 Kings 9:24;  Acts 8:38. The prophets allude frequently to chariots as typical of power.  Psalms 20:7;  Psalms 104:3;  Jeremiah 51:21;  Zechariah 6:1.

Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary

The word is used repeatedly in Scripture, both as a real representation of the thing itself, and also figuratively. Very terrible were the war chariots, with which men fought in battle. Jabin, king of Canaan, it is said, had nine hundred chariots of iron, and mightily oppressed the children of Israel. ( Judges 4:3) But when the term of chariot is applied to express spiritual things, the matter becomes more interesting. Thus Elijah's chariot, by which he went up into heaven; is called, the chariots of Israel, and the horsemen thereof; by which is meant, the ascension of Elijah's fervent prayers for Israel, were more powerful and prevailing than all the chariots of Israel in their defence. And doubtless, as the prophet in this instance became a type of Christ, in his priestly and regal office, the whole is abundantly plain and evident. ( 2 Kings 2:12) So again, in the book of the Songs, ( Song of Song of Solomon 3:9) Solomon is said to have made a chariot of the wood of Lebanon; the pillars silver, the bottom of gold, the covering purple, and the midst thereof paved with love, for the daughters of Jerusalem."There can be no doubt, but that this is designed to speak of the Lord Jesus Christ, whose chariot of love, founded in himself, both in his Godhead and manhood, whose acts of grace, are richer than gold and silver, and whose whole heart is full of love to his beloved Jerusalem. Hence, the church in return, feeling all her affections awakened by grace, to the love of Jesus, cries out in an holy rapture of joy and delight," Or ever I was aware, my soul made me like the chariots of Ammi-nadib?' ( Song of Song of Solomon 6:12)

See Amminadib

Bridgeway Bible Dictionary

When the Israelites entered Canaan under Joshua, they were successful in conquering the hill country, but had difficulty in conquering the plains. The reason for this was that the local Canaanites were well equipped with chariots ( Joshua 11:4;  Joshua 17:16;  Judges 1:19;  Judges 4:13;  1 Samuel 13:5).

The use of chariots did not become common in Israel till the time of David, when Israel conquered many of the peoples of the plains and seized their chariots ( 2 Samuel 8:3-4;  2 Samuel 15:1). During the reign of Solomon, Israel’s chariot forces were expanded considerably, and from his time on they were an important part of Israel’s army ( 1 Kings 4:26;  1 Kings 9:22;  1 Kings 10:26;  1 Kings 20:21;  1 Kings 22:35;  2 Kings 8:21;  2 Kings 9:21;  2 Kings 10:2;  2 Kings 13:7). The armies of other nations likewise relied heavily on chariots ( 1 Kings 22:31;  2 Kings 6:11-14;  2 Kings 18:24;  2 Kings 19:23; see also War ).

Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words

1: Ἅρμα (Strong'S #716 — Noun Neuter — harma — har'-mah )

akin to ararisko, "to join," denotes "a war chariot with two wheels,"  Acts 8:28,29,38;  Revelation 9:9 .

2: Ῥέδη (Strong'S #4480 — Noun Feminine — rhede — hred'-ah )

"a wagon with four wheels," was chiefly used for traveling purposes,  Revelation 18:13 .

Morrish Bible Dictionary

Except in  Song of Solomon 3:9 , where the word is appiryon and signifies 'sedan, portable couch,' the chariots were vehicles with two wheels, used either for travelling or for war: they are often seen portrayed on Egyptian and Assyrian monuments.   Genesis 41:43;  Genesis 50:9;  1 Kings 4:26;  Ezekiel 23:24;  Acts 8:28;  Revelation 9:9 . In  Revelation 18:13 the word is ῥέδα, and some describe it as a vehicle with four wheels. The Chariot Man in   2 Chronicles 18:33 is the driver, as in   1 Kings 22:34 . A Chariot Of Fire and horses of fire appeared when Elijah was carried up into heaven.  2 Kings 2:11,12 . When the king of Syria sought to take Elisha at Dothan he was protected by invisible chariots of fire.  2 Kings 6:17 .

Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types

 Psalm 20:7 (b) It indicates that some people trust in human expedients and schemes of their own for deliverance. We trust not in our own resources, nor wits, nor wisdom.

 Psalm 76:6 (b) This is a type of the power of GOD to overcome man's resistance and rebellion.

 Psalm 104:3 (a) The clouds are described as the vehicles upon which the Lord is carried whithersoever He will.

 Jeremiah 4:13 (b) This is a description of the invincible power of GOD. Just as man cannot control the coming and the going of the clouds, so man cannot control GOD's movements.

King James Dictionary

CHARIOT,n.

1. A half coach a carriage with four wheels and one seat behind, used for convenience and pleasure. 2. A car or vehicle used formerly in war, drawn by two or more horses, and conveying two men each. These vehicles were sometimes armed with hooks or sythes.

CHARIOT, To convey in a chariot.

Webster's Dictionary

(1): (n.) A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat.

(2): (n.) A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc.

(3): (v. t.) To convey in a chariot.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

char´i - ot ( מרכּב , merkābh , מרכּבה , merkābhāh , "riding-chariot," רכב , rekhebh , "war-chariot"; ἅρμα , hárma ):

1. Chariots of Egypt

2. Chariots of the Canaanites

3. Chariots of Solomon and Later Kings

4. Chariots of the Assyrians

5. Chariots of Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks

6. In the New Testament

7. Figurative Use

Literature

1. Chariots of Egypt

It is to the chariots of ancient Egypt that reference is first made in Scripture. Joseph was honored by being made to ride in the second chariot of King Pharaoh ( Genesis 41:43 ). Joseph paid honor to his father on his arrival in Goshen by meeting him in his chariot ( Genesis 46:29 ). In the state ceremonial with which the remains of Jacob were escorted to Canaan, chariots and horsemen were conspicuous ( Genesis 50:9 ). In the narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt and of Pharaoh's futile attempts to detain them the chariots and horsemen of Pharaoh figure largely ( Exodus 14:17 ,  Exodus 14:18 ,  Exodus 14:23 ,  Exodus 14:15;  Exodus 15:4 ,  Exodus 15:19 ). It was with the Hyksos invasion, some centuries before the Exodus, that the horse, and subsequently the chariot, were introduced for purposes of war into Egypt; and it may have been the possession of chariots that enabled those hated shepherd warriors to overpower the native Egyptians. The Egyptian chariot was distinguished by its lightness of build. It was so reduced in weight that it was possible for a man to carry his chariot on his shoulders without fatigue. The ordinary chariot was made of wood and leather, and had only two occupants, the fighting man and his shield-bearer. The royal chariots were ornamented with gold and silver, and in the battle of Megiddo Thothmes Iii is represented as standing in his chariot of electrum like the god of war, brandishing his lance. In the battle the victorious Egyptians captured 2, 041 horses and 924 chariots from the Syrian allies.

2. Chariots of the Canaanites

The Canaanites had long been possessed of horses and chariots when Joshua houghed their horses and burnt their chariots with fire at the waters of Merom ( Joshua 11:6 ,  Joshua 11:9 ). The chariots of iron which the Canaanites could maneuvere in the plains and valleys proved a formidable obstacle to the Complete conquest of the land ( Judges 1:19 ). Jabin had 900 chariots of iron, and with them he was able to oppress the children of Israel twenty years ( Judges 4:3 ). The Philistines of the low country and the maritime plain, of whom we read in Judges and Samuel, were a warlike people, were disciplined and well armed and their possession of chariots gave them a great advantage over the Israelites. In the war of Michmash they put into the field the incredible number of 30,000 chariots and 6,000 horsemen, only in the end to suffer a grievous defeat ( 1 Samuel 13:5;  1 Samuel 14:20 ). In the battle of Gilboa, however, the chariots and horsemen of the Philistines bore down all opposition, and proved the destruction of Saul and his house. Of these chariots there have come down to us no detailed description and no representation. But we cannot be far wrong in turning to the chariot of the Hittites as a type of the Canaanite and Philistine chariot. It is not from the monuments of the Hittites themselves, however, but from the representations of the Kheta of the Egyptian monuments, that we know what their chariots were like. Their chariotry was their chief arm of offense. The Hittite chariot was used, too, for hunting; but a heavier car with paneled sides was employed for war. The Egyptian monuments represent three Hittites in each car, a practice which differed from that of Egypt and attracted attention. Of the three, one guided the chariot, another did the fighting with sword and lance, and the third was the shield-bearer.

3. Chariots of Solomon and Later Kings

The Israelites living in a mountainous country were tardy in adopting the chariot for purposes of war. David houghed all the chariot horses of Hadadezer, king of Zobah, and "reserved of them for a hundred chariots" ( 2 Samuel 8:4 ), and Adonijah prepared for himself chariots and horsemen with a view to contest the throne of his father ( 1 Kings 1:5 ). But Solomon was the first in Israel to acquire chariots and horses on a national scale, and to build cities for their accommodation ( 1 Kings 9:19 ). In Massoretic Text of the Old Testament we read that Solomon had agents who received droves of horses from Egypt, and it is added: "And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for 600 shekels of silver, and a horse for 150; and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their means" ( 1 Kings 10:29 ). On the strength of a warrantable emendation of the text it is now proposed to read the preceding ( 1 Kings 10:28 ): "And Solomon's import of horses was from Muṣri and from Kuë; the king's traders received them from Kuë at a price" - where Muṣri and Kuë are North Syria and Cilicia. No doubt it was Egypt out of which the nation was forbidden by the Deuteronomic law to multiply horses ( Deuteronomy 17:16 ), but on the other hand the statement of Ezek ( Ezekiel 27:14 ) that Israel derived horses, chargers and mules not from Egypt but from Togarmah - N orth Syria and Asia Minor - agrees with the new rendering (Burney, Notes on Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings , in the place cited.). From Solomon's time onward chariots were in use in both kingdoms. Zimri, who slew Elah, son of Baasha, king of Israel, was captain of half his chariots ( 1 Kings 16:9 ). It was when sitting in his chariot in disguise beside the driver that Ahab received his fatal wound at Ramoth-gilead ( 1 Kings 22:34 ). The floor of the royal chariot was a pool of blood, and "they washed the chariot by the pool of Samaria" ( 1 Kings 22:35 ,  1 Kings 22:38 ). It was in his war-chariot that his servants carried Josiah dead from the fatal field of Megiddo ( 2 Kings 23:30 ). The chief pieces of the Hebrew chariot were (1) The pole to which the two horses were yoked, (2) The axle - resting upon two wheels with six or eight spokes ( 1 Kings 7:33 ) - into which the pole was fixed, (3) a frame or body open behind, standing upon the axle and fitted by a leather band to the pole. The chariots of iron of which we read ( Judges 4:3 ) were of wood strengthened or studded with iron. Like that of the Hittite, the Hebrew chariot probably carried three men, although in the chariot of Ahab ( 1 Kings 22:34 ) and in that of Jehu ( 2 Kings 9:24 f) we read of only two.

4. Chariots of the Assyrians

In the later days when the Assyrians overran the lands of the West, the Israelites had to face the chariots and the hosts of Sennacherib and of the kings ( 2 Kings 19:23 ). And they faced them with chariots of their own. An inscription of Shalmaneser Ii of Assyria tells how in the battle of Karkar (854 bc) Ahab of the land of Israel had put into the field 2,000 chariots and 10,000 soldiers. But the Assyrian chariotry was too numerous and powerful for Israel. The Assyrian chariot was larger and heavier than the Egyptian or the Hebrew: it had usually three and sometimes four occupants (Maspéro, Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria , 322). When we read in Nahum's prophecy of "chariots flashing with steel," "rushing to and fro in the broad ways" ( Nahum 2:3 ,  Nahum 2:4 ), it is of the Assyrian chariots that we are to think being hastily got together for the defense of Nineveh.

5. Chariots of Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks

In early Babylonian inscriptions of the 3rd millennium before Christ there is evidence of the use of the war-chariots, and Nebuchadrezzar in his campaigns to the West had chariots as part of his victorious host ( Jeremiah 47:3 ). It was the Persians who first employed scythed chariots in war; and we find Antiochus Eupator in the Seleucid period equipping a Greek force against Judea which had 300 chariots armed with scythes (2 Macc 13:2).

6. In the New Testament

In the New Testament the chariot is only twice mentioned. Besides the chariot in which the Ethiopian eunuch was traveling when Philip the evangelist made up to him ( Acts 8:28 ,  Acts 8:29 ,  Acts 8:38 ), there is only the mention of the din of war-chariots to which the onrush of locusts in Apocalyptic vision is compared ( Revelation 9:9 ).

7. Figurative Use

In the figurative language of Scripture, the chariot has a place. It is a tribute to the powerful influence of Elijah and Elisha when they are separately called "the chariots of Israel and the horsemen thereof" ( 2 Kings 2:12;  2 Kings 13:14 ). The angelic hosts are declared to be God's chariots, twice ten thousand, thousands upon thousands ( Psalm 68:17 ). But chariots and horses themselves are a poor substitute for the might of God ( Psalm 20:7 ). God Himself is represented as riding upon His chariots of salvation for the defense of His people ( Habakkuk 3:8 ). In the Book of Zec, the four chariots with their horses of various colors have an apocalyptic significance ( Zechariah 6:1-15 ). In the worship of the host of heaven which prevailed in the later days of the kingdom of Judah, "the chariots of the sun" (see article) were symbols which led the people into gross idolatry and King Josiah burnt them with fire ( 2 Kings 23:11 ).

Literature

Nowack, Hebrew Archaeology , I, 366 f; Garstang, Land of the Hittites , 363 f; Maspéro, Struggle of the Nations and Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria  ; Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies , II, 1-21.

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Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature

Bibliography Information McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Chariot'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/c/chariot.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.