Beth-Shean
Holman Bible Dictionary [1]
Excavation of tell el-Husn and its surroundings were carried on by the University of Pennsylvania in several campaigns from 1921 to 1933. Settlements at Beth-shean were found to date back to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. The city became an important Canaanite site in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (3300-1500 B.C.), but came under the domination of Egypt's 18th dynasty in the Late Bronze Age. The name Beth-shean (or -shan) is mentioned in the Egyptian texts of Thutmose III (1468 B.C.), the Amarna letters (1350 B.C.), Seti I (1300 B.C.), Ramses II (1280 B.C.) and Shishak (925 B.C.). Excavations have confirmed the Egyptian role in the life of Beth-shean in these periods (for example, through the discovery of scarabs and a cartouche bearing the name Thutmose III).
Biblical references to Beth-shean relate to the period from Joshua until the United Monarchy. The city is listed among the allocations of the tribe of Manasseh, though the city was within the territory of Issachar ( Joshua 17:6 ). Yet Manasseh was unable to control Beth-shean until the Canaanites were subdued in the reign of David ( Joshua 17:16; Judges 1:27 ). After the defeat of Saul and the Israelite army by the Philistines (ca. 1006 B.C.), the bodies of Saul and his sons were hung on the walls of Beth-shean, where a temple to the Ashtaroth was located. Some valiant men from Jabesh-gilead rescued the bodies from this sacrilege and disposed of them in Jabesh ( 1 Samuel 31:1 ). Later the bodies were brought by David's men in Benjamin ( 2 Samuel 21:12-14 ). The city is listed among those under the administration of Baana (fifth district) during Solomon's reign ( 1 Kings 4:12 ). Though the city is not specifically mentioned in the 1 Kings 14:25-28 account of the invasion of Shishak from Egypt, Beth-shean is listed among the cities plundered. Afterward, the city played little role in Israelite history, though the city was occupied by Israelites of the Northern Kingdom from 815-721 B.C.
The city remained abandoned for the most part until the Hellenistic period (third century B.C.), when it was rebuilt and renamed Scythopolis (“city of Scythians”). This city formed the foundation of a significant Hellenistic and Roman occupation that included temples, theater, amphitheater, colonnaded street, hippodrome, tombs, and many public buildings, which had spread to the northern, eastern, and southern quadrants around the earlier “tell.” Scythopolis was the largest city of the Decapolis ( Matthew 4:25; Mark 5:20 ), and the only city of the league west of the Jordan River. The city continued to flourish in the Byzantine period until it was destroyed by Arabs in A.D. 636. The modern village of Beisan preserves the ancient name of the city.
Dennis Cole
People's Dictionary of the Bible [2]
Beth-shean ( Bĕth'Shç'An ), House Of Quiet. Bethsan ( Bêth'San ), or Bethshan ( Bĕth'-Shan ). A city five miles west of the Jordan, first in Issachar, but later in Manasseh. Joshua 17:11; 1 Chronicles 7:29. Saul's body was fastened to its walls, 1 Samuel 31:10; 1 Samuel 31:12; after the captivity it was called Scythopolis, and was a chief city of Decapolis; now Beisan, having ruins of temples, colonnades, hippodrome, theatre, and city walls.
Smith's Bible Dictionary [3]
Beth-she'an. (House Of Rest). Bethshean or, in Samuel, Bethshan , a city which belonged to Manasseh, 1 Chronicles 7:29, though within the limits of Issachar Joshua 17:11 and therefore, on the west of Jordan. Compare 1 Maccabees 5:62. In later times, it was called Scythopolis . 2 Maccabees 12:29. The place is still known as Beisan. It lies in the Ghor or Jordan valley, about twelve miles south of the Sea of Galilee, and four miles west of the Jordan.
Easton's Bible Dictionary [4]
1 Chronicles 7:29 1 Kings 4:12 1 Samuel 31:10,12 2 Samuel 21:12
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature [5]
(Heb. Beyth Shean', בֵּית שְׁאָן , House Of Security; Sept. Βηθσάν , also [in 1 Kings 4:12] Βηθσαάν , and Οϊ v Κος Σαάν , and [in 1 Chronicles 7:29] Βαιθσάν V. r. Βαιθσαάν ; in Samuel Beth-Shan in the Apocrypha BETHSAN, in Josephus Βήθσανα or Βεθσάνη ; in the Talmud Beisan, בֵּיסָן [but see Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. 103]; in Steph. Byz. [p. 675] Βαισών ; in the Onomasticon, Euseb. Βήθσαν , Jerome Bethsan; also [according to Schwarz, Palest. p. 148, note] in 1 Kings 22:39, the "ivory-house" of Solomon, בֵּית הִשֵּׁן hash-Shen' , House Of The Tooth; Sept. Οϊ v Κος Ἐλεφάντινος ), a city which, with its "daughter" towns, belonged to Manasseh ( 1 Chronicles 7:29), though within the original limits of Issachar ( Joshua 17:11), and therefore on the west of Jordan (comp. 1 Maccabees 5:52). It was not subdued, however, by either tribe, but remained for a long time in the hands of the Canaanites and Philistines ( Judges 1:27). The corpses of Saul and his sons were fastened up to the wall of Bethshean by the Philistines ( 1 Samuel 31:10; 1 Samuel 31:12) in the open "street" or space ( רְחֹב ), which — then as now — fronted the gate of an Eastern town ( 2 Samuel 21:12). In Solomon's time it seems to have given its name to a district extending from the town itself to Abel-meholah; and "all Bethshean" was under the charge of one of his commissariat officers ( 1 Kings 4:12). From this time we lose sight of Bethshean till the period of the Maccabees, in connection with whose exploits it is mentioned more than once in a cursory manner ( 1 Maccabees 5:52; comp. 1 Maccabees 12:40-41). Alexander Jannaeus had an interview here with Cleopatra (Josephus, Ant. 13, 13, 3); Pompey marched through it on his way from Damascus to Jerusalem (ib. 14, 3, 4); Gabinius fortified it (ib. 14:5, 3); and in the Jewish war 13,000 Jews were slain by the Scythopolitans (War, 2:18, 3). It was 600 stadia from Jerusalem ( 2 Maccabees 12:29), 120 from Tiberias (Josephus, Life, 65), and 16 miles from Gadara (Itin. Anton.; comp. Ammian. Marc. 19:12). In the Middle Ages the place had become desolate, although it still went by the name of Metropolis Palaestinae tertia (Will. Tyr. p. 749, 1034; Vitriacus, p. 1119). We find bishops of Scythopolis at the councils of Chalcedon, Jerusalem (A.D. 536), and others. During the Crusades it was an archbishopric, which was afterward transferred to Nazareth (Raumer's Palastina, p. 147-149).
Bethshean also bore the name of Scythopolis ( Σκυθῶν Πόλις , 2 Maccabees 12:29), perhaps because Scythians had settled there in the time of Josiah (B.C. 631), in their passage through Palestine toward Egypt (Herod. 1:205; comp. Pliny, Hist. Nat. 5, 16, 20; Georg. Syncellus, p. 214). This hypothesis is supported by 2 Maccabees 12:30, where mention is made of "Jews who lived among the Scythians ( Σκυθοπολῖται ) (in Bethshan"); and by the Septuagint version of Judges 1:27 ( Βαιθσάν , Ἣ Εστι Σκυθῶν Πόλις ). In Judith 3:2, the place is also called Scythopolis ( Σκυθῶν Πόλις ), and so likewise by Josephus ( Ant. 5, 1, 22; 12:8, 5; 13:6, 1) and others (Strabo, 16:763; Ptolemy, 5, 15, 23). The supposition that these were descendants of the Scythians in Palestine (comp. Ezekiel 39:11) renders more intelligible Colossians 3:11, where the Scythian is named with the Jew and Greek; and it also explains why the ancient rabbins did not consider Scythopolis ( Beisan ) as a Jewish town (comp. Joseph. Life, 6), but as one of an unholy people (Havercamp, Observat. Ad Joseph. Antiq. 5, 1, 22). On coins the place is called Scythopolis and Nysa (so Pliny, 5, 16), with figures of Bacchus and the panther (Eckhel, p. 438-440; comp. Reland, p. 993 sq.). As Succoth lay somewhere in the vicinity east of the Jordan, some would derive Scythopolis from Succothopolis (Reland, p. 992 sq.; Gesenius, in Burckhardt, p. 1053, German edit.). It has also, with as little probability, been supposed to be the same as Beth-shittim ( Judges 7:22). Josephus does not account Scythopolis as belonging to Samaria, in which it geographically lay, but to Decapolis, which was chiefly on the other side of the river, and of which he calls it the largest town (War, 3, 9, 7). (See Scythopolis).
The ancient native name, as well as the town itself, still exists in the Beisan of the present day (Robinson, Researches, 3, 174). It stands on a rising ground somewhat above the valley of the Jordan, or in the valley of Jezreel where it opens into the Jordan valley. It is on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus, and is about three miles from the Jordan, fourteen from the southern end of Lake Gennesareth, and sixteen from Nazareth. The site of the town is on the brow of the descent by which the great plain of Esdraelon drops down to the level of the Ghor. A few miles to the west are the mountains of Gilboa, and close beside the town, on the north, runs the water of the Ain-Jalud, the fountain of which is in Jezreel, and is in all probability the spring by which the Israelites encamped before the battle in which Saul was killed ( 1 Samuel 29:1). Three other large brooks pass through or by the town; and in the fact of the abundance of water, and the exuberant fertility of the soil consequent thereon, as well as in the power of using their chariots, which the level nature of the country near the town conferred on them ( Joshua 17:16), resides the secret of the hold which the Canaanites retained on the place. So great was this fertility, that it was said by the rabbins that if Paradise was in the land of Israel, Beth-shean was the gate of it, for its fruits were the sweetest in all the land (see Lightfoot, Chor. Cent. 60). If Jabesh-Gilead was where Dr. Robinson conjectures-at ed-Deir in Wady Yabis — the distance from thence to Beisan, which it took the men of Jabesh "all night" to traverse, cannot be much beyond ten miles.
The modern Beisan is a poor place containing not more than sixty or seventy houses. The inhabitants are Moslems, and are described by Richardson and others as a set of inhospitable and lawless fanatics. The ruins of the ancient city are of considerable extent. It was built along the banks of the rivulet which waters the town and in the valleys formed by its several branches, and must have been nearly three miles in circumference. The chief remains are large heaps of black hewn stones, with many foundations of houses and fragments of a few columns (Burckhardt, p. 243). The principal object is the theater, which is quite distinct, but now completely filled up with weeds; it measures across the front about 180 feet, and has the singularity of possessing three oval recesses half way up the building, which are mentioned by Vitruvius as being constructed to contain the brass sounding-tubes. Few theatres had such an apparatus even in the time of this author, and they are scarcely ever met with now. The other remains are the tombs, which lie to the north-east of the Acropolis, without the walls. The sarcophagi still exist in some of them; triangular niches for lamps have also been observed in them; and some of the doors continue hanging on the ancient hinges of stone in remarkable preservation. Two streams run through the ruins of the city, almost insulating the Acropolis. There is a fine Roman bridge over the one to the southwest of the Acropolis, and beyond it may be seen the, paved way which led to the ancient Ptolemais, now Acre. The Acropolis is a high circular hill, on the top of which are traces of the walls which encompassed it (Irby and Mangles, Travels, p. 301-303). See also Robinson, Later Bib. Res. p. 329 sq.; Van de Velde, Narrative, 2, 359-363; Thomson, Land and Book, 2, 172 sq.
