Mediterranean Sea
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [1]
med - i - te - rā´nḗ - an ( ἡ θάλασσα , hē thálassa ): To the Hebrews the Mediterranean was the sea , as was natural from their situation.
Hence, they speak of it simply as "the sea" ( היּם , ha - yām ), e.g. Genesis 49:13; Numbers 13:29; Numbers 34:5; Judges 5:17; or, again, it is "the great sea" (הגּדול היּם , ha - yām ha - gādhōl , e.g. Numbers 34:6 , Numbers 34:7; Joshua 9:1; Joshua 15:12 , Joshua 15:47; Ezekiel 47:10 , Ezekiel 47:15 , Ezekiel 47:19 , Ezekiel 47:20; Ezekiel 48:28 ); or, because it lay to the West of Palestine, as "the great sea toward the going down or the sun" ( Joshua 1:4; Joshua 23:4 ), and, since the west was regarded as the "back," in contrast to the east as the "front," as "hinder (or "western" the Revised Version (British and American), "uttermost" or "utmost" the King James Version) sea" (האהרון היּם , ha - yām ha - 'aḥărōn ), Deuteronomy 11:24; Deuteronomy 34:2; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:20 , in the last two passages contrasted with "the former (King James Version, "eastern" the Revised Version (British and American)) sea" הקּרמני היּם , ha - yām ha - ḳadhmōnı̄ ), i.e. the Dead Sea. See Former . That portion of the Mediterranean directly West of Palestine is once ( Exodus 23:31 ) referred to as "the sea of the Philis" פּלשׁתּים ים , yām pelishtı̄m ). the King James Version has "sea of Joppa" ( Ezra 3:7 ) where the Revised Version (British and American) correctly renders "to the sea, unto Joppa" (compare 2 Chronicles 2:16 ). Similarly, the King James Version "the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia" ( Acts 27:5 ) is better rendered "the sea which is off Cilicia and Pamphylia" (Revised Version).
In the New Testament, references to the Mediterranean are common, especially in the accounts of Paul's voyages, for which see Paul . Jesus once ( Mark 7:24 ff) came to or near the sea.
The Mediterranean basin was the scene of most ancient civilizations which have greatly influenced that of the western world, except those whose home was in the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates; and even these continually thrust themselves into it, so far as they could. As its name implies, it is an inland area, united to the Atlantic only by the narrow Straits of Gibraltar. In comparatively recent geological time it was also joined to the Red Sea, the alluvial deposits of the Nile, which have extended the line of the Delta, having with the aid of drifting desert sands subsequently closed the passage and joined the continents of Asia and Africa. The total length of the Mediterranean is about 2,300 miles, its greatest breadth about 1,080 miles, and its area about 1,000,000 square miles. It falls naturally into the western and eastern (Levant) halves, dividing at the line running from Tunis to Sicily, where it is comparatively shallow; the western end is generally the deeper, reaching depths of nearly 6,000 ft. On the North it is intersected by the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, forming the Gulf of Lyons, the Adriatic and the Aegean. In ancient times these and other divisions of the Mediterranean bore specific names given by the Greeks and Romans, but from the nature of the case their limits were ill defined. The temperature of the Mediterranean is in summer warmer, in winter about the same as that of the Atlantic. Its water has a slightly greater specific gravity, probably because of a larger proportionate evaporation.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia [2]
So called by the ancients as lying in the presumed middle of the earth surrounded by Europe, Asia, and Africa; the largest enclosed sea in the world; its communication with the Atlantic is Gibraltar Strait, 9 m. wide; it communicates with the Black Sea through the Dardanelles, and in 1869 a canal through the isthmus of Suez connected it with the Red Sea, 2200 m. long by 100 to 600 m. broad; its S. shores are regular; the N. has many gulfs, and two great inlets, the Ægean and Adriatic Seas; the Balearic Isles, Corsica, and Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, and Crete, the Ionian Isles, and the Archipelago are the chief islands; the Rhône, Po, and Nile the chief rivers that discharge into it; a ridge between Sicily and Cape Bon divides it into two great basins; it is practically tideless, and salter than the Atlantic; its waters too are warm; northerly winds prevail in the E. with certain regular variations; the surrounding territories are the richest in the world, and the greatest movements in civilisation and art have taken place around it in Africa, Phoenicia, Carthage, Greece, and Rome.
