Footman

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible

Footman . This word is used in two different senses: 1. A foot-soldier , always in plur. ‘footmen,’ foot-soldiers, infantry. Footmen probably composed the whole of the Isr. forces (  1 Samuel 4:10;   1 Samuel 15:4 ) before the time of David. 2. A runner on foot:   1 Samuel 22:17 (AVm [Note: Authorized Version margin.] ‘or guard , Heb. runners ’; RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘guard,’ RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘Heb. runners ’). ‘ Runners ’ would be the literal, and at the same time the most appropriate, rendering. The king had a body of runners about him, not so much to guard his person as to run his errands and do his bidding. They formed a recognized part of the royal state (  1 Samuel 8:11 ,   2 Samuel 15:1 ); they served as executioners (  1 Samuel 22:17 ,   2 Kings 10:25 ); and, accompanying the king or his general into battle, they brought back official tidings of its progress or event (  2 Samuel 18:18 ). In   Jeremiah 12:5 both the Heb. and the Eng. (footmen) seem to be used in the more general sense of racers on foot .

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Footman. A word employed in the English Bible in two senses:

1. Generally, to distinguish those of the fighting men who went on foot from those who were on horseback or in chariots;

2. In a more special sense, in  1 Samuel 22:17 only, and as the translation of a different term from the above - a body of swift runners in attendance on the king. This body appears to have been afterwards kept up, and to have been distinct from the body-guard - the six hundred and thirty - who were originated by David.

See  1 Kings 14:27-28;  2 Kings 11:4:  2 Kings 11:6;  2 Kings 11:11;  2 Kings 11:13;  2 Kings 11:19;  2 Chronicles 12:10-11. In each of these cases, the word is the same as the above, and is rendered "guard," with "runners" in the margin in two instances -  1 Kings 14:27;  2 Kings 11:13.

Fausset's Bible Dictionary

(1) Distinguished from the soldier on horseback or in a chariot.

(2) The swift runners who attended the king; foretold by Samuel  1 Samuel 8:11 ( 1 Kings 14:27 margin). Swift running was much valued in a warrior ( Psalms 19:5;  Joel 2:7;  Job 16:14). A characteristic of David, for which he praises God ( 1 Samuel 17:22;  1 Samuel 17:48;  1 Samuel 17:51;  1 Samuel 20:6;  2 Samuel 22:30;  Psalms 18:29; compare  1 Chronicles 12:8 to end).

Morrish Bible Dictionary

1. ragli , 'on foot:' often used for the foot soldiers in distinction from those in chariots or on horseback.  Numbers 11:21;  Judges 20:2;  1 Chronicles 18:4; etc. In  Jeremiah 12:5 it is applied to those that ran.

2. ruts, 'runner.'  1 Samuel 22:17 . Samuel said that their king would make some of them to run before his chariot.  1 Samuel 8:11 . Such are commonly employed in the East to run before the great, to clear the way for them.

Webster's Dictionary

(1): ( n.) A man in waiting; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc.

(2): ( n.) Formerly, a servant who ran in front of his master's carriage; a runner.

(3): ( n.) A metallic stand with four feet, for keeping anything warm before a fire.

(4): ( n.) A moth of the family Lithosidae; - so called from its livery-like colors.

(5): ( n.) A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a foot soldier.

Holman Bible Dictionary

 2 Samuel 8:4 1 Samuel 4:10 1 Samuel 15:4 Exodus 12:37 1 Samuel 8:11 2 Samuel 15:1 1 Kings 14:27-28 2 Kings 10:25 Esther 3:13 3:15

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature

a word employed in the A.V. in two senses. (See Runner).

1. Generally, to distinguish those of the people or of the fighting-men who went on foot from those who were on animals or in chariots. The Hebrew word for this is רִגְלַי , Ragli', from Regel, a foot. The Sept. commonly expresses it by Πεζοί , or occasionally Τάγματα . It is a military term, designating the infantry of an army ( 1 Samuel 4:10;  1 Samuel 15:4;  2 Samuel 10:6;  Jeremiah 12:5), or those simply who journeyed on foot, whether soldiers or not ( Exodus 12:37;  Numbers 11:21). In the latter case the word perhaps indicates the Male portion of the company, those who walked while the females Rode, like the Arabic Rajal, a Man. Sometimes it is joined with אַישׁ , A Man ( Judges 20:2). (See Army); (See Rider).

2. The word occurs in a more special sense (in  1 Samuel 22:17) as the translation of a different term, Rats, part of רוּוֹ , to Run. This passage affords the first mention of the existence of a body of swift runners in attendance on the king, though such a thing had been foretold by Samuel ( 1 Samuel 8:11). This body appears to have been afterwards kept up, and to have been distinct from the body-guard — the six hundred and the thirty-who were originated by David (see  1 Kings 14:27-28;  2 Chronicles 12:10-11;  2 Kings 11:4;  2 Kings 11:6;  2 Kings 11:11;  2 Kings 11:13;  2 Kings 11:19). In each of these cases the word is rendered "guard:" but the translators were evidently aware of its signification, for they have put the word "runners" in the margin in two instances ( 1 Kings 14:27;  2 Kings 11:13). This, indeed, was the force of the term "footman" at the time the A.V. was made, as is plain not only from the references just quoted, but, among others, from the title of a well known tract of Bunyan's, The Heavenly Footman, Or A Description Of The Man That Gets To Heaven, on  1 Corinthians 9:24 (the apostle Paul's figure of the race). The same Heb. word is also used elsewhere to denote the royal or praetorian guard ( 2 Samuel 15:1;  1 Kings 1:5;  2 Kings 10:25). Whether they were the same as the Pelethites is doubtful. The word likewise occurs ( Job 9:25) of any swift messenger, hence a weaver's Shuttle ( Job 7:6), and also of the couriers of the Persian king ( Esther 3:13;  Esther 3:15;  Esther 8:14). Swift running was evidently a valued accomplishment of a perfect warrior — a Gibbor, as the Hebrew word is among the Israelites. There are constant allusions to this in the Bible, though obscured in the A.V. from the translators not recognising the technical sense of the word Gibbor. Among others, see  Psalms 19:5;  Job 16:14;  Joel 2:7, where "strong man," "giant," and "mighty man" are all Gibbor. David was famed for his powers of running; they are so mentioned as to seem characteristic of him ( 1 Samuel 17:22;  1 Samuel 17:48;  1 Samuel 17:51;  1 Samuel 20:6), and he makes them a special subject of thanksgiving to God ( 2 Samuel 22:30;  Psalms 18:29). The cases of Cushi and Ahimaaz (2 Samuel 18) will occur to every one. It is not impossible that the former "the Ethiopian," as his name most likely is — had some peculiar mode of running. (See Cushi). Asahel also was "swift on his feet," and the Gadite heroes who came across to David in his difficulties were " swift as the roes upon the mountains;" but in neither of these last cases is the word rats employed. The word probably derives its modern sense from the custom of domestic servants running by the side of the carriage of their master. (See Guard).

Footsteps (generally פִּעִם , Pa'Am, a Tread; but spec. עָקֵכ , akeb',  Psalms 56:6;  Psalms 77:19;  Psalms 89:51;  Song of Solomon 1:8, the heel, as elsewhere rendered). On the meaning of this term in  Psalms 17:5;  Psalms 17:11, Mr. Roberts says; among the Hindus, " a man who has the people watching him, to find out a cause for accusation against him to the king, or to great men, says, Yes, they are around my legs and my feet; their eyes are always open; they are ever watching my suvadu, ‘ steps;' that is, they are looking for the impress or, footsteps in the earth." For this purpose, the eyes of the enemies of David were "bowing down to the earth."