Difference between revisions of "Sheba"

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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_37354" /> ==
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_37362" /> ==
<p> '''1.''' Son of [[Bichri]] a Benjamite, a man of [[Belial]] (&nbsp;2 Samuel 20:1-22). The tribe of [[Benjamin]] through [[Sheba]] sought to regain the ascendancy which it lost at Saul's fall. Judah alone remained faithful to David "from [[Jordan]] even to Jerusalem"; the rest of [[Israel]] followed Sheba. The division between Israel and Judah already had shown itself under [[Ishbosheth]] (&nbsp;2 Samuel 2:4-9), again at the close of Absalom's rebellion (&nbsp;2 Samuel 19:41-43), David felt the greatness of the crisis, "now shall Sheba do us more harm than did Absalom." Sheba traversed the country gathering followers, and finally aimed at fortifying himself in Abel [[Beth]] [[Maachah]] in the far N., which was probably connected with Absalom's rebellion through [[Maacah]] his mother, and was famed for worldly wisdom. (See [[Abel]] BETH MAACHAH.) A woman in it saved the city by cutting off and casting Sheba's head to [[Joab]] (see &nbsp;Ecclesiastes 9:14-15). (See [[Amasa]] ; JOAB.) </p> <p> '''2.''' &nbsp;1 Chronicles 5:13. </p>
<p> from whom the country derives its name. </p> <p> '''1.''' Grandson of [[Cush]] and son of Raamah (&nbsp;Genesis 10:7). </p> <p> '''2.''' Son of [[Joktan]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:28). </p> <p> '''3.''' Grandson of [[Abraham]] by Keturah; son of [[Jokshan]] (&nbsp;Genesis 25:3). This is an instance of the intermingling of the early descendants of [[Shem]] and Ham. [[Sheba]] was a wealthy region of [[Arabia]] [[Felix]] or [[Yemen]] (&nbsp;1 Kings 10:1; &nbsp;Psalms 72:10; &nbsp;Psalms 72:15, where "Sheba" is Joktanite, "SEBA" Cushite; &nbsp;Job 1:15, the Keturahite Sheba, &nbsp;Job 6:19; &nbsp;Isaiah 60:6; &nbsp;Jeremiah 6:20; &nbsp;Ezekiel 27:22, it was the Sheba son of Raamah and grandson of Cush that carried on the Indian traffic with [[Palestine]] in conjunction with the Keturahite Sheba (&nbsp;Joel 3:8). The [[Sabeans]] were famed for myrrh, frankincense, and cinnamon, their chief city being Mariaba (Strabo 16:777), named also Seba, the one being the city the other the fortress ''(Near The [[Famous]] Dyke [[El]] 'Arim, [[Built]] To [[Store]] [[Water]] And [[Avert]] [[Mountain]] Torrents.)'' </p> <p> This was afterward the celebrated Himyeritic [[Arab]] kingdom, called from the ruling family of Himyer. The [[Cushite]] Sheba and his brother [[Dedan]] settled along the [[Persian]] gulf, but afterward were combined with the Joktanite [[Sabean]] kingdom. (See [[Raamah]] .) The buildings of Mariaba or [[Seba]] are of massive masonry, and evidently of Cushite origin. The Joktanites ''(Semitics)'' were the early colonists of southern Arabia. The Himyerites [[Strabo]] first mentions in the expedition of A. Gellius (24 B.C.); the Arabs however place Himyer high in their list. Himyer may mean "the red man," related to the "Red Sea" and "Phoenician." The kingdom probably was called "Sheba" (Seba means "turned red"), its reigning family Himyer; the old name was preserved until the founding of the modern Himyeritic kingdom about a century B.C. </p> <p> "The queen of Sheba" (&nbsp;1 Kings 10:1-2; &nbsp;1 Kings 10:10) ruled in Arabia, not Ethiopia, as the Abyssinian church allege; Sheba being in the extreme Sheba of Arabia, "she came ''(A Distance Of Nearly A Thousand Miles)'' from the uttermost parts of the earth," as then known, to hear the wisdom of [[Solomon]] (&nbsp;Matthew 12:42; &nbsp;Luke 11:31). Four principal Arab peoples are named: the Sabeans, Atramitae or Hadramaut, Katabeni or Kahtan or Joktan, and the Mimaei. SHEBA. A town of [[Simeon]] (&nbsp;Joshua 19:2). Possibly the [[Shema]] of &nbsp;Joshua 15:26. Now ''Saawe'' (Knobel). Or Sheba is a transcriber's error, repeating the end of Βeer-sheba; for the number of names in &nbsp;Joshua 19:2-6 including Sheba is 14, whereas 13 is the number stated, and in &nbsp;1 Chronicles 4:28 Sheba is omitted in the list of [[Simeon.]] But Conder (Palestine Exploration, January 1875) identifies Sheba with Tell el Seba, two miles of Beersheba, and on the line to [[Moladah]] (&nbsp;Joshua 19:2); its well is a quarter of a mile W. of it. </p>
          
          
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_8438" /> ==
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_8441" /> ==
<p> ''''' shē´ba ''''' ( שׁבא , <i> ''''' shebhā' ''''' </i> ; Σαβά , <i> ''''' Sabá ''''' </i> ): (1) Sheba and [[Dedan]] are the two sons of [[Raamah]] son of [[Cush]] (&nbsp; [[Genesis]] 10:7 ). (2) Sheba and Dedan are the two sons of [[Jokshan]] the son of [[Abraham]] and [[Keturah]] (&nbsp;Genesis 25:3 ). (3) Sheba is a son of [[Joktan]] son of [[Eber]] who was a descendant of [[Shem]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:28 ). </p> <p> From the above statements it would appear that Sheba was the name of an [[Arab]] tribe, and consequently of Semitic descent. The fact that Sheba and Dedan are represented as [[Cushite]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:7 ) would point to a migration of part of these tribes to Ethiopia, and similarly their derivation from Abraham (&nbsp;Genesis 25:3 ) would indicate that some families were located in Syria. In point of fact Sheba was a South-Arabian or Joktanite tribe (&nbsp;Genesis 10:28 ), and his own name and that of some of his brothers (e.g. [[Hazarmaveth]] = Hadhramaut) are place-names in Southern Arabia. </p> <p> The [[Sabeans]] or people of Saba or Sheba, are referred to as traders in gold and spices, and as inhabiting a country remote from [[Palestine]] (&nbsp;1 Kings 10:1 f; &nbsp; Isaiah 60:6; &nbsp;Jeremiah 6:20; &nbsp;Ezekiel 27:22; &nbsp;Psalm 72:15; &nbsp;Matthew 12:42 ), also as slave-traders (&nbsp;Joel 3:8 ), or even desert-rangers (&nbsp;Job 1:15; &nbsp;Job 6:19; compare [[Cis]] 84 3). </p> <p> By the Arab genealogists Saba is represented as great-grandson of <i> ''''' Ḳaḥṭân ''''' </i> (= Joktan) and ancestor of all the South-Arabian tribes. He is the father of <i> ''''' Ḥimyar ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' Kahlân ''''' </i> . He is said to have been named Saba because he was the first to take prisoners ( <i> ''''' shābhāh ''''' </i> ) in war. He founded the capital of Saba and built its citadel Marib (Mariaba), famous for its mighty barrage. </p> 1. History: <p> The authentic history of the Sabeans, so far as known, and the topography of their country are derived from South-Arabian inscriptions, which began to be discovered about the middle of the last century, and from coins dating from about 150 Bc to 150 AD, the first collection of which was published in 1880, and from the South-Arabian geographer <i> ''''' Hamdānı̄ ''''' </i> , who was later made known to European scholars. One of the [[Sabean]] kings is mentioned on [[Assyrian]] inscriptions of the year 715 BC; and he is apparently not the earliest. The native monuments are scattered over the period extending from before that time until the 6th century AD, when the Sabean state came to an end, being most numerous about the commencement of our era. Saba was the name of the nation of which Marib was the usual capital. The Sabeans at first shared the sovereignty of South [[Arabia]] with Himyar and one or two other nations, but gradually absorbed the territories of these some time after the [[Christian]] era. The form of government seems to have been that of a republic or oligarchy, the chief magistracy going by a kind of rotation, and more than one "king" holding office simultaneously (similarly &nbsp; Deuteronomy 4:47 and often in the Old Testament). The people seem to have been divided into patricians and plebeians, the former of whom had the right to build castles and to share in the government. </p> 2. Religion: <p> A number of deities are mentioned on the inscriptions, two chief being <i> ''''' Il ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' Maḳḳih ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' Ta‛lab ''''' </i> . Others are Athtar (masculine form of the Biblical <i> ''''' ‛ashtārōth ''''' </i> ), Rammon (the Biblical Rimmon), the Sun, and others. The Sun and Athtar were further defined by the addition of the name of a place or tribe, just as [[Baal]] in the Old Testament. [[Worship]] took the form of gifts to the temples, of sacrifices, especially incense, of pilgrimages and prayers. Ceremonial ablution, and abstinence from certain things, as well as formal dedication of the worshipper and his household and goods to the deity, were also religious acts. In return the deity took charge of his worshipper's castle, wells, and belongings, and supplied him with cereals, vegetables and fruits, as well as granted him male issue. </p> 3. Civilization: <p> (1) The chief occupations of the Sabeans were raiding and trade. The chief products of their country are enumerated in &nbsp;Isaiah 60:6 , which agrees with the Assyrian inscriptions. The most important of all commodities was incense, and it is significant that the same word which in the other Semitic languages means "gold," in Sabean means "perfume" (and also "gold"). To judge, however, from the number of times they are mentioned upon the inscriptions, agriculture bulked much more largely in the thoughts of the Sabean than commerce, and was of equal importance with religion. </p> <p> (2) The high position occupied by women among the Sabeans is reflected in the story of the [[Queen]] of Sheba and Solomon. In almost all respects women appear to have been considered the equal of men, and to have discharged the same civil, religious and even military functions. [[Polygamy]] does not seem to have been practiced. The Sabean inscriptions do not go back far enough to throw any light upon the queen who was contemporary with Solomon, and the Arabic identification of her with <i> ''''' Bilḳı̄s ''''' </i> is merely due to the latter being the only Sabean queen known to them. Bilqis must have lived several centuries later than the [[Hebrew]] monarch. </p> <p> (3) The alphabet used in the Sabean inscriptions is considered by Professor Margoliouth to be the original Semitic alphabet, from which the others are derived. In other respects Sabean art seems to be dependent on that of Assyria, [[Persia]] and Greece. The coins are Greek and Roman in style, while the system of weights employed is Persian. See further [[Sabaeans]] . </p> Literature. <p> Rodiger and Osidander in <i> Zdmg </i> , volumes 20 and Xxi; Halevy in <i> Journal Asiatique </i> , Serie 6, volume IX; <i> Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum </i> , pt. IV, edition by J. and H. Derenbourg; Hamdani, edition by D. H. Muller, 1891; Mordtmann, <i> Himyarische Inschriften </i> , 1893; Hommel, <i> Sudarabische Chresthomathie </i> , 1893; Glaser, <i> Abyssinien in Arabien </i> , 1895; D. H. Muller, <i> Sudarabische Alterthumer </i> , 1899; Derenbourg, <i> Les monuments sabeens </i> , 1899. On the coins, Schlumberger, <i> Le tresor de San'a </i> , 1880; Mordtmann in <i> Wiener numismatische Zeitschrift </i> , 1880. </p>
<p> ''''' shē´ba ''''' ( שׁבע , <i> ''''' shebha‛ ''''' </i> ; Σάβεε , <i> ''''' Sábee ''''' </i> , or Σάμαα , <i> ''''' Sámaa ''''' </i> ): The name of one of the towns allotted to Simeon (&nbsp; Joshua 19:2 ). the King James Version mentions it as an independent town, but as it is not mentioned at all in the parallel list (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 4:28 ), and is omitted in &nbsp;Joshua 19:2 in some manuscripts, it is probable that the Revised Version (British and American) is correct in its translation "Beer-sheba or Sheba." Only in this way can the total of towns in this group be made 13 (&nbsp; Joshua 19:6 ). If it is a separate name, it is probably the same as [[Shema]] (which see). </p>
          
          
==References ==
==References ==
<references>
<references>


<ref name="term_37354"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/sheba+(1) Sheba from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
<ref name="term_37362"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/sheba+(2) Sheba from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
          
          
<ref name="term_8438"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/sheba+(1) Sheba from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
<ref name="term_8441"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/sheba+(2) Sheba from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
          
          
</references>
</references>

Revision as of 10:47, 13 October 2021

Fausset's Bible Dictionary [1]

from whom the country derives its name.

1. Grandson of Cush and son of Raamah ( Genesis 10:7).

2. Son of Joktan ( Genesis 10:28).

3. Grandson of Abraham by Keturah; son of Jokshan ( Genesis 25:3). This is an instance of the intermingling of the early descendants of Shem and Ham. Sheba was a wealthy region of Arabia Felix or Yemen ( 1 Kings 10:1;  Psalms 72:10;  Psalms 72:15, where "Sheba" is Joktanite, "SEBA" Cushite;  Job 1:15, the Keturahite Sheba,  Job 6:19;  Isaiah 60:6;  Jeremiah 6:20;  Ezekiel 27:22, it was the Sheba son of Raamah and grandson of Cush that carried on the Indian traffic with Palestine in conjunction with the Keturahite Sheba ( Joel 3:8). The Sabeans were famed for myrrh, frankincense, and cinnamon, their chief city being Mariaba (Strabo 16:777), named also Seba, the one being the city the other the fortress (Near The Famous Dyke El 'Arim, Built To Store Water And Avert Mountain Torrents.)

This was afterward the celebrated Himyeritic Arab kingdom, called from the ruling family of Himyer. The Cushite Sheba and his brother Dedan settled along the Persian gulf, but afterward were combined with the Joktanite Sabean kingdom. (See Raamah .) The buildings of Mariaba or Seba are of massive masonry, and evidently of Cushite origin. The Joktanites (Semitics) were the early colonists of southern Arabia. The Himyerites Strabo first mentions in the expedition of A. Gellius (24 B.C.); the Arabs however place Himyer high in their list. Himyer may mean "the red man," related to the "Red Sea" and "Phoenician." The kingdom probably was called "Sheba" (Seba means "turned red"), its reigning family Himyer; the old name was preserved until the founding of the modern Himyeritic kingdom about a century B.C.

"The queen of Sheba" ( 1 Kings 10:1-2;  1 Kings 10:10) ruled in Arabia, not Ethiopia, as the Abyssinian church allege; Sheba being in the extreme Sheba of Arabia, "she came (A Distance Of Nearly A Thousand Miles) from the uttermost parts of the earth," as then known, to hear the wisdom of Solomon ( Matthew 12:42;  Luke 11:31). Four principal Arab peoples are named: the Sabeans, Atramitae or Hadramaut, Katabeni or Kahtan or Joktan, and the Mimaei. SHEBA. A town of Simeon ( Joshua 19:2). Possibly the Shema of  Joshua 15:26. Now Saawe (Knobel). Or Sheba is a transcriber's error, repeating the end of Βeer-sheba; for the number of names in  Joshua 19:2-6 including Sheba is 14, whereas 13 is the number stated, and in  1 Chronicles 4:28 Sheba is omitted in the list of Simeon. But Conder (Palestine Exploration, January 1875) identifies Sheba with Tell el Seba, two miles of Beersheba, and on the line to Moladah ( Joshua 19:2); its well is a quarter of a mile W. of it.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [2]

shē´ba ( שׁבע , shebha‛  ; Σάβεε , Sábee , or Σάμαα , Sámaa ): The name of one of the towns allotted to Simeon (  Joshua 19:2 ). the King James Version mentions it as an independent town, but as it is not mentioned at all in the parallel list ( 1 Chronicles 4:28 ), and is omitted in  Joshua 19:2 in some manuscripts, it is probable that the Revised Version (British and American) is correct in its translation "Beer-sheba or Sheba." Only in this way can the total of towns in this group be made 13 (  Joshua 19:6 ). If it is a separate name, it is probably the same as Shema (which see).

References

  1. ↑ Sheba from Fausset's Bible Dictionary
  2. ↑ Sheba from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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