Difference between revisions of "Galatia"

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== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55949" /> ==
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55949" /> ==
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== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51164" /> ==
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51164" /> ==
<p> <strong> [[Galatia]] </strong> is a Greek word, derived from <em> GalatÅ“ </em> , the Gr. name for the <strong> Gauls </strong> who invaded Asia Minor in the year b.c. 278 7 (Lat. <em> Gallogræci </em> [=‘Greek Gauls’], to distinguish them from their kindred who lived in [[France]] and Northern Italy). These Gauls had been ravaging the south-eastern parts of Europe, Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace, and crossed into Asia Minor at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Part of the same southward tendency appears in their movements in Italy and their conflicts with the Romans in the early centuries of the Republic. Those who entered Asia Minor came as a nation with wives and families, not as mercenary soldiers. After some fifty years’ raiding and warring, they found a permanent settlement in north-eastern Phrygia, where the population was un-warlike. Their history down to the time of the Roman Empire is best studied in Ramsay’s <em> Histor. Com. on Galatians </em> , p. 45 ff. They continued throughout these two centuries to be the ruling caste of the district, greatly outnumbered by the native Phrygian population, who, though in many respects an inferior race, had a powerful influence on the religion, customs, and habits of the Gauls, as subject races often have over their conquerors. The earlier sense of the term <em> Galatia </em> is, then, the country occupied by the Gaulish immigrants, the former north-eastern part of Phrygia, and the term <em> GalatÅ“ </em> is used after the occupation to include the subject Phrygians as well as the <em> GalatÅ“ </em> strictly so called ( <em> e.g. </em> 1Ma 8:2 ). </p> <p> About b.c. 160 the Gauls acquired a portion of Lycaonia on their southern frontier, taking in Iconium and Lystra. About the same time also they had taken in Pessinus in the [[N.]] [[W.]] These and other expansions they ultimately owed to the support of Rome. From b.c. 64 Galatia was a client state of Rome. At the beginning of that period it was under three rulers; from b.c. 44 it was under one only. Deiotarus, the greatest of the Galatian chiefs, received [[Armenia]] Minor from Pompey in b.c. 64. Mark Antony conferred the eastern part of Paphlagonia on [[Castor]] as sole Galatian king in b.c. 40, and at the same time gave Amyntas a kingdom comprising Pisidic Phrygia and Pisidia generally. In b.c. 36, Castor’s Galatian dominions and [[Pamphylia]] were added to Amyntas’ kingdom. He was also given Iconium and the old Lycaonian tetrarchy, which Antony had formerly given to Polemon. After the battle of [[Actium]] in b.c. 31, [[Octavian]] conferred on Amyntas the additional country of Cilicia Tracheia. He had thus to keep order for Rome on the south side of the plateau and on the Taurus mountains. He governed by Roman methods, and, when he died in b.c. 25, he left his kingdom in such a state that Augustus resolved to take the greater part of it into the Empire in the stricter sense of that term, and made it into a province which he called <em> Galatia </em> . This is the second sense in which the term Galatia is used in ancient documents, namely, the sphere of duty which included the ethnic districts, Papblagonia, Pontus Galaticus, Galatia (in the original narrower sense), Phrygia Galatica, and Lycaonia Galatica (with ‘the [[Added]] Land,’ part of the original Lycaonian tetrarchy). Galatia, as a province, means all these territories together, under one Roman governor, and the inhabitants of such a province, whatever their race, were, in conformity with invariable Roman custom, denominated by a name etymologically connected with the name of the province. Thus <em> GalatÅ“ </em> (‘Galatians’) has a second sense, in conformity with the second sense of the term <em> Galatia: </em> it is used to include all the inhabitants of the province (see the first map in the above-mentioned work of Ramsay). </p> <p> The word ‘Galatia’ occurs three times in the [[Nt]] (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 , &nbsp; Galatians 1:2 , and &nbsp; 1 Peter 1:1 ). [[A]] possible fourth case (&nbsp; 2 Timothy 4:10 ) must be left out of account, as the reading there is doubtful. There is an alternative ‘Gallia,’ which, even if it be not the original, suggests that the word ‘Galatia’ there should be taken in the sense of ‘Gallia’ (that is, France). It is beyond doubt that in the passage of 1Peter the word must be taken in the sense of the province. The bearer of the letter evidently landed at some port on the Black Sea, perhaps Sinope, and visited the provinces in the order in which they appear in the address of the letter: Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, taking ship again at the Black Sea for Rome. The Taurus range of mountains was always conceived of as dividing the peninsula of Asia Minor into two parts, and St. Peter here appears as supervising or advising the whole body of Christians north of the Taurus range. (The effect of taking ‘Galatia’ in the other sense would be to leave out certain [[Pauline]] churches, Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch, and perhaps these alone, in all that vast region: which is absurd.) With regard to the two passages in St. Paul, the case is settled by his unvarying usage. It has been noted that he, as a Roman citizen and a statesman, invariably uses geographical terms in the <em> Roman </em> sense, and that he even does violence to the Greek language by forcing the Latin names for ‘Philippians’ (&nbsp; Philippians 4:15 ) and ‘Illyricum’ (&nbsp; Romans 15:19 ) into Greek, and passes by the proper Greek term in each case. We are bound, therefore, to believe that he uses ‘Galatia’ in the Roman sense, namely in the meaning of the Roman province as above defined. (This province had, as we have seen, ‘Galatia’ in the narrower and earlier sense as one of its parts.) It follows, therefore, that he uses ‘Galatians’ (&nbsp; Galatians 3:1 ) also in the wider sense of all (Christian) inhabitants of the province, irrespective of their race, as far as they were known to him. </p> <p> In order to discover what communities in this vast province are especially addressed by the Apostle in his Epistle, it is necessary to make a critical examination of the only two passages in Acts which afford us a clue (&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp; Acts 18:23 ). It is important to note that St. Luke never uses the term ‘Galatia’ or the term ‘Galatians,’ but only the adjective ‘Galatic’ (&nbsp; Acts 16:6 , &nbsp; Acts 18:23 ). In &nbsp; Acts 16:6 the rules of the Greek language require us to translate: ‘the Phrygo-Galatic region’ or ‘the region which is both Phrygian and Galatian’; that is, ‘the region which according to one nomenclature is Phrygian, and according to another is Galatian.’ This can be none other than that section of the province Galatia which was known as Phrygia Galatica, and which contained Pisidian Antioch and Iconium, exactly the places we should expect St. Paul and his companions to go to after Derbe and Lystra. In &nbsp; Acts 18:23 the Greek may be translated either ‘the Galatico-Phrygian region’ or ‘the Galatian region and Phrygia,’ preferably the latter, as it is difficult otherwise to account for the order in the Greek. ‘The Galatian region,’ then, will cover Derbe and Lystra; ‘Phrygia’ will include Iconium and Pisidian Antioch. We conclude then that, whether any other churches are comprised in the address of the Epistle to the Galatians or not, and a negative answer is probably correct, the churches of Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch are included. There is not a scrap of evidence that St. Paul had visited any other cities in that great province. </p> <p> [[A.]] Souter. </p>
<p> <strong> GALATIA </strong> is a Greek word, derived from <em> GalatÅ“ </em> , the Gr. name for the <strong> Gauls </strong> who invaded Asia Minor in the year b.c. 278 7 (Lat. <em> Gallogræci </em> [=‘Greek Gauls’], to distinguish them from their kindred who lived in [[France]] and Northern Italy). These Gauls had been ravaging the south-eastern parts of Europe, Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace, and crossed into Asia Minor at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Part of the same southward tendency appears in their movements in Italy and their conflicts with the Romans in the early centuries of the Republic. Those who entered Asia Minor came as a nation with wives and families, not as mercenary soldiers. After some fifty years’ raiding and warring, they found a permanent settlement in north-eastern Phrygia, where the population was un-warlike. Their history down to the time of the Roman Empire is best studied in Ramsay’s <em> Histor. Com. on Galatians </em> , p. 45 ff. They continued throughout these two centuries to be the ruling caste of the district, greatly outnumbered by the native Phrygian population, who, though in many respects an inferior race, had a powerful influence on the religion, customs, and habits of the Gauls, as subject races often have over their conquerors. The earlier sense of the term <em> Galatia </em> is, then, the country occupied by the Gaulish immigrants, the former north-eastern part of Phrygia, and the term <em> GalatÅ“ </em> is used after the occupation to include the subject Phrygians as well as the <em> GalatÅ“ </em> strictly so called ( <em> e.g. </em> 1Ma 8:2 ). </p> <p> About b.c. 160 the Gauls acquired a portion of Lycaonia on their southern frontier, taking in Iconium and Lystra. About the same time also they had taken in Pessinus in the N. W. These and other expansions they ultimately owed to the support of Rome. From b.c. 64 Galatia was a client state of Rome. At the beginning of that period it was under three rulers; from b.c. 44 it was under one only. Deiotarus, the greatest of the Galatian chiefs, received [[Armenia]] Minor from Pompey in b.c. 64. Mark Antony conferred the eastern part of Paphlagonia on [[Castor]] as sole Galatian king in b.c. 40, and at the same time gave Amyntas a kingdom comprising Pisidic Phrygia and Pisidia generally. In b.c. 36, Castor’s Galatian dominions and [[Pamphylia]] were added to Amyntas’ kingdom. He was also given Iconium and the old Lycaonian tetrarchy, which Antony had formerly given to Polemon. After the battle of [[Actium]] in b.c. 31, [[Octavian]] conferred on Amyntas the additional country of Cilicia Tracheia. He had thus to keep order for Rome on the south side of the plateau and on the Taurus mountains. He governed by Roman methods, and, when he died in b.c. 25, he left his kingdom in such a state that Augustus resolved to take the greater part of it into the Empire in the stricter sense of that term, and made it into a province which he called <em> Galatia </em> . This is the second sense in which the term Galatia is used in ancient documents, namely, the sphere of duty which included the ethnic districts, Papblagonia, Pontus Galaticus, Galatia (in the original narrower sense), Phrygia Galatica, and Lycaonia Galatica (with ‘the [[Added]] Land,’ part of the original Lycaonian tetrarchy). Galatia, as a province, means all these territories together, under one Roman governor, and the inhabitants of such a province, whatever their race, were, in conformity with invariable Roman custom, denominated by a name etymologically connected with the name of the province. Thus <em> GalatÅ“ </em> (‘Galatians’) has a second sense, in conformity with the second sense of the term <em> Galatia: </em> it is used to include all the inhabitants of the province (see the first map in the above-mentioned work of Ramsay). </p> <p> The word ‘Galatia’ occurs three times in the NT (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 , &nbsp; Galatians 1:2 , and &nbsp; 1 Peter 1:1 ). A possible fourth case (&nbsp; 2 Timothy 4:10 ) must be left out of account, as the reading there is doubtful. There is an alternative ‘Gallia,’ which, even if it be not the original, suggests that the word ‘Galatia’ there should be taken in the sense of ‘Gallia’ (that is, France). It is beyond doubt that in the passage of 1Peter the word must be taken in the sense of the province. The bearer of the letter evidently landed at some port on the Black Sea, perhaps Sinope, and visited the provinces in the order in which they appear in the address of the letter: Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, taking ship again at the Black Sea for Rome. The Taurus range of mountains was always conceived of as dividing the peninsula of Asia Minor into two parts, and St. Peter here appears as supervising or advising the whole body of Christians north of the Taurus range. (The effect of taking ‘Galatia’ in the other sense would be to leave out certain [[Pauline]] churches, Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch, and perhaps these alone, in all that vast region: which is absurd.) With regard to the two passages in St. Paul, the case is settled by his unvarying usage. It has been noted that he, as a Roman citizen and a statesman, invariably uses geographical terms in the <em> Roman </em> sense, and that he even does violence to the Greek language by forcing the Latin names for ‘Philippians’ (&nbsp; Philippians 4:15 ) and ‘Illyricum’ (&nbsp; Romans 15:19 ) into Greek, and passes by the proper Greek term in each case. We are bound, therefore, to believe that he uses ‘Galatia’ in the Roman sense, namely in the meaning of the Roman province as above defined. (This province had, as we have seen, ‘Galatia’ in the narrower and earlier sense as one of its parts.) It follows, therefore, that he uses ‘Galatians’ (&nbsp; Galatians 3:1 ) also in the wider sense of all (Christian) inhabitants of the province, irrespective of their race, as far as they were known to him. </p> <p> In order to discover what communities in this vast province are especially addressed by the Apostle in his Epistle, it is necessary to make a critical examination of the only two passages in Acts which afford us a clue (&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp; Acts 18:23 ). It is important to note that St. Luke never uses the term ‘Galatia’ or the term ‘Galatians,’ but only the adjective ‘Galatic’ (&nbsp; Acts 16:6 , &nbsp; Acts 18:23 ). In &nbsp; Acts 16:6 the rules of the Greek language require us to translate: ‘the Phrygo-Galatic region’ or ‘the region which is both Phrygian and Galatian’; that is, ‘the region which according to one nomenclature is Phrygian, and according to another is Galatian.’ This can be none other than that section of the province Galatia which was known as Phrygia Galatica, and which contained Pisidian Antioch and Iconium, exactly the places we should expect St. Paul and his companions to go to after Derbe and Lystra. In &nbsp; Acts 18:23 the Greek may be translated either ‘the Galatico-Phrygian region’ or ‘the Galatian region and Phrygia,’ preferably the latter, as it is difficult otherwise to account for the order in the Greek. ‘The Galatian region,’ then, will cover Derbe and Lystra; ‘Phrygia’ will include Iconium and Pisidian Antioch. We conclude then that, whether any other churches are comprised in the address of the Epistle to the Galatians or not, and a negative answer is probably correct, the churches of Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch are included. There is not a scrap of evidence that St. Paul had visited any other cities in that great province. </p> <p> A. Souter. </p>
          
          
== Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80731" /> ==
== Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80731" /> ==
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== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16131" /> ==
== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16131" /> ==
<p> [[A]] province of Asia Minor, lying south and southeast of [[Bithynia]] and Paphlagonia, west of Pontus, north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northeast of Lycaonia and Phrygia. Its name was derived from the Gauls; of whom two tribes, (Trocmi and Tolistoboii,) migrated thither after the sacking of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabitants, the whole were called Gallogracci, [[B.]] [[C.]] 280. The Celtic language continued to be spoken by their descendants at least until the time of Jerome, six hundred years after the migration; and these Gauls of Asia also retained much of the mercurial and impulsive disposition of the Gallic race. Compare &nbsp;Galatians 1:6 &nbsp; 4:15 &nbsp; 5:7 . Under Augustus, about [[B.]] [[C.]] 26, this country was reduced to the form of a Roman province, and was governed by a proprietor. Galatia was distinguished for the fertility of its soil and the flourishing state of its trade. It was also the seat of colonies from various nations, among whom were many Jews; and from all of these Paul appears to have made many converts to Christianity, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 . His first visit, &nbsp;Acts 16:6 , probably took place about [[A.]] [[D.]] 51-2; and the second, &nbsp;Acts 18:28 , after which his epistle to the Galatians appears to have been written, was several years later. At his first visit he was sick; yet they received him "as an angel of God," and most heartily embraced the gospel. Four or five years afterwards Jewish teachers, professing Christianity, came among them; they denied Paul's apostolic authority, exalted the works of the law, and perverted the true gospel by intermixing with it the rites of Judaism. Paul, learning their state, probably at Corinth, [[A.]] [[D.]] 57-8, wrote his epistle to the Galatians. He indignantly rebukes his children in Christ for their sudden alienation from him and from the truth; vindicates his authority and his teachings as an apostle, by showing that he received them from Christ himself; and forcibly presents the great doctrine of Christianity, justification by faith, with its relations to the law on the one hand, and to holy living on the other. The general subject of the epistle is the same as of the epistle to the Romans, and it appears to have been written at about the same time with that. The churches of Galatia are mentioned in ecclesiastical history for about nine hundred years. </p>
<p> A province of Asia Minor, lying south and southeast of [[Bithynia]] and Paphlagonia, west of Pontus, north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northeast of Lycaonia and Phrygia. Its name was derived from the Gauls; of whom two tribes, (Trocmi and Tolistoboii,) migrated thither after the sacking of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabitants, the whole were called Gallogracci, B. C. 280. The Celtic language continued to be spoken by their descendants at least until the time of Jerome, six hundred years after the migration; and these Gauls of Asia also retained much of the mercurial and impulsive disposition of the Gallic race. Compare &nbsp;Galatians 1:6 &nbsp; 4:15 &nbsp; 5:7 . Under Augustus, about B. C. 26, this country was reduced to the form of a Roman province, and was governed by a proprietor. Galatia was distinguished for the fertility of its soil and the flourishing state of its trade. It was also the seat of colonies from various nations, among whom were many Jews; and from all of these Paul appears to have made many converts to Christianity, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 . His first visit, &nbsp;Acts 16:6 , probably took place about A. D. 51-2; and the second, &nbsp;Acts 18:28 , after which his epistle to the Galatians appears to have been written, was several years later. At his first visit he was sick; yet they received him "as an angel of God," and most heartily embraced the gospel. Four or five years afterwards Jewish teachers, professing Christianity, came among them; they denied Paul's apostolic authority, exalted the works of the law, and perverted the true gospel by intermixing with it the rites of Judaism. Paul, learning their state, probably at Corinth, A. D. 57-8, wrote his epistle to the Galatians. He indignantly rebukes his children in Christ for their sudden alienation from him and from the truth; vindicates his authority and his teachings as an apostle, by showing that he received them from Christ himself; and forcibly presents the great doctrine of Christianity, justification by faith, with its relations to the law on the one hand, and to holy living on the other. The general subject of the epistle is the same as of the epistle to the Romans, and it appears to have been written at about the same time with that. The churches of Galatia are mentioned in ecclesiastical history for about nine hundred years. </p>
          
          
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35462" /> ==
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35462" /> ==
<p> Galati is the same as Celts, of the Kymric not the Gaelic branch. These poured into [[Greece]] and pillaged [[Delphi]] 280 [[B.C.]] Some passed into Asia at the invitation of [[Nicomedes]] [[I,]] king of Bithynia, to help him in a civil war. There they settled, namely, the Trocmi, Tolistoboii, and Tectosages (from Toulouse), and made inroads far and wide, but were checked by Antiochus [[I.]] of Syria, hence called [[Soter]] (Savior), and Attahs [[I]] of Pergamus, hence, designating himself "king." Then they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. Galatia lay in the center of Asia Minor, the province "Asia" on the [[W.,]] [[Cappadocia]] on the [[E.,]] Pamphylia and Cilicia on the [[S.,]] and Bithynia and Pontus [[N.]] Ancyra (now Angora) was their capital; Tavium and Pessinus were leading cities. </p> <p> Their language was partly Gallic, partly Greek, hence they were called Gallo-Graeci. The inscriptions at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul's epistle is in Greek. Paul founded several "churches" in the Galatian region, not residing for long in one place and forming a central church, as at Ephesus and [[Corinth]] (&nbsp;Galatians 1:2; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;Acts 16:6). His first visit was about [[A.D.]] 51, during his second missionary journey. [[Sickness]] detained him among them, and he turned it to good account by becoming the first preacher of the gospel to them (&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 4:13). "On account of infirmity of flesh [[I]] preached unto you at the first" (so the Greek is). At his subsequent visit (&nbsp;Acts 18:23) he "strengthened" them in the faith. </p>
<p> Galati is the same as Celts, of the Kymric not the Gaelic branch. These poured into [[Greece]] and pillaged [[Delphi]] 280 B.C. Some passed into Asia at the invitation of [[Nicomedes]] I, king of Bithynia, to help him in a civil war. There they settled, namely, the Trocmi, Tolistoboii, and Tectosages (from Toulouse), and made inroads far and wide, but were checked by Antiochus I. of Syria, hence called [[Soter]] (Savior), and Attahs I of Pergamus, hence, designating himself "king." Then they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. Galatia lay in the center of Asia Minor, the province "Asia" on the W., [[Cappadocia]] on the E., Pamphylia and Cilicia on the S., and Bithynia and Pontus N. Ancyra (now Angora) was their capital; Tavium and Pessinus were leading cities. </p> <p> Their language was partly Gallic, partly Greek, hence they were called Gallo-Graeci. The inscriptions at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul's epistle is in Greek. Paul founded several "churches" in the Galatian region, not residing for long in one place and forming a central church, as at Ephesus and [[Corinth]] (&nbsp;Galatians 1:2; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;Acts 16:6). His first visit was about A.D. 51, during his second missionary journey. [[Sickness]] detained him among them, and he turned it to good account by becoming the first preacher of the gospel to them (&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 4:13). "On account of infirmity of flesh I preached unto you at the first" (so the Greek is). At his subsequent visit (&nbsp;Acts 18:23) he "strengthened" them in the faith. </p>
          
          
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66235" /> ==
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66235" /> ==
<p> [[A]] large district in the centre of Asia Minor, having Bithynia on its north, Pontus on its east, Lycaonia and Cappadocia on its south, and Phrygia on its west. The inhabitants, being emigrants from Gaul, were called the Galli or Gauls of the East. They settled themselves in Asia Minor, and being restless and warlike they became a scourge to their neighbours. When restrained, they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. They were brought under the power of Rome, and eventually Galatia became a Roman province. </p> <p> Paul travelled through Galatia twice and churches (in the plural) were formed there. To these his Epistle was addressed. &nbsp;Galatians 1:2 . It is not known at what towns these churches were gathered. Though the inhabitants were principally Gentiles, we learn from &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 that there were Jews there also. &nbsp; Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10 . The inhabitants were addressed as [[Galatians.]] &nbsp;Galatians 3:1 . </p>
<p> A large district in the centre of Asia Minor, having Bithynia on its north, Pontus on its east, Lycaonia and Cappadocia on its south, and Phrygia on its west. The inhabitants, being emigrants from Gaul, were called the Galli or Gauls of the East. They settled themselves in Asia Minor, and being restless and warlike they became a scourge to their neighbours. When restrained, they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. They were brought under the power of Rome, and eventually Galatia became a Roman province. </p> <p> Paul travelled through Galatia twice and churches (in the plural) were formed there. To these his Epistle was addressed. &nbsp;Galatians 1:2 . It is not known at what towns these churches were gathered. Though the inhabitants were principally Gentiles, we learn from &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 that there were Jews there also. &nbsp; Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10 . The inhabitants were addressed as GALATIANS. &nbsp;Galatians 3:1 . </p>
          
          
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70104" /> ==
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70104" /> ==
<p> [[Galatia]] (''ga-lâ'shĭ-ah'' ). [[A]] central province of Asia Minor, subject to the Roman rule, bounded by Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the north, Pontus on the east, Cappadocia and Lycaonia on the south, and Phrygia on the west. The country is chiefly high tableland between the two rivers Halys and Sangarius. The Galatians were originally Gauls or [[Celts]] who 800 years before Christ moved from the regions of the [[Rhine]] back toward the east, and there mingled with [[Greeks]] and Jews. Galatia was a part of Paul's missionary field. He visited it once with Silas and Timothy, &nbsp;Acts 16:6; again, on his third tour, he "went over ''all'' the country of Galatia," &nbsp;Acts 18:23, and received a collection for the saints from its churches. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1. Crescens also appears to have been sent there near the close of Paul's life. &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10. See Rice on Acts. </p>
<p> [[Galatia]] (''Ga-Lâ'Shĭ-Ah'' ). A central province of Asia Minor, subject to the Roman rule, bounded by Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the north, Pontus on the east, Cappadocia and Lycaonia on the south, and Phrygia on the west. The country is chiefly high tableland between the two rivers Halys and Sangarius. The Galatians were originally Gauls or [[Celts]] who 800 years before Christ moved from the regions of the [[Rhine]] back toward the east, and there mingled with [[Greeks]] and Jews. Galatia was a part of Paul's missionary field. He visited it once with Silas and Timothy, &nbsp;Acts 16:6; again, on his third tour, he "went over [[All]] the country of Galatia," &nbsp;Acts 18:23, and received a collection for the saints from its churches. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1. Crescens also appears to have been sent there near the close of Paul's life. &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10. See Rice on Acts. </p>
          
          
== Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_47781" /> ==
== Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_47781" /> ==
<p> [[A]] province in Asia Minor. Here the apostle Paul preached, and it should seem that the apostle Peter had done the same, for he directs his first Epistle to the Jews scattered there. Here there were several churches, for Paul expressly sends his Epistle to the churches of Galatia. It should seem by the account which we have, (&nbsp;Acts 16:6 and again, &nbsp;Acts 18:23) that Paul laboured personally with the Galatians, at two different periods, if not oftener. The church of Christ finds cause to bless God for having directed Paul's mind to this people, which gave rise to this most blessed Epistle. The plan of justification by Christ is so plainly and beautifully set forth in that Epistle, that we have daily reason to adore the riches of grace for the mercy. Neither is it probable, that the church would have known the history of [[Sarah]] and Hagar, to have been a type and allegory of the covenants, had not that [[Scripture]] said so. </p>
<p> A province in Asia Minor. Here the apostle Paul preached, and it should seem that the apostle Peter had done the same, for he directs his first Epistle to the Jews scattered there. Here there were several churches, for Paul expressly sends his Epistle to the churches of Galatia. It should seem by the account which we have, (&nbsp;Acts 16:6 and again, &nbsp;Acts 18:23) that Paul laboured personally with the Galatians, at two different periods, if not oftener. The church of Christ finds cause to bless God for having directed Paul's mind to this people, which gave rise to this most blessed Epistle. The plan of justification by Christ is so plainly and beautifully set forth in that Epistle, that we have daily reason to adore the riches of grace for the mercy. Neither is it probable, that the church would have known the history of [[Sarah]] and Hagar, to have been a type and allegory of the covenants, had not that [[Scripture]] said so. </p>
          
          
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31590" /> ==
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31590" /> ==
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== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_40929" /> ==
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_40929" /> ==
<p> (Γαλατία, also [&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23 ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα )'','' an important central district of Asia Minor (q.v.). </p> <p> Galatia is literally the "Gallia" of the East. Roman writers call its inhabitants Galli, just as Greek writers call the inhabitants of ancient France Γάλαται (see Pritchard, ''Nat. Hist. of Man,'' 3:95). From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks (Pausan. 1:4), Galatia was also called ''Gallo-Graecia (Γαλλογραικία,'' Strabo, 12:5), and its inhabitants Gallo- Graeci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language ''(Pol. ad Comment. in Ep. ad Gal.;'' De Wette's ''Lehrbuch,'' page 231). In &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10, some commentators suppose Western Gaul to be meant, and several [[Mss.]] have Γαλλίαν instead of Γαλατίαν. In &nbsp;1 Maccabees 8:2, where Judas Maccabaeus is hearing the story of the prowess of the Romans in conquering the Γάλαται '','' it is possible to interpret the passage either of the Eastern or Western Gauls; for the subjugation of Spain by the Romans, and the defeat of Antiochus, king of Asia, are mentioned in the same context. Again, Γάλαται is the same word with Κέλται; and the Galatians were in their origin a stream of that great Celtic torrent (apparently Kymry, and not Gael) which poured into Macedonia about [[B.C.]] 280 (Strabo, 4:187; 12:566; Livy, 38:16; Flor. 2:11; Justin, 25:2; Appian, ''Syr.'' 32:42). </p> <p> Some of these invaders moved on into Thrace, and appeared on the shores of the Hellespont and Bosporus, when Nicomedes [[I,]] king of Bithynia, being then engaged in a civil war, invited thelm across into Asia Minor to assist him against his brother, Zyboetas (Memnon, ap. Phot. Cod. 224, page 374), [[B.C.]] cir. 270. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. Antiochus [[I,]] king of Syria, took his title of Soter in consequence of his victory over them. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus [[I,]] king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory within the general geographical limits, to which the name of Galatia was permanently given. The Galatians still found vent for their restlessness and love of war by hiring themselves out as mercenary soldiers. This is doubtless the explanation -of &nbsp;2 Maccabees 8:20, which refers to some struggle of the Seleucid princes in which both Jews and Galatians were engaged. In [[Josephus]] (War, 1:20, 3) we find some of the latter, who had been in Cleopatra's body- guard, acting in the same character for Herod the Great. Meanwhile the wars had been taking place which brought all the countries round the east of the [[Mediterranean]] within the range of the Raman power. The Galatians fought on the side of Antiochus at Magnesia. In the Mithridatic war they fought on both sides. Of the three principal tribes (Strabo, 13:429), the Trocmi (Τρόκμοι ) settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages ''(Τεκτόσαγες)'' in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii ''(Τολιστοβόγιοι'' ) in the south-western parts near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year [[B.C.]] 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the proconsul Cn. Manlius (Livy, 38: Polyb. 22:24); though still governed by their own princes. Their government was originally republican (Pliny, 5:42), but at length regal (Strabo, 12:390), Deiotarus being their first king (Cicero, ''pro Deiot.'' 13), and the last Amyntas (Dio Cass. 49:32), at whose death, in the year [[B.C.]] 25, Galatia became a province under the empire (see Ritter, Erdkunde, 18:597-610). </p> <p> The Roman province of Galatia may be roughly described as the central region of the peninsula of Asia Minor, with: the provinces of Asia on the west, Cappadocia on the east, Pamphylia and Cilicia on the south, and Bithynia and Pontus on the north (Strabo, 12:566; Pliny, 5:42; Ammian. Marcell. 25:10). It would be difficult to define the exact limits. In fact, they were frequently changing. (See Smith's Dict. of Class. Geogr. s.v.) Under the successors of Augustus, the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged that it reached from the shores of the [[Euxine]] to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of [[Constantine]] a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius [[I,]] or Valens, it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda, or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter. Thus at one time there is no doubt that this province contained Pisidia and Lycaonia, and therefore those towns of Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, which are conspicuous in the narrative of Paul's travels. But the characteristic part of Galatia lay northward from those districts. On the mountainous (Flor. 2:12), but fruitful (Strabo, 12:567) table-land between the [[Sangarius]] and the Halys, the Galatians were still settled in their three tribes, the Tectosages, the Tolistobogii, and the Trocmi, the first of which is identical in name with a tribe familiar to us in the history of Gaul, as distributed over the Cevennes near [[Toulouse]] (Caesar, Bell. Gall. 4:24; comp. Jablonsky, De lingua Lycaonica, page 23 sq.). The three capitals were respectively Tavium, Pessinus, and Ancyra. The last of these (the modern Angora) was the centre of the roads of the district, and may be regarded as the metropolis of the Galatians. These Eastern Gauls preserved much of their ancient character, and something of their ancient language. At least Jerome says that in his day the same language might be heard at Ancyra as at Treves: and he is a good witness, for he himself had been at Treves. The prevailing speech, however, of the district was Greek (Livy, 37:8; 38:12; Flor. 2:11; see Spanheim, ad Callim. Del. 184). Hence the Galatians were called Gallograeci (Manlius in Livy, 38:17). The inscriptions found at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul wrote his epistle in Greek. (See [[Penny]] Cyclopepdia, s.v. Celtse, Galatia; Mannert's Geographie der Griechen und Romer, 6:3, ch. 4; Merleker's Lehrbuch der Historischcomnparativen Geographie, 4:1, page 284.) </p> <p> It is difficult, at first sight, to determine in what sense the word Galatia is used by the writers of the [[N.T.,]] or whether always in the same sense. In the Acts of the [[Apostles]] the journeys of Paul through the district are mentioned in very general terms. We are simply told (&nbsp;Acts 16:6) that on his second missionary circuit he went with Silas and [[Timotheus]] "through Phrygia and the region of Galatia" ''('' διὰ τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν). From the Epistle, indeed, we have this supplementary information, that an attack of sickness ''(δἰ ἀσθένειαν τῆς σακρός,'' &nbsp;Galatians 4:13) detained him among the Galatians, and gave him the opportunity of preaching the Gospel to them, and also that he was received by them with extraordinary fervor (2:14,15); but this does not inform us of the route which he took. So on the third circuit he is described (&nbsp;Acts 18:23) as "going over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order" ''(διερχόμενος'' καθεξῆς τὴς Γαλατικὴν χώραν καὶ Φρυγίαν). We know from the first Epistle to the Corinthians that on this journey Paul was occupied with the collection for the poor Christians of Judaea, and that he gave instructions in Galatia on the subject (é σπερ διέταξα ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Γαλατίας '','' &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1); but here again we are in doubt as to the places which-he had visited. We observe that the "churches" of Galatia are mentioned here in the plural, as in the opening of the Epistle to the Galatians themselves (&nbsp;Galatians 1:2). From this we should be inclined to infer that he visited several parts of the district, instead of residing a long time in one place, so as to form a great central church, as at Ephesus and Corinth. This is in harmony with the phrase ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα, used in both instances. Since Phrygia is mentioned first in one case, and second in the other, we should suppose that the order of the journey was different on the two occasions. Phrygia also being not the name of a Roman province, but simply an ethnographical term, it is natural to conclude that Galatia is used here by Luke in the same general way. In confirmation of his view, it is worth while to notice that in &nbsp;Acts 2:9-10, where the enumeration is ethnographical rather than political, Phrygia is mentioned, and not Galatia, while the exact contrary is the case in &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1-2, where each geographical term is the name of a province (see Conybeare and Howson, Life and [[Epistles]] of St. Paud, 1:243). </p> <p> The Epistle to the Galatians was probably written very soon after Paul's second visit to them. Its abruptness and severity, and the sadness of its tone, are caused by their sudden perversion from the doctrine which the apostle had taught them, and which at first they had received so willingly. It is no fancy if we see in this fickleness a specimen of that "impetuous, mobile, impressible spirit" which Thierry marks as characteristic of the Gaulish race (Hist. des Gaulois, Introd. 4, 5). From Josephus (Ant. 16:6, 2) we know that many Jews were settled in Galatia, but &nbsp;Galatians 4:8 would lead us to suppose that Paul's converts were mostly Gentiles. The view advocated by Bottger ''(Schauplatz der Wirksarnkeit des Apostels Paulus,'' pages 28-30, and the third of his ''Beitrbiqe,'' pages 1-5) is that the Galatia of the Epistle is entirely limited to the district between Derbe and Colossae, i.e. the extreme southern frontier of the Roman province. On this view the visit alluded to by the apostle took place on his first missionary circuit, and the ἀσθένεια of &nbsp;Galatians 4:13 is identified with the effects of the stoning at Lystra (&nbsp;Acts 14:19). Geographically this is not impossible, though it seems unlikely that regions called Pisidia and Lycaonia in one place should be called Galatia in another. Bottger's geography, however, is connected with a theory concerning the date of the Epistle (see Rü ckert, in his [Magaz. fü r Exegese, 1:98 sq.), and for the determination of this point we must refer to the article on the (See [[The Epistle To The Galatians]]). (See Schmidt, ''De Galatis'' [Ilfeld. 1748, 1784]; Mynster, Kleine theol Schrfft. page 60 sq.; Cellarii Notit. 2:173 sq.; Forbiger, Alte Geoq. 2:361 sq.; Hofmann, De Galatia Antiqua [Lips. 1726]; Wernsdorf, De republ. Galatar. [Norimb. 1743]; Hamilton, Asia Minor, 1:379). </p>
<p> (Γαλατία, also [&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23 ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα )'','' an important central district of Asia Minor (q.v.). </p> <p> Galatia is literally the "Gallia" of the East. Roman writers call its inhabitants Galli, just as Greek writers call the inhabitants of ancient France Γάλαται (see Pritchard, ''Nat. Hist. Of Man,'' 3:95). From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks (Pausan. 1:4), Galatia was also called ''Gallo-Graecia (Γαλλογραικία,'' Strabo, 12:5), and its inhabitants Gallo- Graeci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language ''(Pol. [[Ad]] Comment. In Ep. Ad Gal.;'' De Wette's ''Lehrbuch,'' page 231). In &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10, some commentators suppose Western Gaul to be meant, and several MSS. have Γαλλίαν instead of Γαλατίαν. In &nbsp;1 Maccabees 8:2, where Judas Maccabaeus is hearing the story of the prowess of the Romans in conquering the Γάλαται '','' it is possible to interpret the passage either of the Eastern or Western Gauls; for the subjugation of Spain by the Romans, and the defeat of Antiochus, king of Asia, are mentioned in the same context. Again, Γάλαται is the same word with Κέλται; and the Galatians were in their origin a stream of that great Celtic torrent (apparently Kymry, and not Gael) which poured into Macedonia about B.C. 280 (Strabo, 4:187; 12:566; Livy, 38:16; Flor. 2:11; Justin, 25:2; Appian, ''Syr.'' 32:42). </p> <p> Some of these invaders moved on into Thrace, and appeared on the shores of the Hellespont and Bosporus, when Nicomedes I, king of Bithynia, being then engaged in a civil war, invited thelm across into Asia Minor to assist him against his brother, Zyboetas (Memnon, ap. Phot. Cod. 224, page 374), B.C. cir. 270. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. Antiochus I, king of Syria, took his title of Soter in consequence of his victory over them. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus I, king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory within the general geographical limits, to which the name of Galatia was permanently given. The Galatians still found vent for their restlessness and love of war by hiring themselves out as mercenary soldiers. This is doubtless the explanation -of &nbsp;2 Maccabees 8:20, which refers to some struggle of the Seleucid princes in which both Jews and Galatians were engaged. In [[Josephus]] (War, 1:20, 3) we find some of the latter, who had been in Cleopatra's body- guard, acting in the same character for Herod the Great. Meanwhile the wars had been taking place which brought all the countries round the east of the [[Mediterranean]] within the range of the Raman power. The Galatians fought on the side of Antiochus at Magnesia. In the Mithridatic war they fought on both sides. Of the three principal tribes (Strabo, 13:429), the Trocmi (Τρόκμοι ) settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages ''(Τεκτόσαγες)'' in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii ''(Τολιστοβόγιοι'' ) in the south-western parts near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year B.C. 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the proconsul Cn. Manlius (Livy, 38: Polyb. 22:24); though still governed by their own princes. Their government was originally republican (Pliny, 5:42), but at length regal (Strabo, 12:390), Deiotarus being their first king (Cicero, ''Pro Deiot.'' 13), and the last Amyntas (Dio Cass. 49:32), at whose death, in the year B.C. 25, Galatia became a province under the empire (see Ritter, Erdkunde, 18:597-610). </p> <p> The Roman province of Galatia may be roughly described as the central region of the peninsula of Asia Minor, with: the provinces of Asia on the west, Cappadocia on the east, Pamphylia and Cilicia on the south, and Bithynia and Pontus on the north (Strabo, 12:566; Pliny, 5:42; Ammian. Marcell. 25:10). It would be difficult to define the exact limits. In fact, they were frequently changing. (See Smith's Dict. of Class. Geogr. s.v.) Under the successors of Augustus, the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged that it reached from the shores of the [[Euxine]] to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of [[Constantine]] a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius I, or Valens, it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda, or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter. Thus at one time there is no doubt that this province contained Pisidia and Lycaonia, and therefore those towns of Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, which are conspicuous in the narrative of Paul's travels. But the characteristic part of Galatia lay northward from those districts. On the mountainous (Flor. 2:12), but fruitful (Strabo, 12:567) table-land between the [[Sangarius]] and the Halys, the Galatians were still settled in their three tribes, the Tectosages, the Tolistobogii, and the Trocmi, the first of which is identical in name with a tribe familiar to us in the history of Gaul, as distributed over the Cevennes near [[Toulouse]] (Caesar, Bell. Gall. 4:24; comp. Jablonsky, De lingua Lycaonica, page 23 sq.). The three capitals were respectively Tavium, Pessinus, and Ancyra. The last of these (the modern Angora) was the centre of the roads of the district, and may be regarded as the metropolis of the Galatians. These Eastern Gauls preserved much of their ancient character, and something of their ancient language. At least Jerome says that in his day the same language might be heard at Ancyra as at Treves: and he is a good witness, for he himself had been at Treves. The prevailing speech, however, of the district was Greek (Livy, 37:8; 38:12; Flor. 2:11; see Spanheim, ad Callim. Del. 184). Hence the Galatians were called Gallograeci (Manlius in Livy, 38:17). The inscriptions found at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul wrote his epistle in Greek. (See [[Penny]] Cyclopepdia, s.v. Celtse, Galatia; Mannert's Geographie der Griechen und Romer, 6:3, ch. 4; Merleker's Lehrbuch der Historischcomnparativen Geographie, 4:1, page 284.) </p> <p> It is difficult, at first sight, to determine in what sense the word Galatia is used by the writers of the N.T., or whether always in the same sense. In the Acts of the [[Apostles]] the journeys of Paul through the district are mentioned in very general terms. We are simply told (&nbsp;Acts 16:6) that on his second missionary circuit he went with Silas and [[Timotheus]] "through Phrygia and the region of Galatia" ''('' διὰ τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν). From the Epistle, indeed, we have this supplementary information, that an attack of sickness ''(Δἰ Ἀσθένειαν Τῆς Σακρός,'' &nbsp;Galatians 4:13) detained him among the Galatians, and gave him the opportunity of preaching the Gospel to them, and also that he was received by them with extraordinary fervor (2:14,15); but this does not inform us of the route which he took. So on the third circuit he is described (&nbsp;Acts 18:23) as "going over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order" ''(Διερχόμενος'' καθεξῆς τὴς Γαλατικὴν χώραν καὶ Φρυγίαν). We know from the first Epistle to the Corinthians that on this journey Paul was occupied with the collection for the poor Christians of Judaea, and that he gave instructions in Galatia on the subject (é σπερ διέταξα ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Γαλατίας '','' &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1); but here again we are in doubt as to the places which-he had visited. We observe that the "churches" of Galatia are mentioned here in the plural, as in the opening of the Epistle to the Galatians themselves (&nbsp;Galatians 1:2). From this we should be inclined to infer that he visited several parts of the district, instead of residing a long time in one place, so as to form a great central church, as at Ephesus and Corinth. This is in harmony with the phrase ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα, used in both instances. Since Phrygia is mentioned first in one case, and second in the other, we should suppose that the order of the journey was different on the two occasions. Phrygia also being not the name of a Roman province, but simply an ethnographical term, it is natural to conclude that Galatia is used here by Luke in the same general way. In confirmation of his view, it is worth while to notice that in &nbsp;Acts 2:9-10, where the enumeration is ethnographical rather than political, Phrygia is mentioned, and not Galatia, while the exact contrary is the case in &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1-2, where each geographical term is the name of a province (see Conybeare and Howson, Life and [[Epistles]] of St. Paud, 1:243). </p> <p> The Epistle to the Galatians was probably written very soon after Paul's second visit to them. Its abruptness and severity, and the sadness of its tone, are caused by their sudden perversion from the doctrine which the apostle had taught them, and which at first they had received so willingly. It is no fancy if we see in this fickleness a specimen of that "impetuous, mobile, impressible spirit" which Thierry marks as characteristic of the Gaulish race (Hist. des Gaulois, Introd. 4, 5). From Josephus (Ant. 16:6, 2) we know that many Jews were settled in Galatia, but &nbsp;Galatians 4:8 would lead us to suppose that Paul's converts were mostly Gentiles. The view advocated by Bottger ''(Schauplatz Der Wirksarnkeit Des Apostels Paulus,'' pages 28-30, and the third of his ''Beitrbiqe,'' pages 1-5) is that the Galatia of the Epistle is entirely limited to the district between Derbe and Colossae, i.e. the extreme southern frontier of the Roman province. On this view the visit alluded to by the apostle took place on his first missionary circuit, and the ἀσθένεια of &nbsp;Galatians 4:13 is identified with the effects of the stoning at Lystra (&nbsp;Acts 14:19). Geographically this is not impossible, though it seems unlikely that regions called Pisidia and Lycaonia in one place should be called Galatia in another. Bottger's geography, however, is connected with a theory concerning the date of the Epistle (see Rü ckert, in his [Magaz. fü r Exegese, 1:98 sq.), and for the determination of this point we must refer to the article on the (See [[The Epistle To The Galatians]]). (See Schmidt, ''De Galatis'' [Ilfeld. 1748, 1784]; Mynster, Kleine theol Schrfft. page 60 sq.; Cellarii Notit. 2:173 sq.; Forbiger, Alte Geoq. 2:361 sq.; Hofmann, De Galatia Antiqua [Lips. 1726]; Wernsdorf, De republ. Galatar. [Norimb. 1743]; Hamilton, Asia Minor, 1:379). </p>
          
          
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4094" /> ==
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4094" /> ==
<p> '''''ga''''' -'''''lā´shi''''' -'''''a''''' , '''''ga''''' -'''''lā´sha''''' ( Γαλατία , <i> '''''Galatı́a''''' </i> ): </p> <p> [[I.]] Introductory </p> <p> 1. Two [[Senses]] of Name </p> <p> (1) Geographical </p> <p> (2) Political </p> <p> 2. [[Questions]] to Be [[Answered]] </p> <p> [[Ii.]] Origin of Name </p> <p> 1. The Gaulish [[Kingdom]] </p> <p> 2. Transference to Rome </p> <p> 3. The Roman [[Province]] </p> <p> [[Iii.]] The [[Narrative]] of Luke </p> <p> 1. Stages of Evangelization of Province </p> <p> 2. The Churches [[Mentioned]] </p> <p> [[Iv.]] Paul's Use of "Galatians" </p> [[I.]] Introductory <p> 1. Two Senses of Name </p> <p> "Galatia" was a name used in two different senses during the 1st century after Christ: </p> (1) Geographical <p> To designate a country in the north part of the central plateau of Asia Minor, touching Paphlagonia and Bithynia North, Phrygia West and South, Cappadocia and Pontus Southeast and East, about the headwaters of the Sangarios and the middle course of the Halys; </p> (2) Political <p> To designate a large province of the Roman empire, including not merely the country Galatia, but also Paphlagonia and parts of Pontus, Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The name occurs in &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;Galatians 1:2; &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 , and perhaps &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10 . Some writers assume that Galatia is also mentioned in &nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23; but the Greek there has the phrase "Galatic region" or "territory," though the English [[Versions]] of the Bible has "Galatia"; and it must not be assumed without proof that "Galatic region" is synonymous with "Galatia." If e.g. a modern narrative mentioned that a traveler crossed British territory, we know that this means something quite different from crossing Britain. "Galatic region" has a different connotation from "Galatia"; and, even if we should find that geographically it was equivalent, the writer had some reason for using that special form. </p> <p> 2. Questions to Be Answered </p> <p> The questions that have to be answered are: ( <i> a </i> ) In which of the two senses is "Galatia" used by Paul and Peter? ( <i> b </i> ) What did Luke mean by Galatic region or territory? These questions have not merely geographical import; they bear most closely, and exercise determining influence, on many points in the biography, chronology, missionary work and methods of Paul. </p> [[Ii.]] Origin of the Name "Galatia" <p> 1. The Gaulish Kingdom </p> <p> The name was introduced into Asia after 278-277 bc, when a large body of migrating Gauls ( <i> '''''Galátai''''' </i> in Greek) crossed over from Europe at the invitation of Nikomedes, king of Bithynia; after ravaging a great part of Western Asia Minor they were gradually confined to a district, and boundaries were fixed for them after 232 bc. Thus, originated the independent state of Galatia, inhabited by three Gaulish tribes, Tolistobogioi, Tektosages and Trokmoi, with three city-centers, Pessinus, Ankyra and Tavia (Tavion in Strabo), who had brought their wives and families with them, and therefore continued to be a distinct Gaulish race and stock (which would have been impossible if they had come as simple warriors who took wives from the conquered inhabitants). The Gaulish language was apparently imposed on all the old inhabitants, who remained in the country as an inferior caste. The Galatai soon adopted the country religion, alongside of their own; the latter they retained at least as late as the 2nd century after Christ, but it was politically important for them to maintain and exercise the powers of the old priesthood, as at Pessinus, where the Galatai shared the office with the old priestly families. </p> <p> 2. Transference to Rome </p> <p> The Galatian state of the three Tribes lasted till 25 bc, governed first by a council and by tetrarchs, or chiefs of the twelve divisions (four to each tribe) of the people, then, after 63 bc, by three kings. Of these, Deiotaros succeeded in establishing himself as sole king, by murdering the two other tribal kings; and after his death in 40 bc his power passed to Castor and then to Amyntas, 36-25 bc. Amyntas bequeathed his kingdom to Rome; and it was made a Roman province (Dion Cass. 48, 33, 5; Strabo, 567, omits Castor). Amyntas had ruled also parts of Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The new province included these parts, and to it were added Paphlagonia 6 bc, part of Pontus 2 bc (called Pontus Galaticus in distinction from Eastern Pontus, which was governed by King Polemon and styled Polemoniacus), and in 64 also Pontus Polemoniacus. Part of Lycaonia was non-Roman and was governed by King Antiochus; from 41 to 72 ad Laranda belonged to this district, which was distinguished as <i> Antiochiana regio </i> from the Roman region <i> Lycaonia </i> called <i> '''''Galatica''''' </i> . </p> <p> 3. The Roman Province </p> <p> This large province was divided into <i> regiones </i> for administrative purposes; and the <i> regiones </i> coincided roughly with the old national divisions Pisidia, Phrygia (including Antioch, Iconium, Apollonia), Lycaonia (including Derbe, Lystra and a district organized on the village-system), etc. See Calder in <i> Journal of Roman Studies </i> , 1912. This province was called by the Romans Galatia, as being the kingdom of Amyntas (just like the province Asia, which also consisted of a number of different countries as diverse and alien as those of province Galatia, and was so called because the Romans popularly and loosely spoke of the kings of that congeries of countries as kings of Asia). The extent of both names, Asia and Galatia, in Roman language, varied with the varying bounds of each province. The name "Galatia" is used to indicate the province, as it was at the moment, by Ptolemy, Pliny v.146, Tacitus <i> Hist </i> . ii.9; <i> Ann </i> . xiii. 35; later chroniclers, Syncellus, Eutropius, and <i> Hist. Aug. Max. et Balb </i> . 7 (who derived it from earlier authorities, and used it in the old sense, not the sense customary in their own time); and in inscriptions <i> [[Cil]] </i> , [[Iii,]] 254, 272 ( <i> Eph. Ep </i> . v.51); [[Vi,]] 1408, 1409, 332; [[Viii,]] 11028 (Mommsen rightly, not Schmidt), 18270, etc. It will be observed that these are almost all Roman sources, and (as we shall see) express a purely Roman view. If Paul used the name "Galatia" to indicate the province, this would show that he consistently and naturally took a Roman view, used names in a Roman connotation, and grouped his churches according to Roman provincial divisions; but that is characteristic of the apostle, who looked forward from Asia to Rome (&nbsp;Acts 19:21 ), aimed at imperial conquest and marched across the Empire from province to province (Macedonia, Achaia, Asia are always provinces to Paul). On the other hand, in the East and the Greco-Asiatic world, the tendency was to speak of the province either as the Galatic Eparchia (as at Iconium in 54 ad, <i> [[Cig]] </i> , 3991), or by enumeration of its <i> regiones </i> (or a selection of the <i> regiones </i> ). The latter method is followed in a number of inscriptions found in the province ( <i> [[Cil]] </i> , [[Iii,]] <i> passim </i> ). Now let us apply these contemporary facts to the interpretation of the narrative of Luke. </p> [[Iii.]] The Narrative of Luke <p> 1. Stages of Evangelization of Province </p> <p> The evangelization of the province began in &nbsp;Acts 13:14 . The stages are: (1) The audience in the synagogue, &nbsp;Acts 13:42 f; (2) almost the whole city, &nbsp; Acts 13:44; (3) The whole region, i.e. a large district which was affected from the capital (as the whole of Asia was affected from Ephesus &nbsp;Acts 19:10 ); (4) Iconium another city of this region: in &nbsp;Acts 13:51 no boundary is mentioned; (5) a new region Lycaonia with two cities and surrounding district (&nbsp; Acts 14:6 ); (6) return journey to organize the churches in ( <i> a </i> ) Lystra, ( <i> b </i> ) Iconium and Antioch (the secondary reading of Westcott and Hort, (καὶ εἰς Ἰκόνιον καὶ Ἀντιόχειαν , <i> '''''kaı́ eis Ikónion kaı́ Antiócheian''''' </i> ), is right, distinguishing the two regions ( <i> a </i> ) Lycaonia, ( <i> b </i> ) that of Iconium and Antioch); (7) progress across the region Pisidia, where no churches were founded (Pisidian Antioch is not in this region, which lies between Antioch and Pamphylia). </p> <p> Again (in &nbsp;Acts 16:1-6 ) Paul revisited the two <i> regiones </i> : (1) Derbe and Lystra, i.e. <i> regio Lycaonia Galatica </i> , (2) The Phrygian and Galatic region, i.e. the region which was racially Phrygian and politically Galatic. Paul traversed both regions, making no new churches but only strengthening the existing disciples and churches. In &nbsp;Acts 18:23 he again revisited the two regiones, and they are briefly enumerated: (1) The Galatic region (so called briefly by a traveler, who had just traversed Antiochiana and distinguished Galatica from it); (2) Phrygia. On this occasion he specially appealed, not to churches as in &nbsp; Acts 16:6 , but to disciples; it was a final visit and intended to reach personally every individual, before Paul went away to Rome and the West. On this occasion the contribution to the poor of Jerusalem was instituted, and the proceeds later were carried by Timothy and [[Gaius]] of Derbe (&nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 24:17; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 ); this was a device to bind the new churches to the original center of the faith. </p> <p> 2. The Churches Mentioned </p> <p> These four churches are mentioned by Luke always as belonging to two <i> regiones </i> , Phrygia and Lycaoma; and each region is in one case described as Galatic, i.e. part of the province Galatia. Luke did not follow the Roman custom, as Paul did; he kept the custom of the Greeks and Asiatic peoples, and styled the province by enumerating its <i> regiones </i> , using the expression Galatic (as in Pontus Galaticus and at Iconium, <i> [[Cig]] </i> , 3991) to indicate the supreme unity of the province. By using this adjective about both <i> regiones </i> he marked his point of view that all four churches are included in the provincial unity. </p> <p> From Paul's references we gather that he regarded the churches of Galatia as one group, converted together (&nbsp;Galatians 4:13 ), exposed to the same influences and changing together (&nbsp;Galatians 1:6 , &nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 3:1; &nbsp;Galatians 4:9 ), naturally visited at one time by a traveler (&nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 4:14 ). He never thinks of churches of Phrygia or of Lycaonia; only of province Galatia (as of provinces Asia, Macedonia, Achaia). Paul did not include in one class all the churches of one journey: he went direct from Macedonia to [[Athens]] and Corinth, but classes the churches of Macedonia separate from those of Achaia. Troas and [[Laodicea]] and [[Colosse]] he classed with Asia (as Luke did Troas &nbsp;Acts 20:4 ), [[Philippi]] with Macedonia, Corinth with Achaia. These classifications are true only of the Roman usage, not of early Greek usage. The custom of classifying according to provinces, universal in the fully formed church of the Christian age, was derived from the usage of the apostles (as [[Theodore]] Mopsuestia expressly asserts in his <i> Commentary on First Timothy </i> (Swete, [[Ii,]] 121); Harnack accepts this part of the statement ( <i> Verbreitung </i> , 2nd edition, [[I,]] 387; <i> [[Expansion]] </i> , [[Ii,]] 96)). His churches then belonged to the four provinces, Asia, Galatia, Achaia, Macedonia. There were no other Pauline churches; all united in the gift of money which was carried to Jerusalem (&nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 24:17 ). </p> [[Iv.]] Paul's Use of "Galatians" <p> The people of the province of Galatia, consisting of many diverse races, when summed up together, were called Galatai, by Tacitus, Ann. xv.6; Syncellus, when he says (Αὐγοῦστος Γαλάταις φόρους ἔθετο , <i> '''''Augoústos Galátais phórous étheto''''' </i> ), follows an older historian describing the imposing of taxes on the province; and an inscription of [[Apollonia]] Phrygiae calls the people of the city Galatae (Lebas-Waddington, 1192). If Paul spoke to Philippi or Corinth or Antioch singly, he addressed them as Philippians, Corinthians, [[Antiochians]] (&nbsp;Philippians 4:15; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 6:11 ), not as [[Macedonians]] or Achaians; but when he had to address a group of several churches (as Antioch, Iconium, Derbe and Lystra) he could use only the provincial unity, Galatae. </p> <p> All attempts to find in Paul's letter to the Galatians any allusions that specially suit the character of the Gauls or Galatae have failed. The Gauls were an aristocracy in a land which they had conquered. They clung stubbornly to their own Celtic religion long after the time of Paul, even though they also acknowledged the power of the old goddess of the country. They spoke their own Celtic tongue. They were proud, even boastful, and independent. They kept their native law under the Empire. The "Galatians" to whom Paul wrote had [[Changed]] very quickly to a new form of religion, not from fickleness, but from a certain proneness to a more oriental form of religion which exacted of them more sacrifice of a ritual type. They needed to be called to freedom; they were submissive rather than arrogant. They spoke Greek. They were accustomed to the Greco-Asiatic law: the law of adoption and inheritance which Paul mentions in his letter is not Roman, but Greco-Asiatic, which in these departments was similar, with some differences; on this see the writer's <i> [[Historical]] Commentary on Galatians </i> . </p>
<p> '''''ga''''' -'''''lā´shi''''' -'''''a''''' , '''''ga''''' -'''''lā´sha''''' ( Γαλατία , <i> '''''Galatı́a''''' </i> ): </p> <p> I. Introductory </p> <p> 1. Two [[Senses]] of Name </p> <p> (1) Geographical </p> <p> (2) Political </p> <p> 2. [[Questions]] to Be [[Answered]] </p> <p> II. Origin of Name </p> <p> 1. The Gaulish [[Kingdom]] </p> <p> 2. Transference to Rome </p> <p> 3. The Roman [[Province]] </p> <p> III. The [[Narrative]] of Luke </p> <p> 1. Stages of Evangelization of Province </p> <p> 2. The Churches [[Mentioned]] </p> <p> IV. Paul's Use of "Galatians" </p> I. Introductory <p> 1. Two Senses of Name </p> <p> "Galatia" was a name used in two different senses during the 1st century after Christ: </p> (1) Geographical <p> To designate a country in the north part of the central plateau of Asia Minor, touching Paphlagonia and Bithynia North, Phrygia West and South, Cappadocia and Pontus Southeast and East, about the headwaters of the Sangarios and the middle course of the Halys; </p> (2) Political <p> To designate a large province of the Roman empire, including not merely the country Galatia, but also Paphlagonia and parts of Pontus, Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The name occurs in &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1; &nbsp;Galatians 1:2; &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 , and perhaps &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:10 . Some writers assume that Galatia is also mentioned in &nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 18:23; but the Greek there has the phrase "Galatic region" or "territory," though the English [[Versions]] of the Bible has "Galatia"; and it must not be assumed without proof that "Galatic region" is synonymous with "Galatia." If e.g. a modern narrative mentioned that a traveler crossed British territory, we know that this means something quite different from crossing Britain. "Galatic region" has a different connotation from "Galatia"; and, even if we should find that geographically it was equivalent, the writer had some reason for using that special form. </p> <p> 2. Questions to Be Answered </p> <p> The questions that have to be answered are: ( <i> a </i> ) In which of the two senses is "Galatia" used by Paul and Peter? ( <i> b </i> ) What did Luke mean by Galatic region or territory? These questions have not merely geographical import; they bear most closely, and exercise determining influence, on many points in the biography, chronology, missionary work and methods of Paul. </p> II. Origin of the Name "Galatia" <p> 1. The Gaulish Kingdom </p> <p> The name was introduced into Asia after 278-277 bc, when a large body of migrating Gauls ( <i> '''''Galátai''''' </i> in Greek) crossed over from Europe at the invitation of Nikomedes, king of Bithynia; after ravaging a great part of Western Asia Minor they were gradually confined to a district, and boundaries were fixed for them after 232 bc. Thus, originated the independent state of Galatia, inhabited by three Gaulish tribes, Tolistobogioi, Tektosages and Trokmoi, with three city-centers, Pessinus, Ankyra and Tavia (Tavion in Strabo), who had brought their wives and families with them, and therefore continued to be a distinct Gaulish race and stock (which would have been impossible if they had come as simple warriors who took wives from the conquered inhabitants). The Gaulish language was apparently imposed on all the old inhabitants, who remained in the country as an inferior caste. The Galatai soon adopted the country religion, alongside of their own; the latter they retained at least as late as the 2nd century after Christ, but it was politically important for them to maintain and exercise the powers of the old priesthood, as at Pessinus, where the Galatai shared the office with the old priestly families. </p> <p> 2. Transference to Rome </p> <p> The Galatian state of the three Tribes lasted till 25 bc, governed first by a council and by tetrarchs, or chiefs of the twelve divisions (four to each tribe) of the people, then, after 63 bc, by three kings. Of these, Deiotaros succeeded in establishing himself as sole king, by murdering the two other tribal kings; and after his death in 40 bc his power passed to Castor and then to Amyntas, 36-25 bc. Amyntas bequeathed his kingdom to Rome; and it was made a Roman province (Dion Cass. 48, 33, 5; Strabo, 567, omits Castor). Amyntas had ruled also parts of Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The new province included these parts, and to it were added Paphlagonia 6 bc, part of Pontus 2 bc (called Pontus Galaticus in distinction from Eastern Pontus, which was governed by King Polemon and styled Polemoniacus), and in 64 also Pontus Polemoniacus. Part of Lycaonia was non-Roman and was governed by King Antiochus; from 41 to 72 ad Laranda belonged to this district, which was distinguished as <i> Antiochiana regio </i> from the Roman region <i> Lycaonia </i> called <i> '''''Galatica''''' </i> . </p> <p> 3. The Roman Province </p> <p> This large province was divided into <i> regiones </i> for administrative purposes; and the <i> regiones </i> coincided roughly with the old national divisions Pisidia, Phrygia (including Antioch, Iconium, Apollonia), Lycaonia (including Derbe, Lystra and a district organized on the village-system), etc. See Calder in <i> Journal of Roman Studies </i> , 1912. This province was called by the Romans Galatia, as being the kingdom of Amyntas (just like the province Asia, which also consisted of a number of different countries as diverse and alien as those of province Galatia, and was so called because the Romans popularly and loosely spoke of the kings of that congeries of countries as kings of Asia). The extent of both names, Asia and Galatia, in Roman language, varied with the varying bounds of each province. The name "Galatia" is used to indicate the province, as it was at the moment, by Ptolemy, Pliny v.146, Tacitus <i> Hist </i> . ii.9; <i> Ann </i> . xiii. 35; later chroniclers, Syncellus, Eutropius, and <i> Hist. Aug. Max. et Balb </i> . 7 (who derived it from earlier authorities, and used it in the old sense, not the sense customary in their own time); and in inscriptions <i> CIL </i> , III, 254, 272 ( <i> Eph. Ep </i> . v.51); VI, 1408, 1409, 332; VIII, 11028 (Mommsen rightly, not Schmidt), 18270, etc. It will be observed that these are almost all Roman sources, and (as we shall see) express a purely Roman view. If Paul used the name "Galatia" to indicate the province, this would show that he consistently and naturally took a Roman view, used names in a Roman connotation, and grouped his churches according to Roman provincial divisions; but that is characteristic of the apostle, who looked forward from Asia to Rome (&nbsp;Acts 19:21 ), aimed at imperial conquest and marched across the Empire from province to province (Macedonia, Achaia, Asia are always provinces to Paul). On the other hand, in the East and the Greco-Asiatic world, the tendency was to speak of the province either as the Galatic Eparchia (as at Iconium in 54 ad, <i> CIG </i> , 3991), or by enumeration of its <i> regiones </i> (or a selection of the <i> regiones </i> ). The latter method is followed in a number of inscriptions found in the province ( <i> CIL </i> , III, <i> passim </i> ). Now let us apply these contemporary facts to the interpretation of the narrative of Luke. </p> III. The Narrative of Luke <p> 1. Stages of Evangelization of Province </p> <p> The evangelization of the province began in &nbsp;Acts 13:14 . The stages are: (1) The audience in the synagogue, &nbsp;Acts 13:42 f; (2) almost the whole city, &nbsp; Acts 13:44; (3) The whole region, i.e. a large district which was affected from the capital (as the whole of Asia was affected from Ephesus &nbsp;Acts 19:10 ); (4) Iconium another city of this region: in &nbsp;Acts 13:51 no boundary is mentioned; (5) a new region Lycaonia with two cities and surrounding district (&nbsp; Acts 14:6 ); (6) return journey to organize the churches in ( <i> a </i> ) Lystra, ( <i> b </i> ) Iconium and Antioch (the secondary reading of Westcott and Hort, (καὶ εἰς Ἰκόνιον καὶ Ἀντιόχειαν , <i> '''''kaı́ eis Ikónion kaı́ Antiócheian''''' </i> ), is right, distinguishing the two regions ( <i> a </i> ) Lycaonia, ( <i> b </i> ) that of Iconium and Antioch); (7) progress across the region Pisidia, where no churches were founded (Pisidian Antioch is not in this region, which lies between Antioch and Pamphylia). </p> <p> Again (in &nbsp;Acts 16:1-6 ) Paul revisited the two <i> regiones </i> : (1) Derbe and Lystra, i.e. <i> regio Lycaonia Galatica </i> , (2) The Phrygian and Galatic region, i.e. the region which was racially Phrygian and politically Galatic. Paul traversed both regions, making no new churches but only strengthening the existing disciples and churches. In &nbsp;Acts 18:23 he again revisited the two regiones, and they are briefly enumerated: (1) The Galatic region (so called briefly by a traveler, who had just traversed Antiochiana and distinguished Galatica from it); (2) Phrygia. On this occasion he specially appealed, not to churches as in &nbsp; Acts 16:6 , but to disciples; it was a final visit and intended to reach personally every individual, before Paul went away to Rome and the West. On this occasion the contribution to the poor of Jerusalem was instituted, and the proceeds later were carried by Timothy and [[Gaius]] of Derbe (&nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 24:17; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:1 ); this was a device to bind the new churches to the original center of the faith. </p> <p> 2. The Churches Mentioned </p> <p> These four churches are mentioned by Luke always as belonging to two <i> regiones </i> , Phrygia and Lycaoma; and each region is in one case described as Galatic, i.e. part of the province Galatia. Luke did not follow the Roman custom, as Paul did; he kept the custom of the Greeks and Asiatic peoples, and styled the province by enumerating its <i> regiones </i> , using the expression Galatic (as in Pontus Galaticus and at Iconium, <i> CIG </i> , 3991) to indicate the supreme unity of the province. By using this adjective about both <i> regiones </i> he marked his point of view that all four churches are included in the provincial unity. </p> <p> From Paul's references we gather that he regarded the churches of Galatia as one group, converted together (&nbsp;Galatians 4:13 ), exposed to the same influences and changing together (&nbsp;Galatians 1:6 , &nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 3:1; &nbsp;Galatians 4:9 ), naturally visited at one time by a traveler (&nbsp;Galatians 1:8; &nbsp;Galatians 4:14 ). He never thinks of churches of Phrygia or of Lycaonia; only of province Galatia (as of provinces Asia, Macedonia, Achaia). Paul did not include in one class all the churches of one journey: he went direct from Macedonia to [[Athens]] and Corinth, but classes the churches of Macedonia separate from those of Achaia. Troas and [[Laodicea]] and [[Colosse]] he classed with Asia (as Luke did Troas &nbsp;Acts 20:4 ), [[Philippi]] with Macedonia, Corinth with Achaia. These classifications are true only of the Roman usage, not of early Greek usage. The custom of classifying according to provinces, universal in the fully formed church of the Christian age, was derived from the usage of the apostles (as [[Theodore]] Mopsuestia expressly asserts in his <i> Commentary on First Timothy </i> (Swete, II, 121); Harnack accepts this part of the statement ( <i> Verbreitung </i> , 2nd edition, I, 387; <i> [[Expansion]] </i> , II, 96)). His churches then belonged to the four provinces, Asia, Galatia, Achaia, Macedonia. There were no other Pauline churches; all united in the gift of money which was carried to Jerusalem (&nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 24:17 ). </p> IV. Paul's Use of "Galatians" <p> The people of the province of Galatia, consisting of many diverse races, when summed up together, were called Galatai, by Tacitus, Ann. xv.6; Syncellus, when he says (Αὐγοῦστος Γαλάταις φόρους ἔθετο , <i> '''''Augoústos Galátais phórous étheto''''' </i> ), follows an older historian describing the imposing of taxes on the province; and an inscription of [[Apollonia]] Phrygiae calls the people of the city Galatae (Lebas-Waddington, 1192). If Paul spoke to Philippi or Corinth or Antioch singly, he addressed them as Philippians, Corinthians, [[Antiochians]] (&nbsp;Philippians 4:15; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 6:11 ), not as [[Macedonians]] or Achaians; but when he had to address a group of several churches (as Antioch, Iconium, Derbe and Lystra) he could use only the provincial unity, Galatae. </p> <p> All attempts to find in Paul's letter to the Galatians any allusions that specially suit the character of the Gauls or Galatae have failed. The Gauls were an aristocracy in a land which they had conquered. They clung stubbornly to their own Celtic religion long after the time of Paul, even though they also acknowledged the power of the old goddess of the country. They spoke their own Celtic tongue. They were proud, even boastful, and independent. They kept their native law under the Empire. The "Galatians" to whom Paul wrote had [[Changed]] very quickly to a new form of religion, not from fickleness, but from a certain proneness to a more oriental form of religion which exacted of them more sacrifice of a ritual type. They needed to be called to freedom; they were submissive rather than arrogant. They spoke Greek. They were accustomed to the Greco-Asiatic law: the law of adoption and inheritance which Paul mentions in his letter is not Roman, but Greco-Asiatic, which in these departments was similar, with some differences; on this see the writer's <i> [[Historical]] Commentary on Galatians </i> . </p>
          
          
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15698" /> ==
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15698" /> ==
<p> Gala´tia, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the south by Lycaonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappidocia, and on the west by Phrygia and Bithynia. It derived its name from the Gallic or Keltic tribes who, about 280 years [[B.C.,]] made an eruption into Macedonia and Thrace. At the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, they passed over the Hellespont to assist that prince against his brother Ziboeta. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus [[I,]] king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory, Of the three principal tribes, the Trocmi settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii in the south-western parts, near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year [[B.C.]] 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the consul Cn. Manlius, though still governed by their own princes. In the year [[B.C.]] 25Galatia became a Roman province. Under the successors of Augustus the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged, that it reached from the shores of the Euxine to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of Constantine a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius [[I]] or [[Valens]] it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter. </p> <p> From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks, Galatia was also called Gallo-Græcia, and its inhabitants Gallo-Græci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language. </p> <p> The Gospel was introduced into this province by the Apostle Paul. His first visit is recorded in , and his second in . </p>
<p> Gala´tia, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the south by Lycaonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappidocia, and on the west by Phrygia and Bithynia. It derived its name from the Gallic or Keltic tribes who, about 280 years B.C., made an eruption into Macedonia and Thrace. At the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, they passed over the Hellespont to assist that prince against his brother Ziboeta. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus I, king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory, Of the three principal tribes, the Trocmi settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii in the south-western parts, near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year B.C. 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the consul Cn. Manlius, though still governed by their own princes. In the year B.C. 25Galatia became a Roman province. Under the successors of Augustus the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged, that it reached from the shores of the Euxine to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of Constantine a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius I or [[Valens]] it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter. </p> <p> From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks, Galatia was also called Gallo-Græcia, and its inhabitants Gallo-Græci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language. </p> <p> The Gospel was introduced into this province by the Apostle Paul. His first visit is recorded in , and his second in . </p>
          
          
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_73628" /> ==
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_73628" /> ==
<p> [[A]] high-lying Roman province in Asia Minor that had been invaded and taken possession of by a horde of Gauls in the 3rd century [[B.C.,]] whence the name. </p>
<p> A high-lying Roman province in Asia Minor that had been invaded and taken possession of by a horde of Gauls in the 3rd century B.C., whence the name. </p>
          
          
==References ==
==References ==

Revision as of 08:47, 13 October 2021

Bridgeway Bible Dictionary [1]

In the days before the Roman Empire, Asia Minor consisted of a collection of independent states. When it came under the control of the Romans, the whole area was redivided to form a number of Roman provinces. The large central province, which the Romans named Galatia, included parts of the ancient regions of Galatia in the north, Phrygia in the south-west, Pisidia in the south and Lycaonia in the south-east

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%

Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament [2]

(Γαλατία)

Galatia was the name given by Greek-speaking peoples to that part of the central plateau of Asia Minor which was occupied by Celtic tribes from the 3rd cent. b.c. onwards. It corresponded to the Roman Gallogrœcia , or land of the Gallograeci (= Ἑλληνογαλάται [Diodorus, v. xxxii. 5]), who were so named in distinction from the Galli of Western Europe. Manlius in Livy (xxxviii. 17) professes to despise them-‘Hi jam degeneres sunt: mixti, et Gallograeci vere, quod appellantur.’

About 280 b.c., the barbarians who had been menacing Italy for a century began to move eastward. A great Celtic wave swept over Macedonia and Thessaly. Under the leadership of Leonorios and Lutarios a body of 20,000 invaders-half of them fighting men, the rest women and children-crossed into Asia at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who desired their help in his struggle with his brother (Livy, xxxviii. 16). His success, however, proved costly both to himself and to his neighbours, for his new barbaric allies established themselves as a robber-State and became the scourge of Asia Minor, exacting tribute from all the rulers north and west of Taurus, some of whom were fain to purchase exemption from their degradations by employing them as mercenary soldiers.

Attalus I. of Pergamos (241-197) was the first to check the fierce barbarians. Defeating them in a series of battles, which are commemorated in the famous Pergamene sculptures, he compelled them to form a permanent settlement with definite boundaries in north-eastern Phrygia. The Galatian country, an irregular rectangle 200 miles long from E. to W. and about 100 miles wide, became ‘in language and manners a Celtic island amidst the waves of eastern peoples, and remained so in internal organization even under the empire’ (T. Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire 2, 1909, i. 338).

Like Caesar’s Gaul, the country was divided into three parts, formed by the rivers Halys and Sangarius. The Tectosages settled round Ancyra, the Tolistobogii round Pessinus, and the Trocmi round Tavium. According to Strabo (xii. v. 1), the three tribes ‘spoke the same language and in no respect differed from one another. Each of them was divided into four cantons called tetrarchies, each of which had its own tetrarch [or chief], its judge, and its general.… The Council of the twelve tetrarchies consisted of 300 men who assembled at a place called the Drynemetum.’

The term ‘Galatians,’ which at first denoted only the Gaulish invaders, was in course of time extended to their Phrygian subjects, and the ‘Galatian’ slaves who were sold in the ancient markets had really no Celtic blood in their veins. For two centuries the proud conquerors formed a comparatively small ruling caste in the country, like the Normans among the Saxons of England. As a military aristocracy, whose only trade was war, they left agriculture, commerce, and all the peaceful crafts to the Phrygian natives. Averse to the life of towns and cities, the chieftains established themselves in hill-forts (φρούριο [Strabo, xii. v. 2]), where they kept up a barbaric state, surrounded by retainers who shared with them the vast wealth they had acquired by their many conquests. For siding with Antiochus the Great in his war with Rome, and frequently breaking their promise to refrain from raiding the lands of their neighbours, the Galatians ultimately brought on themselves a severe castigation at the hands of Cn. Manlius Vulso in 189 b.c. (Livy, xxxviii, 12-27, Polyb. xxii. 16-22). About 160 b.c. they obtained a large accession of territory in Lycaonia, including the towns of Iconium and Lystra. Thereafter they came under the influence of the kings of Pontus, but Mithridates the Great (120-63 b.c.), doubting their loyalty, ordered a massacre of all their chiefs, and this savage and stupid act at once drove the whole nation over to the Roman side. Their new alliance proved greatly to their advantage, and at the settlement of the affairs of Asia Minor by Pompey in 64 b.c., Galatia was made a Roman client-State. Three chiefs (tetrarchs) were appointed, one for each tribe, of whom the ablest and most ambitious, Deiotarus, the friend of Cicero ( ad Fam . viii. 10, ix. 12, xv. 1, 2, 4), contrived to seize the territories of the others, and, in spite of the hostility of Julius Caesar, ultimately got himself recognized as king of all Galatia. He died in 40 b.c., and four years later his dominions were bestowed by Mark Antony on Amyntas, the Roman client-king of Pisidia, who had formerly been the secretary of Deiotarus. This brave mid sagacious Gaul, ‘whose career was in many points parallel to that of Herod in Palestine’ (H. von Soden, Hist. of Early Christian Lit. , Eng. translation, 1906, p. 59f.), transferred his allegiance from Antony to Augustus after Actium, and became the chief instrument in establishing the Pax Romana in southern Asia Minor. Having overthrown Antipater the robber-chief, he added Derbe and Laranda to his dominions, but lost his life in an attempt to subdue the Homanades of Isauria. Galatia then ceased to be a sovereign State, and was incorporated in the Roman Empire (in 25 b.c.).

Caesar ( Bell. Gall . vi. 16) says of the Western Gauls, ‘Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus.’ But the faith which the invaders of Asia brought with them did not live long in the new environment. The unwarlike Phrygians whom they subdued were in one respect inflexible, and, as in so many instances, ‘victi victoribus leges dederunt.’ If the Phrygian religion, with its frenzy of devotion, its weird music, its orgiastic dances, its sensuous rites, made a profound impression even upon the cultured Greeks, one need not wonder that the simple Gallic barbarians were fascinated by the cult of Cybele, and that their chiefs were soon found by the side of the native rulers in the great temple of Pessinus. There ‘the priests were a sort of sovereigns and derived a largo revenue from their office’ (Strabo, xii. v. 3). When the old warlike spirit of the Gauls languished, as it naturally did after the establishment of a peaceful provincial government, the two races gradually approximated in other things than religion, but a long time was needed for their complete amalgamation. ‘In spite of their sojourn of several hundred years in Asia Minor, a deep gulf still separated these Occidentals from the Asiatics’ (Mommsen, op. cit. i. 338). Even in the 4th cent. the far-travelled Jerome found at Ancyra, alongside of Greek, a Celtic dialect differing little from what he had heard in Trèves (Preface to Commentary on Galatians ).

The province Galatia included the greater part of the wide territory once ruled by Amyntas, viz. Galatia proper (the country of the three Galatian tribes), part of Phrygia (including Antioch and Iconium), Pisidia, Isauria, and part of Lycaonia (with Lystra and Derbe). For nearly a century Galatia was the eastern frontier province, and every fresh annexation to it marked the progress of the Empire in that direction.

Paphlagonia was added in 5 b.c., Amasia and Gazelonitis in 2 b.c., Komana Pontica (forming with Amasia the district of Pontus Galaticus [Ptolemy, v. vi. 3]) in a.d. 34, and Pontus Polemoniacus (the kingdom of Polemon II. [Ptolemy, v. vi. 4]) in a.d., 63. The south-eastern part of the province was somewhat contracted in a.d. 41 by the gift of a slice or Lycaonia, including Laranda, to Antiochus of Commagene (called after him Lycaonia Antiochiana), so that Derbe became the frontier town and Customs’ station. Ptolemy defines the province in his Geog . v. 4, and Pliny in his Historia Naturalis (Pliny) v. 146, 147.

Antioch and Lystra ( qq.v. [Note: v. quœ vide, which see.]) were made Roman colonies by Augustus; Iconium and Derbe ( qq.v. [Note: v. quœ vide, which see.]) were remodelled in Roman style by Claudius, and named Claud-Iconium and Claudio-Derbe. In these cities, planted in the moat civilized and progressive part of central Asia Minor-the region traversed by the great route of traffic and inter-course between Ephesus and Syrian Antioch-many Greeks, Romans, and Jews swelled the native Phrygian and Lycaonian populace.

The meaning of ‘Galatia’ is one of the questiones vexatae of NT exegesis. Are ‘the churches of Galatia’ ( Galatians 1:2; cf.  1 Corinthians 16:1) to be sought in the comparatively small district occupied by the Gauls, about Ancyra, Pessinus, and Tavium, or in the great Roman province of Galatia, which included Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe? In the absence of definite information, we have to make probability our guide, and to the present writer the balance of evidence appears to favour the South Galatian hypothesis. The chief difficulty is created by the simultaneous use of a Roman and a non-Roman nomenclature. It was the policy of the Imperial government to stamp an artificial unity upon all the diverse parts of a province, often With but little regard to historical traditions and local sentiments. The old territorial designations were of course still popularly used, but among all who looked at things from the Imperial standpoint- e.g. the Roman governor, the coloni of cities founded by the Romans, the incolae of semi-Roman towns, and the Roman historians-such terms as Galatia and Galatae, Asia and Asiani, Africa and Afri, denoted the province and the people of the province.

Tacitus ( Hist . ii. 9) mentions ‘Galatiam ac Pamphyliam provincias’; in Ann . xiii. 35 he says, ‘et habiti per Galatiam Cappadociamque dilectus’; and in Ann . xv. 6 he has ‘Galatarum Cappadocumque auxilia.’ Ac Iconian inscription to an Imperial officer ( CIG [Note: IG Corpus Inscrip. Graecarum.]3991) designates his administrative district Γαλατικὴ ἐπαρχεία, or ‘Galatic province’. Pliny frequently uses ‘Galatia’ as designating the province ( Historia Naturalis (Pliny) v. 27, 95, etc.). For other instances see T. Zahn, Introd. to the NT , 1909, i. 184f.

The crucial question is whether St. Paul assumed the Imperial standpoint and wrote like a Roman. Zahn ( op. cit. i. 175) holds that ‘he never uses any but the provincial name for districts under Roman rule, and never employs territorial names which are not also names of Roman provinces’ The Apostle’s employment of the terms Achaia, Macedonia, Dalmatia, Judaea , Arabia, Syria, and Cilicia is regarded as consistently Imperial. Of the divisions of Asia Minor he names only Asia and Galatia, and ‘it is unlikely that he meant by these anything else than the Roman provinces so called, for the very reason that he mentions no districts of Asia Minor whose names do not at the same time denote such provinces’ ( op. cit. i. 186). Ramsay similarly maintains that St. Paul always thinks and speaks with his eye on the Roman divisions of the Empire, i.e. the Provinces, in accordance with his station as a Roman citizen and with his invariable and oft-announced principle of accepting and obeying the existing government. This view is contested by the South Galatian theorists. Mommsen, e.g. , held that ‘it is inadmissible to take the “Galatians” of Paul in anything except the distinct and narrower sense of the term’ (quoted in Moffatt, Introd. to Literature of the New Testament (Moffatt). , p. 96), and P. W. Schmiedel contends that ‘it is quite un-permissible to say of Paul that he invariably confined himself to the official usage’ ( Encyclopaedia Biblica ii. 1604). Both the old, or North Galatian, hypothesis and the new, or South Galatian, are championed by an apparently equal number of distinguished scholars.*[Note: Among the North Galatian theorists are Lightfoot, Jowett, H. J. Holtzmann, Wendt, Godet, Blass, Holsten, Lipsius, Sieffert, Zöckler, Schürer, von Dobschütz, Jülicher, Bousset, Salmon, Gilbert, Findlay, Chase, Moffatt, Steinmann; among the South Galatians are Perrot (who first popularized the theory in his de Galatia Provincia Romana, 1867), Renan, Hausrath, Pfleiderer, Weizsäcker, O. Holtzmann, von Soden, J. Weiss, Clemen, Belser, Gifford, Bartlet, Bacon, Askwith, Rendall, Weber.]

It is certain that St. Paul’s first mission north of Taurus was conducted in the Greek-speaking cities of Antioch and Iconium (which were Phrygian), Lystra and Derbe (which were Lycaonian)-all in the Provincia Galatia , but far from Galatia proper. The historian gives a graphic account of the founding of churches in these four cities ( Acts 13:14-52;  Acts 14:1-23), and from these churches St. Paul got some of his fellow-workers ( Acts 16:1;  Acts 20:4). What more natural, ask the South Galatian theorists, than that this much-frequented district should become the storm-centre of a Judaistic controversy, and that the Apostle should write the most militant and impassioned of all his letters in defence of the spiritual liberty of the converts of his pioneer mission? On the North Galatian theory, the founding of churches, say in Pessinus, Ancyra, and Tavium, and their subsequent development, had much more to do with the extension and triumph of apostolic Christianity among the Gentiles-which was St. Luke’s theme-than the planting of the South Galatian churches, and the historian who manifests no interest in North Galatia stands convicted of shifting the centre of gravity to the wrong place. It is difficult, however, to believe that the mission in which the Apostle was welcomed ‘as an angel from heaven, as Christ Jesus’ ( Galatians 4:14), and the thrilling experiences which must have filled his mind and heart at the moment when he joined St. Luke in Troas ( Acts 16:11), are alluded to in no there than a single ambiguous sentence ( Acts 16:6), which Ramsay characterizes as ‘perhaps the most difficult (certainly the most disputed) passage’ in the whole of Acts ( Church in the Roman Empire , 1893, p. 74ff.).

The North Galatian school accounts for the historian’s neglect of Galatia proper, and for the curtness of his narrative at this vital point ( Acts 16:6-8), by his desire ‘to got Paul across to Europe’ (Moffatt, Introd. to Literature of the New Testament (Moffatt). , p. 94); but another explanation seems more natural.

‘I would rather say that the writer passed on rapidly, because the journey itself was direct, and uninterrupted by any important incident such as the supposed preaching and founding of churches in Northern Galatia. St. Paul’s mission to Europe was, according to the indications given in the narrative, the divinely appointed purpose of the whole journey. Twice he is forbidden to turn aside from the direct route between Antioch and Troas. “To speak the word in Asia,” “to go into Bithynia,” would each have been a cause of much delay; and in each case the Apostle found himself constrained by the Spirit’s guidance to go straight forward on his appointed way. One of these Divine interpositions occurred before, and one after the supposed digression into Northern Galatia. Do they not make an intermediate sojourn in that district, which most have been of long duration, and of which the writer gives no hint whatever, quite inconceivable?’ (E. H. Gifford, in Expositor , 4th ser., x. [1894] 15).

Similarly Renan ( Saint Paul , 1869, p. 128): ‘The apostolic group thus made almost at one stretch a journey of more than one hundred leagues, across a little-known country, which, from an absence of Roman colonies and Jewish synagogues, did not offer them any of the facilities which they had met with up to that time.’

It is sometimes confidently asserted that the South Galatian theory ‘is shipwrecked on the rock of Greek grammar’ (F. H. Chase, in Expositor , 4th ser., viii. [1893] 411, ix. [1894] 342). On the second missionary tour St. Paul and Silas ‘went through the region of Phrygia and Galatia (τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ Γαλατικὴν χώραν), having been forbidden of the Holy Ghost to speak the word in Asia’ ( Acts 16:6), and in the third tour ‘they went through, the region of Galatia and Phrygia (τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ Γαλατικὴν χώραν) in order, stablishing all the churches’ (18:23). Ramsay interprets both the Greek phrases as ‘the Phrygo-Galatian country,’ i.e. the regio which is ethnically Phrygian and politically Galatian, accounting for the variation by the fact that in the one instance the district was traversed from west to east, and in the other from east to west. He takes the phrases to denote, in part or in whole (here his exegesis wavers), the South Galatian country which St. Paul had already evangelized in his first tour. Now it must be admitted that if the modern theory, which Ramsay has so long and strenuously advocated, were bound up with this interpretation, there would be no little difficulty in accepting it. For the natural reference of the words ‘they went through (διῆλθον) the Phrygo-Galatic region, having been forbidden (κωλυθέντες) … to speak the word in Asia’ is to a district east of Asia and north of Iconium and Antioch, South Galatia being now left behind. Ramsay, however, contends that κωλυθέντες is not antecedent to, but synchronous with, the verb διῆλθον, and translates ‘they went through the Phrygo-Galatic region forbidden … to speak the word in Asia.’ The grammatical point is fully discussed by E. H. Ask with ( The Epistle to the Gal. , 1899, p. 34ff.), who produces a number of more or less similar constructions (cf. Gifford, loc. cit . 16ff.). ἀσπασάμενοι in  Acts 25:13 would be the most striking parallel, but here Hort thinks that some primitive error has crept into the text. And at the best the proposed exegesis, admittedly unusual, is very precarious, while the South Galatian theory is really independent of it. Many advocates of this theory prefer the alternative offered by Gifford, who holds ( loc. cit . p. 19) that in the present contest ‘the region of Phrygia and Galatia’ can only mean ‘the borderland of Phrygia and Galatia northward of Antioch, through which the travellers passed after “having been forbidden to speak the word in Asia.” ’ This is substantially the view of Zahn ( op. cit. i. 176; cf. 189f.), who is willing to make a further concession. ‘It could be taken for granted, therefore, in spite of the silence of Acts, which in 16:6 mentions merely a journey of the missionaries through these regions, that Paul and Silas on this occasion preached in Phrygia arid a portion of North Galatia; and that the disciples … whom Paul met on the third missionary journey to several places of the same regions ( Acts 18:23) had been converted by the preaching of Paul and Silas on the second journey.’ Only, as Zahn himself is the first to admit, ‘everyone feels the ‘uncertainty of those combinations.’

The present tendency of the North Galatian theorists is greatly to restrict the field of the Apostle’s activity in Galatia proper. Lightfoot’s assumption that he carried his mission through the whole of North Galatia is felt to be ‘as gratuitous as it is embarrassing’ (Schmiedel, Encyclopaedia Biblica , ii. 1606). Tivium and Ancyra are now left out of account, and only ‘a few churches, none of them very far apart,’ are supposed to have been planted in the west of North Galatia ( ib. ); but the more the sphere of operations is thus limited, the more difficult does it become to believe that ‘the churches of Galatia’ are to be sought exclusively in this small and hypothetical mission-field, while the great and flourishing churches of South Galatia are heard of no more.

The following points, though severally indecisive, all favour the South Galatian theory. (1) The baneful activity of Judaizers in Galatia suggests the presence of Jews and Jewish Christians in the newly planted churches, and there is abundant evidence of the strength and prominence of the Jews in Antioch ( Acts 13:14-51;  Acts 14:19), Iconium (14:1), and Lystra (16:1-3; cf.  2 Timothy 1:5;  2 Timothy 3:15), whereas even Philo’s inflated list of countries where Jews were to be found in his time ( Leg. ad Gaium , xxxvi.) does not include Galatia proper, and among the Jews who made the journey to Jerusalem at Pentecost there were Asians and Phrygians but apparently no Galatians ( Acts 2:9). (2) The writer of Acts, who in general uses ethnographic rather than political terms, avoids ‘Galatia,’ which would have been taken to mean Old Galatia, and twice employs the phrase ‘Galatic region.’ Ramsay’s view is that the term ‘Galatic’ excludes Galatia in the narrow sense, and that 16:6, in the light of contemporary usage, implies that St. Paul did not traverse North Galatia ( Church in the Roman Emp. , p. 81), The evidence for a definite usage, however, is scanty, ‘Pontus Galaticus’ (which occurs in Ptolemy and inscriptions) not being quite a parallel ease; and other explanations of the phrase ‘Galatic region’ are certainly admissible (Moffatt, Introd. to Literature of the New Testament (Moffatt). , p. 93). (3) The pronoun ὑμᾶς in  Galatians 2:5 seems to imply that the Galatian churches existed when St. Paul was contending for the spiritual freedom of the Gentiles at the Jerusalem Council, which was held before the journey on which, according to the old theory, he preached in North Galatia. Some think that St. Paul here merely claims to have been lighting the battle of the Gentiles, or the Gentile Christians, generally; but in that case he would probably have said ‘you Gentiles’ ( Ephesians 2:11;  Ephesians 3:1). (4) It is possible to make too much of the parallel between  Galatians 4:14, ‘ye received me as an angel of God, as Christ Jesus,’ and the account of the Apostle’s remarkable experience at Lystra, where the people regarded him and Barnabas as gods ( Acts 14:11-14). Still the coincidence, as Zahn says ( op. cit. , p. 180), is probably more than ‘a tantalising accident.’ The pagans who acclaimed the coming of Jupiter and Mercury would be likely enough, when partially Christianized, to think themselves recipients of a visit of angels. Even Lightfoot ( Galatians 5, 1876, p. 18) admits that here is one of the ‘considerations in favour of the Roman province.’ (5) The charge which the Judaizers apparently made against the self-constituted Apostle of freedom of being still a preacher of circumcision ( Galatians 5:11) is best explained by a reference to the case of Timothy ( Acts 16:1-8), in which the South Galatian churches had a special interest, Timothy being a native of Lystra. (6) The repeated allusion to Barnabas ( Galatians 2:1;  Galatians 2:9;  Galatians 2:13), who was one of the founders of the South Galatian Church, would have much less appositeness in an Epistle addressed to North Galatia, where that apostle was not personally known. It is true that he is referred to once in each of two other letters ( 1 Corinthians 9:6,  Colossians 4:10), but in both cases there were special reasons for the mention of his name ( Zahn, op. cit. , p. 179). (7) While some of St. Paul’s helpers came from South Galatia ( Acts 16:1;  Acts 20:4), and while Gains and Timothy may have been delegated by ‘the churches of Galatia’ ( 1 Corinthians 16:1) to carry their offerings to the saints at Jerusalem (a somewhat doubtful inference from  Acts 20:4), North Galatia did not, as far as is known, provide a single person ‘for the work of ministering.’ (8) There is evidence that Christianity penetrated North Galatia much more slowly than South Galatia. ‘Ancyra and the Bithynian city Juliopolis (which was attached to Galatia about 297) are the only Galatian bishoprics mentioned earlier than 325: they alone appear at the Ancyran Council held about 314’ (Ramsay, Hist. Com. on Gal. , 1899, p. 165).

The Roman character of the nomenclature in  1 Peter 1:1 is rarely questioned. It is evidently the writer’s purpose to enumerate all the provinces of Asia Minor, with the exception of Lycia-Pamphilia, where ‘the elect’ were still few (as maybe inferred from  Acts 13:18;  Acts 14:25), and Cilicia, which was reckoned with Syria ( Acts 15:23;  Acts 15:41). And just as he includes the Phrygian churches of the Lycus valley-Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis ( Colossians 1:2;  Colossians 2:1)-the Church of Troas ( Acts 20:6-12), and the Churches of the Apocalypse ( Revelation 1:11), in the province of ‘Asia,’ so he reckons the Churches founded by St. Paul in Lycaonia and Eastern Phrygia as belonging to the province of ‘Galatia.’

In  2 Timothy 4:10 the Revised Versionhas ‘Gaul’ as a marginal alternative to ‘Galatia.’ א and C actually read Γαλλία instead of Γαλατία, and, besides, the latter word was often applied by Greek writers to European Gaul. If it could be assumed that St. Paul was able to carry out his purpose of going westward to evangelize Spain, he might be supposed to have visited Southern Gaul en route , and Crescens might afterwards have gone to this region. Eusebius ( HE [Note: E Historia Ecclesiastica (Eusebius, etc.).]iii. 4), Epiphanius ( Haer . li. 11), and Theodoret ( in loco ) certainly understand that Gaul is meant; and the early Christian inhabitants of that country naturally liked to believe that their Church had been founded by an apostolic emissary, if not by an apostle. But they had nothing better to base their belief upon than conjecture, and it is much more likely that the reference is here to Asiatic Galatia, since the other places named in the context-Thessalonica and Dalmatia-are both east, not west, of Rome.

The meaning of Γαλάται in  1 Maccabees 8:2 is disputable. The Revised Versionsays that Judas Maccabaeus (circa, about162 b.c.) ‘heard of the fame of the Romans, that they are valiant men.… And they told him of their wars and exploits which they do among the Gauls,’ etc. A reference to Spain in the next verse might suggest European Gauls, but on the whole it is much more likely that reports of Manlius’s victories over the Celtic invaders of Asia Minor had come to the ear of the Jewish leader.

Literature.-J. Weiss, article‘Kleinasien’ in Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche 3; W. M. Ramsay, article‘Galatia’ in Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols)  ; P. W. Schmiedel, article‘Galatia’ in Encyclopaedia Biblica . The chief contributions to both sides of the Galatian controversy are given by J. Moffatt, Introd. to Literature of the New Testament (Moffatt). , 1911, pp. 90-92. The important monographs of V. Weber- Die Abfassung des Galaterbriefs vor dem Apostelkonzil (1900) and Der heilige Paulus vom Apostelübereinkommen bis zum Apostelkonzil (1901)-are South Galatian, while those of A. Steinmann- Die Abfassungszeit des Galaterbriefes (1906), and Der Leserkreis des Galaterbriefes (1908)-are North Galatian.

James Strahan.

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible [3]

GALATIA is a Greek word, derived from GalatÅ“ , the Gr. name for the Gauls who invaded Asia Minor in the year b.c. 278 7 (Lat. Gallogræci [=‘Greek Gauls’], to distinguish them from their kindred who lived in France and Northern Italy). These Gauls had been ravaging the south-eastern parts of Europe, Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace, and crossed into Asia Minor at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Part of the same southward tendency appears in their movements in Italy and their conflicts with the Romans in the early centuries of the Republic. Those who entered Asia Minor came as a nation with wives and families, not as mercenary soldiers. After some fifty years’ raiding and warring, they found a permanent settlement in north-eastern Phrygia, where the population was un-warlike. Their history down to the time of the Roman Empire is best studied in Ramsay’s Histor. Com. on Galatians , p. 45 ff. They continued throughout these two centuries to be the ruling caste of the district, greatly outnumbered by the native Phrygian population, who, though in many respects an inferior race, had a powerful influence on the religion, customs, and habits of the Gauls, as subject races often have over their conquerors. The earlier sense of the term Galatia is, then, the country occupied by the Gaulish immigrants, the former north-eastern part of Phrygia, and the term GalatÅ“ is used after the occupation to include the subject Phrygians as well as the GalatÅ“ strictly so called ( e.g. 1Ma 8:2 ).

About b.c. 160 the Gauls acquired a portion of Lycaonia on their southern frontier, taking in Iconium and Lystra. About the same time also they had taken in Pessinus in the N. W. These and other expansions they ultimately owed to the support of Rome. From b.c. 64 Galatia was a client state of Rome. At the beginning of that period it was under three rulers; from b.c. 44 it was under one only. Deiotarus, the greatest of the Galatian chiefs, received Armenia Minor from Pompey in b.c. 64. Mark Antony conferred the eastern part of Paphlagonia on Castor as sole Galatian king in b.c. 40, and at the same time gave Amyntas a kingdom comprising Pisidic Phrygia and Pisidia generally. In b.c. 36, Castor’s Galatian dominions and Pamphylia were added to Amyntas’ kingdom. He was also given Iconium and the old Lycaonian tetrarchy, which Antony had formerly given to Polemon. After the battle of Actium in b.c. 31, Octavian conferred on Amyntas the additional country of Cilicia Tracheia. He had thus to keep order for Rome on the south side of the plateau and on the Taurus mountains. He governed by Roman methods, and, when he died in b.c. 25, he left his kingdom in such a state that Augustus resolved to take the greater part of it into the Empire in the stricter sense of that term, and made it into a province which he called Galatia . This is the second sense in which the term Galatia is used in ancient documents, namely, the sphere of duty which included the ethnic districts, Papblagonia, Pontus Galaticus, Galatia (in the original narrower sense), Phrygia Galatica, and Lycaonia Galatica (with ‘the Added Land,’ part of the original Lycaonian tetrarchy). Galatia, as a province, means all these territories together, under one Roman governor, and the inhabitants of such a province, whatever their race, were, in conformity with invariable Roman custom, denominated by a name etymologically connected with the name of the province. Thus GalatÅ“ (‘Galatians’) has a second sense, in conformity with the second sense of the term Galatia: it is used to include all the inhabitants of the province (see the first map in the above-mentioned work of Ramsay).

The word ‘Galatia’ occurs three times in the NT ( 1 Corinthians 16:1 ,   Galatians 1:2 , and   1 Peter 1:1 ). A possible fourth case (  2 Timothy 4:10 ) must be left out of account, as the reading there is doubtful. There is an alternative ‘Gallia,’ which, even if it be not the original, suggests that the word ‘Galatia’ there should be taken in the sense of ‘Gallia’ (that is, France). It is beyond doubt that in the passage of 1Peter the word must be taken in the sense of the province. The bearer of the letter evidently landed at some port on the Black Sea, perhaps Sinope, and visited the provinces in the order in which they appear in the address of the letter: Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, taking ship again at the Black Sea for Rome. The Taurus range of mountains was always conceived of as dividing the peninsula of Asia Minor into two parts, and St. Peter here appears as supervising or advising the whole body of Christians north of the Taurus range. (The effect of taking ‘Galatia’ in the other sense would be to leave out certain Pauline churches, Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch, and perhaps these alone, in all that vast region: which is absurd.) With regard to the two passages in St. Paul, the case is settled by his unvarying usage. It has been noted that he, as a Roman citizen and a statesman, invariably uses geographical terms in the Roman sense, and that he even does violence to the Greek language by forcing the Latin names for ‘Philippians’ (  Philippians 4:15 ) and ‘Illyricum’ (  Romans 15:19 ) into Greek, and passes by the proper Greek term in each case. We are bound, therefore, to believe that he uses ‘Galatia’ in the Roman sense, namely in the meaning of the Roman province as above defined. (This province had, as we have seen, ‘Galatia’ in the narrower and earlier sense as one of its parts.) It follows, therefore, that he uses ‘Galatians’ (  Galatians 3:1 ) also in the wider sense of all (Christian) inhabitants of the province, irrespective of their race, as far as they were known to him.

In order to discover what communities in this vast province are especially addressed by the Apostle in his Epistle, it is necessary to make a critical examination of the only two passages in Acts which afford us a clue ( Acts 16:6;   Acts 18:23 ). It is important to note that St. Luke never uses the term ‘Galatia’ or the term ‘Galatians,’ but only the adjective ‘Galatic’ (  Acts 16:6 ,   Acts 18:23 ). In   Acts 16:6 the rules of the Greek language require us to translate: ‘the Phrygo-Galatic region’ or ‘the region which is both Phrygian and Galatian’; that is, ‘the region which according to one nomenclature is Phrygian, and according to another is Galatian.’ This can be none other than that section of the province Galatia which was known as Phrygia Galatica, and which contained Pisidian Antioch and Iconium, exactly the places we should expect St. Paul and his companions to go to after Derbe and Lystra. In   Acts 18:23 the Greek may be translated either ‘the Galatico-Phrygian region’ or ‘the Galatian region and Phrygia,’ preferably the latter, as it is difficult otherwise to account for the order in the Greek. ‘The Galatian region,’ then, will cover Derbe and Lystra; ‘Phrygia’ will include Iconium and Pisidian Antioch. We conclude then that, whether any other churches are comprised in the address of the Epistle to the Galatians or not, and a negative answer is probably correct, the churches of Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch are included. There is not a scrap of evidence that St. Paul had visited any other cities in that great province.

A. Souter.

Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary [4]

a province of the Lesser Asia, bounded on the west by Phrygia, on the east by the river Haylys, on the north by Paphlagonia, and on the south by Lycaonia. The Galatians are said to have been descended from those Gauls, who, finding their own country too strait for them, left it, after the death of Alexander the Great, in quest of new settlements. Quitting their own country, they migrated eastward along the Danube till they came where the Saave joins that river; then dividing themselves into three bodies, under the conduct of different leaders, one of these bodies entered Pannonia; another marched into Thrace; a third into Illyricum and Macedonia. The party which proceeded into Thrace crossed the Bosphorus into the Lesser Asia, and hiring themselves to Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, assisted him to subdue his brother Zipetes, with whom he was then at war; and as a reward of their services they received from him a country in the middle of Asia Minor, which from them was afterward called

Gallo- Graecia, and, by contraction, Galatia. As their inland situation in a great measure cut them off from all intercourse with more civilized nations, the Galatians long remained a rude and illiterate people. And as a proof of this, it is mentioned by Jerom, that when the Apostle Paul preached the Gospel among them, and for many ages afterward, they continued to speak the language of the country from whence they came out.

2. Paul and Barnabas carried the light of the Gospel into the regions of Galatia at a very early period; and it appears from the epistle which the former subsequently wrote to the churches in that country, that they had at first received it with great joy,   Galatians 4:15 . But some Judaizing teachers getting access among them soon after the Apostle's departure, their minds became corrupted from the simplicity that was in Christ Jesus; and, though mostly Gentiles, they were beginning to mingle circumcision, and other Jewish observances, with their faith in Christ, in order to render it more available to their salvation. This occasioned Paul's writing his epistle to those churches; and his object throughout nearly the whole of it is to counteract the pernicious influence of the doctrine of those false teachers, particularly as it respected the article of justification, or a sinner's acceptance with God. And in no part of the Apostle's writings is that important doctrine handled in a more full and explicit manner; nor does he any where display such a firm, determined, and inflexible opposition to all who would corrupt the truth from its simplicity. He begins by expressing his astonishment that they were so soon turned aside "unto another gospel," but instantly checking himself, he recals the word and declares, "it is not another gospel," but a perversion of the Gospel of Christ. "And though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed." There are in his epistle several other things equally pointed and severe, particularly his expostulation on the folly and absurdity of their conduct in subjecting themselves to the Jewish yoke of bondage,  Galatians 3:1 . "The erroneous doctrines of the Judaizing teachers." says Dr. Macknight, "and the calumnies their spread for the purpose of discrediting St. Paul's apostleship, no doubt occasioned great uneasiness of mind to him and to the faithful in that age, and did much hurt, at least for a while, among the Galatians. But in the issue these evils have proved of no small service to the church in general; for by obliging the Apostle to produce the evidences of his apostleship, and to relate the history of his life, especially after his conversion, we have obtained the fullest assurance of his being a real Apostle, called to the office by Jesus Christ himself; consequently we are assured that our faith in the doctrines of the Gospel, as taught by him, (and it is he who hath taught the peculiar doctrines of the Gospel most fully,) is not built on the credit of a man, but on the authority of the Spirit of God, by whom St. Paul was inspired in the whole of the doctrine which he has delivered to the world."

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary [5]

A province of Asia Minor, lying south and southeast of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, west of Pontus, north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northwest of Cappadocia, and north and northeast of Lycaonia and Phrygia. Its name was derived from the Gauls; of whom two tribes, (Trocmi and Tolistoboii,) migrated thither after the sacking of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabitants, the whole were called Gallogracci, B. C. 280. The Celtic language continued to be spoken by their descendants at least until the time of Jerome, six hundred years after the migration; and these Gauls of Asia also retained much of the mercurial and impulsive disposition of the Gallic race. Compare  Galatians 1:6   4:15   5:7 . Under Augustus, about B. C. 26, this country was reduced to the form of a Roman province, and was governed by a proprietor. Galatia was distinguished for the fertility of its soil and the flourishing state of its trade. It was also the seat of colonies from various nations, among whom were many Jews; and from all of these Paul appears to have made many converts to Christianity,  1 Corinthians 16:1 . His first visit,  Acts 16:6 , probably took place about A. D. 51-2; and the second,  Acts 18:28 , after which his epistle to the Galatians appears to have been written, was several years later. At his first visit he was sick; yet they received him "as an angel of God," and most heartily embraced the gospel. Four or five years afterwards Jewish teachers, professing Christianity, came among them; they denied Paul's apostolic authority, exalted the works of the law, and perverted the true gospel by intermixing with it the rites of Judaism. Paul, learning their state, probably at Corinth, A. D. 57-8, wrote his epistle to the Galatians. He indignantly rebukes his children in Christ for their sudden alienation from him and from the truth; vindicates his authority and his teachings as an apostle, by showing that he received them from Christ himself; and forcibly presents the great doctrine of Christianity, justification by faith, with its relations to the law on the one hand, and to holy living on the other. The general subject of the epistle is the same as of the epistle to the Romans, and it appears to have been written at about the same time with that. The churches of Galatia are mentioned in ecclesiastical history for about nine hundred years.

Fausset's Bible Dictionary [6]

Galati is the same as Celts, of the Kymric not the Gaelic branch. These poured into Greece and pillaged Delphi 280 B.C. Some passed into Asia at the invitation of Nicomedes I, king of Bithynia, to help him in a civil war. There they settled, namely, the Trocmi, Tolistoboii, and Tectosages (from Toulouse), and made inroads far and wide, but were checked by Antiochus I. of Syria, hence called Soter (Savior), and Attahs I of Pergamus, hence, designating himself "king." Then they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. Galatia lay in the center of Asia Minor, the province "Asia" on the W., Cappadocia on the E., Pamphylia and Cilicia on the S., and Bithynia and Pontus N. Ancyra (now Angora) was their capital; Tavium and Pessinus were leading cities.

Their language was partly Gallic, partly Greek, hence they were called Gallo-Graeci. The inscriptions at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul's epistle is in Greek. Paul founded several "churches" in the Galatian region, not residing for long in one place and forming a central church, as at Ephesus and Corinth ( Galatians 1:2;  1 Corinthians 16:1;  Acts 16:6). His first visit was about A.D. 51, during his second missionary journey. Sickness detained him among them, and he turned it to good account by becoming the first preacher of the gospel to them ( Acts 16:6;  Galatians 1:8;  Galatians 4:13). "On account of infirmity of flesh I preached unto you at the first" (so the Greek is). At his subsequent visit ( Acts 18:23) he "strengthened" them in the faith.

Morrish Bible Dictionary [7]

A large district in the centre of Asia Minor, having Bithynia on its north, Pontus on its east, Lycaonia and Cappadocia on its south, and Phrygia on its west. The inhabitants, being emigrants from Gaul, were called the Galli or Gauls of the East. They settled themselves in Asia Minor, and being restless and warlike they became a scourge to their neighbours. When restrained, they hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers. They were brought under the power of Rome, and eventually Galatia became a Roman province.

Paul travelled through Galatia twice and churches (in the plural) were formed there. To these his Epistle was addressed.  Galatians 1:2 . It is not known at what towns these churches were gathered. Though the inhabitants were principally Gentiles, we learn from  1 Peter 1:1 that there were Jews there also.   Acts 16:6;  Acts 18:23;  1 Corinthians 16:1;  2 Timothy 4:10 . The inhabitants were addressed as GALATIANS.  Galatians 3:1 .

People's Dictionary of the Bible [8]

Galatia (Ga-Lâ'Shĭ-Ah ). A central province of Asia Minor, subject to the Roman rule, bounded by Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the north, Pontus on the east, Cappadocia and Lycaonia on the south, and Phrygia on the west. The country is chiefly high tableland between the two rivers Halys and Sangarius. The Galatians were originally Gauls or Celts who 800 years before Christ moved from the regions of the Rhine back toward the east, and there mingled with Greeks and Jews. Galatia was a part of Paul's missionary field. He visited it once with Silas and Timothy,  Acts 16:6; again, on his third tour, he "went over All the country of Galatia,"  Acts 18:23, and received a collection for the saints from its churches.  1 Corinthians 16:1. Crescens also appears to have been sent there near the close of Paul's life.  2 Timothy 4:10. See Rice on Acts.

Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary [9]

A province in Asia Minor. Here the apostle Paul preached, and it should seem that the apostle Peter had done the same, for he directs his first Epistle to the Jews scattered there. Here there were several churches, for Paul expressly sends his Epistle to the churches of Galatia. It should seem by the account which we have, ( Acts 16:6 and again,  Acts 18:23) that Paul laboured personally with the Galatians, at two different periods, if not oftener. The church of Christ finds cause to bless God for having directed Paul's mind to this people, which gave rise to this most blessed Epistle. The plan of justification by Christ is so plainly and beautifully set forth in that Epistle, that we have daily reason to adore the riches of grace for the mercy. Neither is it probable, that the church would have known the history of Sarah and Hagar, to have been a type and allegory of the covenants, had not that Scripture said so.

Easton's Bible Dictionary [10]

This province of Galatia, within the limits of which these Celtic tribes were confined, was the central region of Asia Minor.

During his second missionary journey Paul, accompanied by Silas and Timothy ( Acts 16:6 ), visited the "region of Galatia," where he was detained by sickness ( Galatians 4:13 ), and had thus the longer opportunity of preaching to them the gospel. On his third journey he went over "all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order" ( Acts 18:23 ). Crescens was sent thither by Paul toward the close of his life ( 2 Timothy 4:10 ).

Holman Bible Dictionary [11]

 Acts 16:6 Acts 18:23 1 Corinthians 16:1 2 Timothy 4:10 1 Peter 1:1

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature [12]

(Γαλατία, also [ Acts 16:6;  Acts 18:23 ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα ), an important central district of Asia Minor (q.v.).

Galatia is literally the "Gallia" of the East. Roman writers call its inhabitants Galli, just as Greek writers call the inhabitants of ancient France Γάλαται (see Pritchard, Nat. Hist. Of Man, 3:95). From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks (Pausan. 1:4), Galatia was also called Gallo-Graecia (Γαλλογραικία, Strabo, 12:5), and its inhabitants Gallo- Graeci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language (Pol. Ad Comment. In Ep. Ad Gal.; De Wette's Lehrbuch, page 231). In  2 Timothy 4:10, some commentators suppose Western Gaul to be meant, and several MSS. have Γαλλίαν instead of Γαλατίαν. In  1 Maccabees 8:2, where Judas Maccabaeus is hearing the story of the prowess of the Romans in conquering the Γάλαται , it is possible to interpret the passage either of the Eastern or Western Gauls; for the subjugation of Spain by the Romans, and the defeat of Antiochus, king of Asia, are mentioned in the same context. Again, Γάλαται is the same word with Κέλται; and the Galatians were in their origin a stream of that great Celtic torrent (apparently Kymry, and not Gael) which poured into Macedonia about B.C. 280 (Strabo, 4:187; 12:566; Livy, 38:16; Flor. 2:11; Justin, 25:2; Appian, Syr. 32:42).

Some of these invaders moved on into Thrace, and appeared on the shores of the Hellespont and Bosporus, when Nicomedes I, king of Bithynia, being then engaged in a civil war, invited thelm across into Asia Minor to assist him against his brother, Zyboetas (Memnon, ap. Phot. Cod. 224, page 374), B.C. cir. 270. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. Antiochus I, king of Syria, took his title of Soter in consequence of his victory over them. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus I, king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory within the general geographical limits, to which the name of Galatia was permanently given. The Galatians still found vent for their restlessness and love of war by hiring themselves out as mercenary soldiers. This is doubtless the explanation -of  2 Maccabees 8:20, which refers to some struggle of the Seleucid princes in which both Jews and Galatians were engaged. In Josephus (War, 1:20, 3) we find some of the latter, who had been in Cleopatra's body- guard, acting in the same character for Herod the Great. Meanwhile the wars had been taking place which brought all the countries round the east of the Mediterranean within the range of the Raman power. The Galatians fought on the side of Antiochus at Magnesia. In the Mithridatic war they fought on both sides. Of the three principal tribes (Strabo, 13:429), the Trocmi (Τρόκμοι ) settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages (Τεκτόσαγες) in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii (Τολιστοβόγιοι ) in the south-western parts near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year B.C. 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the proconsul Cn. Manlius (Livy, 38: Polyb. 22:24); though still governed by their own princes. Their government was originally republican (Pliny, 5:42), but at length regal (Strabo, 12:390), Deiotarus being their first king (Cicero, Pro Deiot. 13), and the last Amyntas (Dio Cass. 49:32), at whose death, in the year B.C. 25, Galatia became a province under the empire (see Ritter, Erdkunde, 18:597-610).

The Roman province of Galatia may be roughly described as the central region of the peninsula of Asia Minor, with: the provinces of Asia on the west, Cappadocia on the east, Pamphylia and Cilicia on the south, and Bithynia and Pontus on the north (Strabo, 12:566; Pliny, 5:42; Ammian. Marcell. 25:10). It would be difficult to define the exact limits. In fact, they were frequently changing. (See Smith's Dict. of Class. Geogr. s.v.) Under the successors of Augustus, the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged that it reached from the shores of the Euxine to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of Constantine a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius I, or Valens, it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda, or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter. Thus at one time there is no doubt that this province contained Pisidia and Lycaonia, and therefore those towns of Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, which are conspicuous in the narrative of Paul's travels. But the characteristic part of Galatia lay northward from those districts. On the mountainous (Flor. 2:12), but fruitful (Strabo, 12:567) table-land between the Sangarius and the Halys, the Galatians were still settled in their three tribes, the Tectosages, the Tolistobogii, and the Trocmi, the first of which is identical in name with a tribe familiar to us in the history of Gaul, as distributed over the Cevennes near Toulouse (Caesar, Bell. Gall. 4:24; comp. Jablonsky, De lingua Lycaonica, page 23 sq.). The three capitals were respectively Tavium, Pessinus, and Ancyra. The last of these (the modern Angora) was the centre of the roads of the district, and may be regarded as the metropolis of the Galatians. These Eastern Gauls preserved much of their ancient character, and something of their ancient language. At least Jerome says that in his day the same language might be heard at Ancyra as at Treves: and he is a good witness, for he himself had been at Treves. The prevailing speech, however, of the district was Greek (Livy, 37:8; 38:12; Flor. 2:11; see Spanheim, ad Callim. Del. 184). Hence the Galatians were called Gallograeci (Manlius in Livy, 38:17). The inscriptions found at Ancyra are Greek, and Paul wrote his epistle in Greek. (See Penny Cyclopepdia, s.v. Celtse, Galatia; Mannert's Geographie der Griechen und Romer, 6:3, ch. 4; Merleker's Lehrbuch der Historischcomnparativen Geographie, 4:1, page 284.)

It is difficult, at first sight, to determine in what sense the word Galatia is used by the writers of the N.T., or whether always in the same sense. In the Acts of the Apostles the journeys of Paul through the district are mentioned in very general terms. We are simply told ( Acts 16:6) that on his second missionary circuit he went with Silas and Timotheus "through Phrygia and the region of Galatia" ( διὰ τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν). From the Epistle, indeed, we have this supplementary information, that an attack of sickness (Δἰ Ἀσθένειαν Τῆς Σακρός,  Galatians 4:13) detained him among the Galatians, and gave him the opportunity of preaching the Gospel to them, and also that he was received by them with extraordinary fervor (2:14,15); but this does not inform us of the route which he took. So on the third circuit he is described ( Acts 18:23) as "going over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order" (Διερχόμενος καθεξῆς τὴς Γαλατικὴν χώραν καὶ Φρυγίαν). We know from the first Epistle to the Corinthians that on this journey Paul was occupied with the collection for the poor Christians of Judaea, and that he gave instructions in Galatia on the subject (é σπερ διέταξα ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Γαλατίας ,  1 Corinthians 16:1); but here again we are in doubt as to the places which-he had visited. We observe that the "churches" of Galatia are mentioned here in the plural, as in the opening of the Epistle to the Galatians themselves ( Galatians 1:2). From this we should be inclined to infer that he visited several parts of the district, instead of residing a long time in one place, so as to form a great central church, as at Ephesus and Corinth. This is in harmony with the phrase ἡ Γαλατικὴ χώρα, used in both instances. Since Phrygia is mentioned first in one case, and second in the other, we should suppose that the order of the journey was different on the two occasions. Phrygia also being not the name of a Roman province, but simply an ethnographical term, it is natural to conclude that Galatia is used here by Luke in the same general way. In confirmation of his view, it is worth while to notice that in  Acts 2:9-10, where the enumeration is ethnographical rather than political, Phrygia is mentioned, and not Galatia, while the exact contrary is the case in  1 Peter 1:1-2, where each geographical term is the name of a province (see Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epistles of St. Paud, 1:243).

The Epistle to the Galatians was probably written very soon after Paul's second visit to them. Its abruptness and severity, and the sadness of its tone, are caused by their sudden perversion from the doctrine which the apostle had taught them, and which at first they had received so willingly. It is no fancy if we see in this fickleness a specimen of that "impetuous, mobile, impressible spirit" which Thierry marks as characteristic of the Gaulish race (Hist. des Gaulois, Introd. 4, 5). From Josephus (Ant. 16:6, 2) we know that many Jews were settled in Galatia, but  Galatians 4:8 would lead us to suppose that Paul's converts were mostly Gentiles. The view advocated by Bottger (Schauplatz Der Wirksarnkeit Des Apostels Paulus, pages 28-30, and the third of his Beitrbiqe, pages 1-5) is that the Galatia of the Epistle is entirely limited to the district between Derbe and Colossae, i.e. the extreme southern frontier of the Roman province. On this view the visit alluded to by the apostle took place on his first missionary circuit, and the ἀσθένεια of  Galatians 4:13 is identified with the effects of the stoning at Lystra ( Acts 14:19). Geographically this is not impossible, though it seems unlikely that regions called Pisidia and Lycaonia in one place should be called Galatia in another. Bottger's geography, however, is connected with a theory concerning the date of the Epistle (see Rü ckert, in his [Magaz. fü r Exegese, 1:98 sq.), and for the determination of this point we must refer to the article on the (See The Epistle To The Galatians). (See Schmidt, De Galatis [Ilfeld. 1748, 1784]; Mynster, Kleine theol Schrfft. page 60 sq.; Cellarii Notit. 2:173 sq.; Forbiger, Alte Geoq. 2:361 sq.; Hofmann, De Galatia Antiqua [Lips. 1726]; Wernsdorf, De republ. Galatar. [Norimb. 1743]; Hamilton, Asia Minor, 1:379).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [13]

ga -lā´shi -a , ga -lā´sha ( Γαλατία , Galatı́a ):

I. Introductory

1. Two Senses of Name

(1) Geographical

(2) Political

2. Questions to Be Answered

II. Origin of Name

1. The Gaulish Kingdom

2. Transference to Rome

3. The Roman Province

III. The Narrative of Luke

1. Stages of Evangelization of Province

2. The Churches Mentioned

IV. Paul's Use of "Galatians"

I. Introductory

1. Two Senses of Name

"Galatia" was a name used in two different senses during the 1st century after Christ:

(1) Geographical

To designate a country in the north part of the central plateau of Asia Minor, touching Paphlagonia and Bithynia North, Phrygia West and South, Cappadocia and Pontus Southeast and East, about the headwaters of the Sangarios and the middle course of the Halys;

(2) Political

To designate a large province of the Roman empire, including not merely the country Galatia, but also Paphlagonia and parts of Pontus, Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The name occurs in  1 Corinthians 16:1;  Galatians 1:2;  1 Peter 1:1 , and perhaps  2 Timothy 4:10 . Some writers assume that Galatia is also mentioned in  Acts 16:6;  Acts 18:23; but the Greek there has the phrase "Galatic region" or "territory," though the English Versions of the Bible has "Galatia"; and it must not be assumed without proof that "Galatic region" is synonymous with "Galatia." If e.g. a modern narrative mentioned that a traveler crossed British territory, we know that this means something quite different from crossing Britain. "Galatic region" has a different connotation from "Galatia"; and, even if we should find that geographically it was equivalent, the writer had some reason for using that special form.

2. Questions to Be Answered

The questions that have to be answered are: ( a ) In which of the two senses is "Galatia" used by Paul and Peter? ( b ) What did Luke mean by Galatic region or territory? These questions have not merely geographical import; they bear most closely, and exercise determining influence, on many points in the biography, chronology, missionary work and methods of Paul.

II. Origin of the Name "Galatia"

1. The Gaulish Kingdom

The name was introduced into Asia after 278-277 bc, when a large body of migrating Gauls ( Galátai in Greek) crossed over from Europe at the invitation of Nikomedes, king of Bithynia; after ravaging a great part of Western Asia Minor they were gradually confined to a district, and boundaries were fixed for them after 232 bc. Thus, originated the independent state of Galatia, inhabited by three Gaulish tribes, Tolistobogioi, Tektosages and Trokmoi, with three city-centers, Pessinus, Ankyra and Tavia (Tavion in Strabo), who had brought their wives and families with them, and therefore continued to be a distinct Gaulish race and stock (which would have been impossible if they had come as simple warriors who took wives from the conquered inhabitants). The Gaulish language was apparently imposed on all the old inhabitants, who remained in the country as an inferior caste. The Galatai soon adopted the country religion, alongside of their own; the latter they retained at least as late as the 2nd century after Christ, but it was politically important for them to maintain and exercise the powers of the old priesthood, as at Pessinus, where the Galatai shared the office with the old priestly families.

2. Transference to Rome

The Galatian state of the three Tribes lasted till 25 bc, governed first by a council and by tetrarchs, or chiefs of the twelve divisions (four to each tribe) of the people, then, after 63 bc, by three kings. Of these, Deiotaros succeeded in establishing himself as sole king, by murdering the two other tribal kings; and after his death in 40 bc his power passed to Castor and then to Amyntas, 36-25 bc. Amyntas bequeathed his kingdom to Rome; and it was made a Roman province (Dion Cass. 48, 33, 5; Strabo, 567, omits Castor). Amyntas had ruled also parts of Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. The new province included these parts, and to it were added Paphlagonia 6 bc, part of Pontus 2 bc (called Pontus Galaticus in distinction from Eastern Pontus, which was governed by King Polemon and styled Polemoniacus), and in 64 also Pontus Polemoniacus. Part of Lycaonia was non-Roman and was governed by King Antiochus; from 41 to 72 ad Laranda belonged to this district, which was distinguished as Antiochiana regio from the Roman region Lycaonia called Galatica .

3. The Roman Province

This large province was divided into regiones for administrative purposes; and the regiones coincided roughly with the old national divisions Pisidia, Phrygia (including Antioch, Iconium, Apollonia), Lycaonia (including Derbe, Lystra and a district organized on the village-system), etc. See Calder in Journal of Roman Studies , 1912. This province was called by the Romans Galatia, as being the kingdom of Amyntas (just like the province Asia, which also consisted of a number of different countries as diverse and alien as those of province Galatia, and was so called because the Romans popularly and loosely spoke of the kings of that congeries of countries as kings of Asia). The extent of both names, Asia and Galatia, in Roman language, varied with the varying bounds of each province. The name "Galatia" is used to indicate the province, as it was at the moment, by Ptolemy, Pliny v.146, Tacitus Hist . ii.9; Ann . xiii. 35; later chroniclers, Syncellus, Eutropius, and Hist. Aug. Max. et Balb . 7 (who derived it from earlier authorities, and used it in the old sense, not the sense customary in their own time); and in inscriptions CIL , III, 254, 272 ( Eph. Ep . v.51); VI, 1408, 1409, 332; VIII, 11028 (Mommsen rightly, not Schmidt), 18270, etc. It will be observed that these are almost all Roman sources, and (as we shall see) express a purely Roman view. If Paul used the name "Galatia" to indicate the province, this would show that he consistently and naturally took a Roman view, used names in a Roman connotation, and grouped his churches according to Roman provincial divisions; but that is characteristic of the apostle, who looked forward from Asia to Rome ( Acts 19:21 ), aimed at imperial conquest and marched across the Empire from province to province (Macedonia, Achaia, Asia are always provinces to Paul). On the other hand, in the East and the Greco-Asiatic world, the tendency was to speak of the province either as the Galatic Eparchia (as at Iconium in 54 ad, CIG , 3991), or by enumeration of its regiones (or a selection of the regiones ). The latter method is followed in a number of inscriptions found in the province ( CIL , III, passim ). Now let us apply these contemporary facts to the interpretation of the narrative of Luke.

III. The Narrative of Luke

1. Stages of Evangelization of Province

The evangelization of the province began in  Acts 13:14 . The stages are: (1) The audience in the synagogue,  Acts 13:42 f; (2) almost the whole city,   Acts 13:44; (3) The whole region, i.e. a large district which was affected from the capital (as the whole of Asia was affected from Ephesus  Acts 19:10 ); (4) Iconium another city of this region: in  Acts 13:51 no boundary is mentioned; (5) a new region Lycaonia with two cities and surrounding district (  Acts 14:6 ); (6) return journey to organize the churches in ( a ) Lystra, ( b ) Iconium and Antioch (the secondary reading of Westcott and Hort, (καὶ εἰς Ἰκόνιον καὶ Ἀντιόχειαν , kaı́ eis Ikónion kaı́ Antiócheian ), is right, distinguishing the two regions ( a ) Lycaonia, ( b ) that of Iconium and Antioch); (7) progress across the region Pisidia, where no churches were founded (Pisidian Antioch is not in this region, which lies between Antioch and Pamphylia).

Again (in  Acts 16:1-6 ) Paul revisited the two regiones  : (1) Derbe and Lystra, i.e. regio Lycaonia Galatica , (2) The Phrygian and Galatic region, i.e. the region which was racially Phrygian and politically Galatic. Paul traversed both regions, making no new churches but only strengthening the existing disciples and churches. In  Acts 18:23 he again revisited the two regiones, and they are briefly enumerated: (1) The Galatic region (so called briefly by a traveler, who had just traversed Antiochiana and distinguished Galatica from it); (2) Phrygia. On this occasion he specially appealed, not to churches as in   Acts 16:6 , but to disciples; it was a final visit and intended to reach personally every individual, before Paul went away to Rome and the West. On this occasion the contribution to the poor of Jerusalem was instituted, and the proceeds later were carried by Timothy and Gaius of Derbe ( Acts 20:4;  Acts 24:17;  1 Corinthians 16:1 ); this was a device to bind the new churches to the original center of the faith.

2. The Churches Mentioned

These four churches are mentioned by Luke always as belonging to two regiones , Phrygia and Lycaoma; and each region is in one case described as Galatic, i.e. part of the province Galatia. Luke did not follow the Roman custom, as Paul did; he kept the custom of the Greeks and Asiatic peoples, and styled the province by enumerating its regiones , using the expression Galatic (as in Pontus Galaticus and at Iconium, CIG , 3991) to indicate the supreme unity of the province. By using this adjective about both regiones he marked his point of view that all four churches are included in the provincial unity.

From Paul's references we gather that he regarded the churches of Galatia as one group, converted together ( Galatians 4:13 ), exposed to the same influences and changing together ( Galatians 1:6 ,  Galatians 1:8;  Galatians 3:1;  Galatians 4:9 ), naturally visited at one time by a traveler ( Galatians 1:8;  Galatians 4:14 ). He never thinks of churches of Phrygia or of Lycaonia; only of province Galatia (as of provinces Asia, Macedonia, Achaia). Paul did not include in one class all the churches of one journey: he went direct from Macedonia to Athens and Corinth, but classes the churches of Macedonia separate from those of Achaia. Troas and Laodicea and Colosse he classed with Asia (as Luke did Troas  Acts 20:4 ), Philippi with Macedonia, Corinth with Achaia. These classifications are true only of the Roman usage, not of early Greek usage. The custom of classifying according to provinces, universal in the fully formed church of the Christian age, was derived from the usage of the apostles (as Theodore Mopsuestia expressly asserts in his Commentary on First Timothy (Swete, II, 121); Harnack accepts this part of the statement ( Verbreitung , 2nd edition, I, 387; Expansion , II, 96)). His churches then belonged to the four provinces, Asia, Galatia, Achaia, Macedonia. There were no other Pauline churches; all united in the gift of money which was carried to Jerusalem ( Acts 20:4;  Acts 24:17 ).

IV. Paul's Use of "Galatians"

The people of the province of Galatia, consisting of many diverse races, when summed up together, were called Galatai, by Tacitus, Ann. xv.6; Syncellus, when he says (Αὐγοῦστος Γαλάταις φόρους ἔθετο , Augoústos Galátais phórous étheto ), follows an older historian describing the imposing of taxes on the province; and an inscription of Apollonia Phrygiae calls the people of the city Galatae (Lebas-Waddington, 1192). If Paul spoke to Philippi or Corinth or Antioch singly, he addressed them as Philippians, Corinthians, Antiochians ( Philippians 4:15;  2 Corinthians 6:11 ), not as Macedonians or Achaians; but when he had to address a group of several churches (as Antioch, Iconium, Derbe and Lystra) he could use only the provincial unity, Galatae.

All attempts to find in Paul's letter to the Galatians any allusions that specially suit the character of the Gauls or Galatae have failed. The Gauls were an aristocracy in a land which they had conquered. They clung stubbornly to their own Celtic religion long after the time of Paul, even though they also acknowledged the power of the old goddess of the country. They spoke their own Celtic tongue. They were proud, even boastful, and independent. They kept their native law under the Empire. The "Galatians" to whom Paul wrote had Changed very quickly to a new form of religion, not from fickleness, but from a certain proneness to a more oriental form of religion which exacted of them more sacrifice of a ritual type. They needed to be called to freedom; they were submissive rather than arrogant. They spoke Greek. They were accustomed to the Greco-Asiatic law: the law of adoption and inheritance which Paul mentions in his letter is not Roman, but Greco-Asiatic, which in these departments was similar, with some differences; on this see the writer's Historical Commentary on Galatians .

Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature [14]

Gala´tia, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the south by Lycaonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappidocia, and on the west by Phrygia and Bithynia. It derived its name from the Gallic or Keltic tribes who, about 280 years B.C., made an eruption into Macedonia and Thrace. At the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, they passed over the Hellespont to assist that prince against his brother Ziboeta. Having accomplished this object, they were unwilling to retrace their steps; and, strengthened by the accession of fresh hordes from Europe, they overran Bithynia and the neighboring countries, and supported themselves by predatory excursions, or by imposts exacted from the native chiefs. After the lapse of forty years, Attalus I, king of Pergamus, succeeded in checking their nomadic habits, and confined them to a fixed territory, Of the three principal tribes, the Trocmi settled in the eastern part of Galatia, near the banks of the Halys; the Tectosages in the country round Ancyra; and the Tolistobogii in the south-western parts, near Pessinus. They retained their independence till the year B.C. 189, when they were brought under the power of Rome by the consul Cn. Manlius, though still governed by their own princes. In the year B.C. 25Galatia became a Roman province. Under the successors of Augustus the boundaries of Galatia were so much enlarged, that it reached from the shores of the Euxine to the Pisidian Taurus. In the time of Constantine a new division was made, which reduced it to its ancient limits; and by Theodosius I or Valens it was separated into Galatia Prima, the northern part, occupied by the Trocmi and Tectosages, and Galatia Secunda or Salutaris: Ancyra was the capital of the former, and Pessinus of the latter.

From the intermixture of Gauls and Greeks, Galatia was also called Gallo-Græcia, and its inhabitants Gallo-Græci. But even in Jerome's time they had not lost their native language.

The Gospel was introduced into this province by the Apostle Paul. His first visit is recorded in , and his second in .

The Nuttall Encyclopedia [15]

A high-lying Roman province in Asia Minor that had been invaded and taken possession of by a horde of Gauls in the 3rd century B.C., whence the name.

References

  1. ↑ Galatia from Bridgeway Bible Dictionary
  2. ↑ Galatia from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament
  3. ↑ Galatia from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
  4. ↑ Galatia from Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary
  5. ↑ Galatia from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary
  6. ↑ Galatia from Fausset's Bible Dictionary
  7. ↑ Galatia from Morrish Bible Dictionary
  8. ↑ Galatia from People's Dictionary of the Bible
  9. ↑ Galatia from Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary
  10. ↑ Galatia from Easton's Bible Dictionary
  11. ↑ Galatia from Holman Bible Dictionary
  12. ↑ Galatia from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
  13. ↑ Galatia from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
  14. ↑ Galatia from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature
  15. ↑ Galatia from The Nuttall Encyclopedia
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