386,926
edits
Difference between revisions of "Palestine"
From BiblePortal Wikipedia
no edit summary
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18918" /> == | == Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18918" /> == | ||
<p> [[Palestine]] is the name commonly used for the land that in ancient times was known as Canaan. When the [[Israelites]] first occupied Canaan, they met some of their strongest opposition from the Philistines, the people from whom Palestine takes its name (see | <p> [[Palestine]] is the name commonly used for the land that in ancient times was known as Canaan. When the [[Israelites]] first occupied Canaan, they met some of their strongest opposition from the Philistines, the people from whom Palestine takes its name (see [[Canaan;]] [[Philistia).]] The natural boundaries of the land were the [[Mediterranean]] Sea in the west, the [[Jordan]] River in the east, the [[Lebanon]] [[Range]] in the north and the [[Sinai]] Desert in the south. </p> <p> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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% </p> | ||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_56829" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_56829" /> == | ||
< | |||
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_36962" /> == | == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_36962" /> == | ||
< | |||
== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_74342" /> == | == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_74342" /> == | ||
<p> Pal'estine. (land of strangers). These two forms, [Palesti'na and Pal'estine], occur in the Authorized Version, but four times in all, always in poetical passages; the first in Exodus 15:14 and Isaiah 14:29, the second in Joel 3:4. In each case, the Hebrew is Pelesheth, a word found, besides the above, only in Psalms 60:8; Psalms 83:7; Psalms 87:4 and Psalms 108:9. In all of which, our translators have rendered as "Philistia" or "Philistines." Palestine, in the Authorized Version, really means nothing, but Philistia. The original Hebrew word, Pelesheth, to the Hebrews signified merely the long and broad strip of maritime plain inhabited by their encroaching neighbors; nor does it appear that, at first, it signified more to the Greeks. </p> <p> As lying next the sea, and as being also the high road from Egypt to [[Phoenicia]] and the richer regions, take note of it, but the Philistine plain became sooner known to the western world than the country farther inland, and was called by them, Syria | <p> '''Pal'estine.''' ''(land of strangers).'' These two forms, ['''Palesti'na''' and '''Pal'estine''' ], occur in the Authorized Version, but four times in all, always in poetical passages; the first in Exodus 15:14 and Isaiah 14:29, the second in Joel 3:4. In each case, the Hebrew is '''Pelesheth''' , a word found, besides the above, only in Psalms 60:8; Psalms 83:7; Psalms 87:4 and Psalms 108:9. In all of which, our translators have rendered as "Philistia" or "Philistines." Palestine, in the Authorized Version, really means nothing, but Philistia. The original Hebrew word, '''Pelesheth''' , to the Hebrews signified merely the long and broad strip of maritime plain inhabited by their encroaching neighbors; nor does it appear that, at first, it signified more to the Greeks. </p> <p> As lying next the sea, and as being also the high road from Egypt to [[Phoenicia]] and the richer regions, take note of it, but the Philistine plain became sooner known to the western world than the country farther inland, and was called by them, '''Syria Palestina''' (Philistine Syria). From thence, it was gradually extended to the country farther inland, till in the Roman and later Greek authors, both heathen sad Christian, it became the usual appellation for the whole country of the Jews, both west and east of Jordan. The word is now so commonly employed, in our more familiar language, to destinate the whole country of Israel that, although biblically a misnomer, it has been chosen here as the most convenient heading under which to give a general description of '''The Holy Land''' , embracing those points which have not been treated under the separate headings of cities or tribes. </p> <p> This description will most conveniently divide itself Into three sections: - [[''I.]] '' '''The Names''' applied to the country of Israel in the Bible and elsewhere. [[''Ii.]] '' '''The Land''' ; its situation, aspect, climb, physical characteristics in connection with its history, its structure, botany and natural history. [[''Iii.]] '' '''The History''' of the country is so fully given, under its various headings throughout the work, that it is unnecessary to recapitulate it here. </p> <p> [[''I.]] '' '''The Names''' ''.'' - ''Palestine'' , then, is designated in the Bible by more than one name. During the patriarchal period, the conquest and the age of the Judges, and also where those early periods are referred to in the later literature (as in) Psalms 105:11, it is spoken of as ''"Canaan",'' or more frequently, ''"the land of Canaan",'' meaning thereby, ''the country west of the Jordan'' , as opposed to ''"the land of Gilead",'' on the east. </p> <p> During the monarchy, the name usually, though not frequently, employed is ''"the land of Israel".'' 1 Samuel 13:19. </p> <p> Between the captivity and the time of our Lord, the name ''"Judea"'' had extended itself, from the southern portion, to the whole of the country, and even that beyond the Jordan. Matthew 19:1; Mark 10:1. </p> <p> The Roman division of the country hardly coincided with the biblical one, and it does not appear that the Romans had any distinct name for that which we understand by Palestine. </p> <p> Soon after the Christian era, we find the name ''"Palestina"'' in possession of the country. </p> <p> The name most frequently used throughout the middle ages, and down to our own time, is '''Terra Sancta''' - '''The Holy Land.''' </p> <p> [[''Ii.]] '' '''The Land''' ''.'' - The Holy Land is not, in size or physical characteristics, proportioned to its moral and historical position as the theatre of the most momentous events in the world's history. It is but a strip of country about the size of Wales, less than 140 miles in length and barely 40 miles in average breadth, on the very frontier of the East, hemmed in between the Mediterranean Sea, on the one hand, and the enormous trench of the Jordan valley, on the other, by which it is effectually cut off from the mainland of Asia behind it. On the north, it is shut in by the high ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, and by the chasm of the Litany. On the south, it is no less enclosed by the arid and inhospitable deserts of the upper pert of the peninsula of Sinai. </p> <p> '''Its position.''' - Its position on the map of the world - as the world was when the Holy Land first made its appearance in history - is a remarkable one. </p> <p> (a) It was on the very outpost - and the extremist western edge of the East. On the shore of the Mediterranean it stands, as if it had advanced as far as possible toward the west, separated therefrom by that which, when the time arrived, proved to be no barrier, but the readiest medium of communication: the wide waters of the "great sea." Thus, it was open to all the gradual influences of the rising communities of the West, while it was saved from the retrogression and decrepitude, which have ultimately been the doom of all purely eastern states whose connections were limited to the East only. </p> <p> (b) There was, however, one channel, and but one, by which it could reach and be reached by the great Oriental empires. The rivals road by which the two great rivals of the ancient world could approach one another - by which alone, Egypt could get to [[Assyria]] and Assyria to lay along the broad flat strip of coast which formed the maritime portion of the Holy Land, and thence, by the plain of the Lebanon to the Euphrates. </p> <p> (c) After this, the Holy Land became, (like the [[Netherlands]] in Europe), the convenient arena on which, in successive ages, the hostile powers who contended for the empire of the East fought their battles. </p> <p> '''Physical features.''' - Palestine is essentially a mountainous country. Not that if contains independent mountain chains, as in Greece, for example, but that every part of the highland is in greater or less undulation. But it is not only a mountainous country. The mass of hills which occupies the centre of the country is bordered or framed on both sides, east and west, by a broad belt of '''Shefelah''' , or lowland, sunk deep below its own level. The slopes or cliffs, which form, as if it were, the retaining walls of this depression, are furrowed and cleft by the torrent beds, which discharge the waters of the hills, and form the means of communication between the upper and lower level. </p> <p> On the west, this '''Shefelah''' , or lowland, interposes between the mountains and the sea, and is the plain of Philistia and of Sharon. On the east, it is the broad bottom of the Jordan valley, deep down in which rushed the one river of Palestine to its grave in, the Dead Sea. Such is the first general impression of the physiognomy of the land. It is a physiognomy compounded of the three main features already named - the plains, the highland hills, and the torrent beds features, which are marked in the words of its earliest describers, Numbers 13:29; Joshua 11:16; Joshua 12:8, and which must be comprehended by every one who wishes to understand the countrym and the intimate connection existing between its structure and its history. </p> <p> About halfway up the coast, the maritime plain is suddenly interrupted by a long ridge thrown out from the central mass, rising considerably to shove up the general level, and terminating in a bold promontory on the very edge of the Mediterranean. This ridge is ''Mount Carmel'' . On its upper side, the plain, as if to compensate for its temporary displacement, invades the centre of the country, and forms an undulating hollow right across it from the Mediterranean to the Jordan valley. </p> <p> This central '''Shefelah''' , or lowland, which divides, with its broad depression, the mountains of Ephraim from the mountains of Galilee, is the plain of Esdraelon or Jezreel: the great battle-field of Palestine. North of Carmel, the '''Shefelah''' , or lowland resumes its position by the seaside till it is again interrupted, and finally put an end to, by the northern mountains, which push their way out of the sea, ending in the white promontory of the ''Ras Nakhura'' . </p> <p> Above this is the ancient Phoenicia. The country, thus roughly portrayed, is, to all intents and purposes, the whole land of israel. The northern portion is Galilee; the centre is Samaria; and the south is Judea. This is the land of Canaan, which was bestowed on Abraham, - the covenanted home of his descendants. </p> <p> The highland district, surrounded and intersected by its broad '''Shefelah''' , or lowland plains, preserves, from north to south, a remarkably even and horizontal profile. Its average height may betaken as 1600 to 1800 feet above the Mediterranean. It can hardly be denominated a plateau; yet, so evenly is the general level preserved and so thickly do the hills stand behind and between one another, that, when seen from the coast, or the western part of the maritime plain, it has quite the appearance of a wall. This general monotony of profile is however, relieved at intervals, by certain centers of elevation. </p> <p> Between these elevated points runs the watershed of the country, sending off on either hand - to the Jordan valley on the east, and the Mediterranean on the west - the long, tortuous arms of ifs many torrent beds. The valleys, on the two sides of the watershed, differ considerably in character. Those on the east are extremely steep and rugged, while the western valleys are more gradual in their slope. </p> <p> '''Fertility.''' - When the highlands of the country are more closely examined, a considerable difference will be found to exist in the natural condition and appearance of their different portions. The south, as being nearer the arid desert and farther removed from the drainage of the mountains, is drier and less productive than the north. The tract below Hebron, which forms the link between the hills of Judah and the desert, was known to the ancient Hebrews by a term originally derived from its dryness - ''Negeb'' . This was the south country. </p> <p> As the traveller advances north of this tract, there is an improvement; but perhaps no country equally cultivated is more monotonous, bare or uninviting in its aspect than a great part of the highlands of Judah and Benjamin, during the larger portion of the year. The spring covers even those bald gray rocks with verdure and color, and fills the ravines with torrents of rushing water; but in summer and autumn, the look of the country from Hebron up to Bethel is very dreary and desolate. At Jerusalem, this reaches its climax. </p> <p> To the west and northwest of the highlands, where the sea-breezes are felt, there is considerably more vegetation. Hitherto, we have spoken of the central and northern portions of Judea. Its eastern portion - a tract some nine or ten miles in width by about thirty-five miles in length, which intervenes between the centre and the abrupt descent to the Dead Sea - is far more wild and desolate, and that, not for a portion of the year only, but throughout it. This must have been always what it is now - an uninhabited desert, because uninhabitable. </p> <p> No descriptive sketch of this part of the country can be complete which does not allude to the caverns, characteristic of all limestone districts, but here, existing in astonishing numbers. Every hill and ravine is pierced with them, some very large and of curious formation - perhaps partly natural, partly artificial - others mere grottos. Many of them are connected with most important, and interesting events of the ancient history of the country. Especially is this true of the district now under consideration. Machpelah, Makkedah, [[Adullam]] En-gedi, names inseparably connected with the lives, adventures and deaths of Abraham, Joshua, David and other Old [[Testament]] worthies, are all within the small circle of the territory of Judea. </p> <p> The bareness and dryness which prevail more or less in Judea are owing partly to the absence of wood, partly to its proximity to the desert, and partly to a scarcity of water, arising from its distance from the Lebanon. But to this discouraging aspect, there are some important exceptions. The valley of ''Urtas'' , south of Bethlehem, contains springs which, in abundance and excellence, rival even those of ''Nablus'' . The huge "Pools of Solomon" are enough to supply a district for many miles round them; and the cultivation, now going on in that neighborhood, shows what might be done with a soil which required only irrigation, and a moderate amount of labor, to evoke a boundless produce. </p> <p> It is obvious that, in the ancient days of the nation, when Judah and Benjamin possessed the teeming population indicated in the Bible, the condition and aspect of the country must have been very different. Of this, there are, not wanting, sure evidences. There is no country in which the ruined towns bear so large a proportion to those still existing. [[Hardly]] a hill-top of the many within sight that is not covered with vestiges of some fortress or city. But, besides this, forests appear to have stood in many parts of Judea until the repeated invasions and sieges caused their fall; and all this vegetation must have reacted on the moisture of the climate, and, by preserving the water in many a ravine and natural reservoir where now it is rapidly dried by the fierce sun of the early summer, must have influenced, materially , the look and the resources of the country. </p> <p> Advancing northward from Judea, the country, (''Samaria'' ), becomes gradually more open and pleasant. [[Plains]] of good soil occur between the hills, at first, small, but afterward, comparatively large. The hills assume here a more varied aspect than in the southern districts, springs are more abundant and more permanent until at last, when the district of ''Jebel Nablus'' is reached - the ancient ''Mount Ephraim'' - the traveller encounters an atmosphere and an amount of vegetation and water which are greatly superior to anything he has met with in Judea, and even sufficient to recall much of the scenery of the West. </p> <p> Perhaps the springs are the only objects which in themselves, and apart from their associations, really strike an English traveller with astonishment and admiration. Such glorious fountains as those of ''Ain-jalud'' or the ''Ras el-Mukatta'' - where a great body of the dearest water wells silently but swiftly out from deep blue recesses worn in the foot of a low cliff of limestone rock, and at once, forms a considerable stream - are rarely to be met with out of irregular, rocky, mountainous countries, and being such unusual sights can hardly be looked on by the traveler, without surprise and emotion. </p> <p> The valleys which lead down from the upper level in this district to the valley of the Jordan are less precipitous than in Judea. The eastern district of the ''Jebel Nablus'' contains some of the most fertile end valuable spots in the Holy Land. Hardly less rich is the extensive region which lies northwest of the city of Shechem (''Nablus'' ), between it and Carmel, in which the mountains gradually break down into the plain of Sharon. </p> <p> But with all its richness and all its advance on the southern part of the country, there is a strange dearth of natural wood about this central district. It is this which makes the wooded sides of [[Carmel]] and the park-like scenery of the adjacent slopes and plains so remarkable. No sooner, however, is the plain of Eadraelon passed than a considerable improvement is perceptible. The low hills which spread down from the mountains of Galilee, and form the barrier between the plains of Akka and Esdraelon, are covered with timber, of moderate size, it is true, but of thick, vigorous growth, and pleasant to the eye. [[Eastward]] of these hills, rises the round mass of Tabor dark with its copses of oak, and set on, by contrast, with the bare slopes of ''Jebel ed-Duhy'' , (the so called "Little Hermon") and the white hills of Nazareth. </p> <p> [[A]] few words must be said in general description of the '''Shefelah''' , or maritime lowland, which intervenes between the sea and the highlands. This region, only slightly elevated above the level of the Mediterranean, extends without interruption from ''el-Arish'' , south of Gaza, to Mount Carmel. It naturally divides itself into two portions, each of about half its length; the lower one, the wider, and the upper one, the narrower. The lower half is the plain of the Philistines-Philistia, or, as the Hebrews called it, the '''Shefelah''' , or Lowland. The upper half is the ''Sharon'' , or Saron, of the Old and New Testaments. </p> <p> The Philistine plain is on an average 15 or 16 miles in width, from the coast to the beginning of the belt of hills, which forms the gradual approach to the high land of the mountains of Judah. The larger towns, as Gaza and Ashdod, which stand near the shore, are surrounded with huge groves of olive, and sycamore, as in the days King David. 1 Chronicles 27:28. </p> <p> The whole plain appears to consist of brown, loamy soil, light, but rich, and almost without a stone. It is now, as it was when the Philistines possessed it, one enormous cornfield; an ocean of wheat covers the wide expense between the hills and the sand dunes of the seashore, without interruption of any kind - no break or hedge, hardly even a single olive tree. Its fertility is marvellous; for the prodigious crops which if raises are produced, and probably have been produced. Almost year by year. For the last forty centuries, without any of the appliances which we find necessary for success. </p> <p> The plain of Sharon is much narrower than the plain of the Philistines-Philistia. It is about 10 miles wide from the sea to the foot of the mountains, which are, here, of a more abrupt character than those of Philistia, and without the intermediate hilly region there occurring. </p> <p> The one ancient port of the Jews, the "beautiful", city of Joppa, occupied a position central between the '''Shefelah''' and Sharon. [[Roads]] led from these various cities to each other to Jerusalem, [[Neapolis]] and Sebaste in the interior, and to [[Ptolemais]] and Gaza on the north and south. The commerce of Damascus, and beyond Damascus, of [[Persia]] and India, passed this way to Egypt, Rome and the infant colonies of the West; and that traffic and the constant movement of troops backward and forward must have made this plain, at the time of '''Christ''' , one of the busiest and most populous regions of Syria. </p> <p> '''The Jordan valley.''' - The chacteristics already described are hardly peculiar to Palestine, but there is one feature, as yet only alluded to, in which she stands alone. This feature is the Jordan - the one river of the country. The river is elsewhere described; ''see '' '''Jordan''' '','' but it and the valley through which it rushes down its extraordinary descent must be here briefly characterized. This valley begins with the river at its remotest springs of ''Hasbeiya'' , on the northwest side of Hermon, and accompanies it to the lower end of the Dead Sea, a length of about 150 miles. During the whole of this distance, its course is straight and its direction nearly due north and south. </p> <p> The springs of ''Hasbeiya'' are 1700 feet above the level of the Mediterranean and the northern end of the Dead Sea is 1317 feet below it, so that, between these two points, the valley falls with more or less regularity, through a height of more than 3000 feet. But though the river disappears at this point, the valley still continues its descent below the waters of the Dead Sea till it reaches a further depth of 1308 feet. So that the bottom of this extraordinary crevasse is actually more than 2600 feet below the surface of the ocean. </p> <p> In width, the valley varies. In its upper and shallower portion, as between Banias and the lake of Merom (''Huleh'' ), it is about five miles across. Between the lake of Merom and the Sea or Galilee, it contracts, and becomes more of an ordinary ravine or glen. It is in its third and lower portion that the valley assumes its more definite and regular character. During the greater part of this portion, it is about seven miles wide from the one wall to the other. </p> <p> The eastern mountains preserve their straight line of direction, and their massive horizontal wall-like aspect, during almost the whole distance. The western mountains are more irregular in height, their slopes less vertical. North of Jericho, they recede in a kind of wide amphitheatre, and the valley becomes twelve miles broad - a breadth which it, thenceforward, retains to the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. </p> <p> Buried, as it is, between such lofty ranges, and shielded from every breeze, the climate of the Jordan valley is extremely hot and relaxing. Its enervating influence is shown by the inhabitants of Jericho. All the irrigation necessary for the cultivation, which formerly existed, is obtained front the torrents of the western mountains. For all purposes to which a river ordinarily applied the Jordan is useless. The Dead Sea, which is the final receptacle of the Jordan, is described elsewhere. ''See '' '''Sea, The Salt''' ''.'' </p> <p> '''Climate.''' - "Probably there is no country in the world of the same extent which has a greater variety of climate than Palestine. On Mount Hermon, at its northern border, there is perpetual snow. From this, we descend successively by the peaks of [[Bashan]] and upper Galilee, where the oak and pine flourish, to the hills of Judah and Samaria, where the vine and fig tree are at home, to the plains of the seaboard, where the palm and banana produce their fruit, down to the sultry shores of the Sea, on which we find tropical heat and tropical vegetation." - McClintock and Strong. </p> <p> As, in the time of our Saviour, Luke 12:64, the rains come chiefly from the south or southwest. They commence at the end of October or beginning of November, and continue, with greater or less constancy, till the end of February or March. It is not a heavy, continuous rain, so much as a succession of severe showers or storms, with intervening periods of fine, bright weather. Between April and November, there is, with the rarest exceptions, an uninterrupted succession of fine weather and skies without a cloud. Thus, the year divides itself into two, and only two, seasons - as indeed we see it constantly divided in the Bible - "winter and summer;" "cold and heat;" "seed-time and harvest." </p> <p> '''Botany.''' - The botany of Syria and Palestine differs but little from that of Asia Minor, which is one of the most rich and varied on the globe. Among trees, the oak is by far the most prevalent. The trees of the genus '''Pistacia''' rank next to the oak in abundance, and of these there are three species in Syria. There is also the carob or locust tree ('''Ceratonia siliqua''' ), the pine, sycamore, poplar and walnut. </p> <p> Of planted trees and large shrubs, the first in importance is the vine, which is most abundantly cultivated all over the country, and produces, as in the time of the Canaanites, enormous bunches of grapes. This is especially the case in the southern districts, those of Eshcol being still particularly famous. Next to the vine, or even in some respects, its superior in importance, ranks the olive, which nowhere grows in greater luxuriance and abundance than in Palestine, where the olive orchards form a prominent feature throughout the landscape, and have done so from time immemorial. The fig forms another most important crop in Syria and Palestine. </p> <p> (Besides these are the almond, pomegranate, orange, pear, banana, quince and mulberry among fruit trees. Of vegetables, there are many varieties, such as the egg plant, pumpkin, asparagus, lettuce, melon and cucumber. Palestine is especially distinguished for its wild flowers, of which there are more than five hundred varieties. The geranium, pink, poppy, narcissus, honeysuckle, oleander, jessamine, tulip and iris are abundant. The various grains are also very largely cultivated. - Editor). </p> <p> '''Zoology.''' - It will be sufficient, in this article, to give a general survey of the fauna of Palestine, as the reader will find more particular information in the several articles, which treat of the various animals, under their respective names. Jackals and foxes are common; the hyena and wolf are also occasionally observed; the lion is no longer a resident in Palestine or Syria. [[A]] species of squirrel of which the term '''orkidaun''' , ''"the leaper",'' has been noticed on the lower and middle parts of Lebanon. Two kinds of hare, rats and mice, which are said to abound, the jerboa, the porcupine, the short-tailed field-mouse, may be considered as the representatives of the '''Rodentia''' . </p> <p> Of the '''Pachydermata''' , the wild boar, which is frequently met with on [[Taber]] and Little Hermon, appears to be the only living wild example. There does not appear to be at present any wild ox in Palestine. Of domestic animals, we need only mention the Arabian or one-humped camel, the ass, the mule and the horse, all of which are in general use. The buffalo ('''Bubalus buffalo''' ) is common. The ox of the country is small and unsightly in the neighborhood of Jerusalem, but in the richer pastures, the cattle, though small, are not unsightly. The common sheep of Palestine is the broadtail, with its varieties. Goats are extremely common everywhere. </p> <p> Palestine abounds in numerous kinds of birds. Vultures, eagles, falcons, kites, owls of different kinds represent the '''Raptorial''' order. In the south of Palestine especially, reptiles of various kinds abound. It has been remarked that, in its physical character, Palestine presents on a small scale, an epitome of the natural features of all regions, mountainous and desert, northern and tropical, maritime and inland, pastoral, arable and volcanic. </p> <p> '''Antiquities.''' - In the preceding descriptions, allusion has been made to many of the characteristic features of the Holy Land; but it is impossible to close this account, without mentioning a defect which is even more characteristic - its lack of monuments and personal relics of the nation, which possessed it for so many centuries, and gave it its claim to our veneration and affection. When compared with other nations of equal antiquity - Egypt, Greece, Assyria - the contrast is truly remarkable. </p> <p> In Egypt and Greece, and also in Assyria, as far as our knowledge at present extends, we find a series of buildings reaching down from the most remote and mysterious antiquity, a chain of which hardly a link is wanting, and which records the progress of the people in civilization, art and religion, as certainly as the buildings of the medieval architects do that of the various nations of modern Europe. </p> <p> But in Palestine, it is not too much to say that, there does not exist a single edifice, or part of an edifice, of which we can be sure that it is of a date, anterior to the Christian era. And as with the buildings, so with other memorials. </p> <p> With one exception, the museums of Europe do not possess a single piece of pottery or metal work, a single weapon or household utensil, an ornament or a piece of armor of Israelite make, which can give us the least conception of the manners or outward appliances of the nation before the date of the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. </p> <p> The coins form the single exception. [[M.]] Renan has named two circumstances, which must have had a great effect in suppressing art or architecture amongst the ancient Israelites, while their very existence proves that the people had no genius in that direction. These are </p> <p> (1) the prohibition of sculptured representations of living creatures, and </p> <p> (2) the command not to build a Temple anywhere, but at Jerusalem. </p> | ||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_53273" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_53273" /> == | ||
<p> <strong> | <p> <strong> [[Palestine]] </strong> </p> <p> 1. [[Situation]] and name. The land of Palestine is the territory which lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert as [[E.]] and [[W.]] boundaries, and whose [[N.]] and [[S.]] boundaries may be approximately stated at [[31°]] and [[33°]] 20’ [[N.]] Lat. respectively. These boundaries have not always been clearly fixed; but the convention is generally agreed upon that Palestine is separated from Egypt by the <em> [[Wady]] el-’Arîsh </em> or ‘River of Egypt,’ and from Syria by the <em> Kasmiyeh </em> or Lîtani River, the classical Leontes. Biblical writers fixed the limits of the territory by the towns Dan and Beersheba, which are constantly coupled when the author desires to express in a picturesque manner that a certain event affected the whole of the Israelite country ( <em> e.g </em> . Judges 20:1 ). The name ‘Palestine’ [[[Av]] [Note: Authorized Version.] in Joel 3:4; in Exodus 15:14 , Isaiah 14:29; Isaiah 14:31 Peter <strong> alestina; </strong> [[Rv]] [Note: Revised Version.] <strong> Philistia </strong> ], being derived from that of the <em> Philistines </em> , properly belongs only to the strip of coast-land south of Carmel, which was the ancient territory of that people. There is no ancient geographical term covering the whole region now known as Palestine: the different provinces Canaan, Judah, Israel, Moab, Edom, etc. are enumerated separately when necessary. The extension of the word to include the entire Holy Land, both west and east of the Jordan, is subsequent to the introduction of Christianity. </p> <p> <strong> 2. [[Geology]] and geography </strong> . The greater part of the country is of a chalky limestone formation, which overlies a layer of red sandstone that appears on the [[E.]] shore of the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Under the red sandstone are the archæan granitic rocks which form a large part of the Sinai Peninsula. Above the chalk is a layer of nummulitic limestone, which appears on some mountains. Volcanic rock, the result of ancient eruptions, appears in the Hauran, Galilee (especially in the neighbourhood of Safed), and elsewhere. For fuller information on the geology of the country, see art. Geology. With respect to the surface, Palestine divides naturally into a series of narrow strips of country running from north to south, and differing materially from one another in character. ( <em> a </em> ) The first of these is the <em> Maritime Plain </em> running along the coast of the Mediterranean from the neighbourhood of Sidon and Tyre southward, and disappearing only at the promontory of Carmel. This plain widens southward from Carmel to a maximum breadth of about 20 miles, while to the north of that promontory it develops into the great plain of Esdraelon, which intersects the mountain region and affords the most easy passage into the heart of the country. This plain is covered with a most fertile alluvial soil. ( <em> b </em> ) The second strip is the mountainous ridge of Judæa and Samaria, on the summit of which are Hebron, Jerusalem, and other important towns and villages; and which, with the single interruption of the piain of Esdraelon, runs continuously from the south border of the country to join the system of the Lebanon. ( <em> c </em> ) The third strip is the deep depression known as the <em> Ghôr </em> , down which runs the Jordan with its lakes. ( <em> d </em> ) The fourth strip is the great plateau of Bashan, Moab, and Edom, with a lofty and precipitous face towards the west, and running eastward till it is lost in the desert. </p> <p> <strong> 3. [[Water]] supply, climats, natural products. </strong> There is no conspicuous river in Palestine except the Jordan and its eastern tributaries, and these, being for the greater part of their course in a deep hollow, are of little or no service for irrigation. In consequence, Palestine is dependent as a whole for its water supply on springs, or on artificial means of storage of its winter rains. Countless examples of both exist, the former especially in Galilee, parts of which are abundantly fertile by nature, and would probably repay beyond all expectation a judicious expenditure of capital. The case of Judæa is a little different, for here there are extensive tracts which are nearly or quite waterless, and are more or less desert in consequence. </p> <p> The climate of Palestine is, on the whole, that of the sub-tropical zone, though, owing to the extraordinary variation of altitudes, there is probably a greater range of average local temperature than in any other region of its size on the world’s surface. On the one hand, the summits of Hermon and of certain peaks of the Lebanon are covered with snow for the greater part of the year; on the other hand, the tremendous depression, in the bottom of which lies the Dead Sea, is practically tropical, both in climate and in vegetation. The mean local temperature is said to range from about [[62°]] [[F.]] in the upland district to almost [[100°]] [[F.]] in the region of Jericho. </p> <p> Rainfall is confined to the winter months of the year. Usually in the end of October or November the rainy season is ushered in with a heavy thunderstorm, which softens the hard-baked surface of the land. This part of the rainy season is the ‘ <strong> former rain </strong> ’ of the Bible (as in Joel 2:23 ). Ploughing commences immediately after the rains have thus begun. The following months have heavy showers, alternating with days of beautiful sunshine, till March or April, when the ‘ <strong> latter rain </strong> ’ falls and gives the crops their final fertilization before the commencement of the dry season. During this part of the year, except by the rarest exception, no rain falls: its place is supplied by night dews, which in some years are extraordinarily heavy. Scantiness of the rainfall, however, is invariably succeeded by poverty or even destruction of the crops, and the rain is watched for as anxiously now as it was in the time of Ahab. </p> <p> Soon after the cessation of the rains, the wild flowers, which in early spring decorate Palestine like a carpet, become rapidly burnt up, and the country assumes an appearance of barrenness that gives no true idea of its actual fertility. The dry summer is rendered further unpleasant by hot east winds, blowing from over the Arabian Desert, which have a depressing and enervating effect. The south wind is also dry, and the west wind damp (cf. 1 Kings 18:45 , Luke 12:54 ). The north wind, which blows from over the Lebanon snows, is always cold, often piercingly so. </p> <p> As already hinted, the <em> flora </em> displays an extraordinary range and richness, owing to the great varieties of the climate at different points. The plants of the [[S.]] and of the Jordan Valley resemble those found in Abyssinia or in Nubia: those of the upper levels of Lebanon are of the kinds peculiar to snow-clad regions. Wheat, barley, millet, maize, peas, beans, lentils, olives, figs, mulberries, vines, and other fruit; cotton, nuts of various species; the ordinary vegetables, and some (such as <em> solanum </em> or ‘egg-plant’) that do not, as a rule, find their way to western markets; sesame, and tobacco which is grown in some districts are the most characteristic crops produced by the country. The prickly pear and the orange, though of comparatively recent introduction, are now among its staple products. The <em> fauna </em> includes (among wild animals) the bat, hyæna, wolf, jackal, wild cat, ibex, gazelle, wild boar, hare, and other smaller animals. The bear is now confined to Hermon, and possibly one or two places in Lebanon; the cheetah is rare, and the lion ( 1 Samuel 17:34 , 1 Kings 13:24 etc.) is extinct. So also is the hippopotamus, bones of which have been found in excavations. Among wild birds we may mention the eagle, vulture, stork, and partridge: there is a great variety of smaller birds. Snakes and lizards abouod, and crocodiles are occasionally to be seen in the <em> Nahr ez-Zerka </em> near Cæsarea. The domesticated animals are the camel, cow, buffalo (only in the Jordan Valley), sheep, horse, donkey, swine (only among Christians), and domestic fowl. The dog can scarcely be called domesticated: it is kept by shepherds for their flocks, but otherwise prowls about the streets of towns and villages seeking a living among the rubbish thrown from the houses. </p> <p> <strong> 4. History, races, antiquities </strong> . The earliest dawn of history in Palestine has left no trace in the country itself, so far as we can tell from the limited range of excavations hitherto carried out. There was, however, a [[Babylonian]] supremacy over the country in the fourth millennium b.c., of which the records left by the kings of [[Agade]] speak. These records are as yet only imperfectly known, and their discussion in a short article like the present would be out of place. [[A]] very full account of all that is as yet known of these remote waifs of history will be found in [[L.]] [[B.]] Paton’s excellent <em> History of Syria and Palestine </em> . </p> <p> About b.c. 3000 we first reach a period where excavation in Palestine has some information to give. It appears that the inhabitants were then still in the neolithic stage of culture, dwelling in caves, natural or artificial. The excavation of Gezer has shown that the site of that city was occupied by an extensive community of this race. They were non-Semitic; but as they practised cremation, the bones were too much destroyed to make it possible to assign them to their proper place among the Mediterranean races. Further discoveries may ultimately lead to this question being settled. It is possible that the <em> [[Horites]] </em> of [[Genesis]] 14:6 and elsewhere may have been the survivors of this race. </p> <p> About b.c. 2500 the first Semitic settlers seem to have established themselves in the country. These were the people known to Bible students as <em> Canaanites </em> or <em> [[Amorites]] </em> . The success of attempts that have been made to distinguish these names, as indicating two separate stocks must be considered doubtful, and it is perhaps safer to treat the two names as synonymous. About b.c. 2000, as appears by the reference to ‘Amraphel, king of Shinar’ (= Hammurabi), occurred the battle of the four kings and five recorded in Genesis 14:1-24 the first event on Palestinian soil of which a Palestinian record is preserved. </p> <p> The dominion of Egypt over [[S.]] Palestine, or at least the influence of Egyptian civilization, must early have been felt, though no definite records of Egyptian conquest older than Tabutmes iii. (about b.c 1500) have come to light. But scarabs and other objects referable to the Usertesens (about b.c. 2800 2500, according to the opinions of various chronologists) are not infrequently found in excavations, which speak of close intercourse between the Canaanites and the civilization of the Nile valley. Of the Canaanites very extensive remains yet await the spade of the excavator in the mounds that cover the remains of the ancient cities of Palestine. The modern peasantry of the country closely resemble the ancient Canaanites in physical character, to judge from the remains of the latter that excavation has revealed; indeed, in all probability the substratum of the population has remained unchanged in racial affinities throughout the vicissitudes that the country has suffered. By the conquests of Tahutmes iii. ( <em> c </em> . 1500), and Amenhotep iii. ( <em> c </em> . 1450), Palestine became virtually an Egyptian province, its urban communities governed by kings ( <em> i.e </em> . local sheiks) answerable to the Pharaoh, but always quarrelling among themselves. The ‘heretic king’ Amenhotep iv. was too busy with his religious innovations to pay attention to his foreign possessions, and, city by city, his rule in Palestine crumbled away before the Aramæan tribes, named in the Tell el-Amarna tablets the <em> Khabiri </em> . This name is identical with that of the Biblical <em> Hebrews </em> ; but it has not yet been possible to put the Khabiri and the Hebrews into their proper mutual relations. The Hebrews represent themselves as escaped slaves from Egypt who (about the 13th cent. b.c.) were led as a solid whole under a single leader (Joshua) to the complete conquest of Canaan this is the account of the Book of Joshua. According to the older tradition preserved in Judges 1:1-36 , they entered the country without an individual leader, as a number of more or less independent tribes or clans, and effected only a partial conquest, being baffled by the superior strength of certain specified cities. This account is more in accordance with the events as related by the Tell el-Amarna tablets, but further discoveries must be made before the very obscure history of the Israelite immigration can be clearly made out. </p> <p> The Israelite occupation was only partial. The important Maritime Plain was in the hands of a totally distinct people, the <em> Philistines </em> . The favourite, and most probable, modern theory regarding the Philistines is that they were of Cretan origin; but everything respecting that mysterious race is veiled in obscurity. As above mentioned, it is not likely that the change of ownership affected the peasants the [[Gibeonites]] were probably not the only ‘hewers of wood and drawers of water’ ( Joshua 9:21 ) that survived of the older stock. And lastly, we cannot doubt that an extensive [[Canaanite]] occupation remained in the towns expressly mentioned in Judges 1:1-36 , as those from which the various tribes ‘drave not out’ their original inhabitants. So far as we can infer from excavation an inference thoroughly confirmed by a consideration of the barbarous history of the Judges the effect of the Israelite entrance into Canaan was a retrogression in civilization, from which the country took centuries to recover. </p> <p> The history of the development of these incoherent units into a kingdom is one of ever-fresh interest. It is recorded for us in the Books of Judges and 1Samuel, and the course of events being known to every reader, it is unnecessary to recapitulate them here. It is not unimportant to notice that the split of the short-lived single kingdom into two, after the death of Solomon, was a rupture that had been foreshadowed from time to time as in the brief reign of [[Abimelech]] over the northern province ( Judges 9:1-57 ), and the attempt of the northerners to set up Ish-bosheth as king against David ( 2 Samuel 2:3 ), frustrated by Ish-bosheth’s ill-timed insult to [[Abner]] ( 2 Samuel 3:7 ): Abner’s answer (v. 10) recognizes the dichotomy of Judah and Israel as already existing. This division must have had its roots in the original peopling of the country by the Hebrews, when the children of Judah went southward, and the children of Joseph northward ( Judges 1:3-28 ). </p> <p> Space will not permit us to trace at length the fortunes of the rival kingdoms, to their highest glory under the contemporary kings [[Uzziah]] and Jeroboarn ii., and their rapid decline and final extinction by the great Mesopotamian empires. We may, however, pause to notice that, as in the case of the Canaanites, many remains of the Israelite dominion await the excavator in such towns as lay within Israelite territory; and the [[Siloam]] Tunnel epigraph, and one or two of minor importance, promise the welcome addition of a few inscriptions. On the other hand, the remains of the population are scantier for it need hardly be said that the modern Jewish inhabitants of Palestine are all more or less recent importations. </p> <p> The Northern Kingdom fell before Assyria, and was never heard of again. Tangible remains of the Assyrian domination were found at Gezer, in the shape of a couple of contract-tablets written there in the Assyrian language and formulæ about b.c. 650; and the modern sect of Samaritans is a living testimony to the story of the re-settling of the Northern Kingdom under Assyrian auspices ( 2 Kings 17:24-41 ). </p> <p> The Southern Kingdom had a different fate. It was extinguished by Babylon about 135 years later, in b.c. 586. In 538 the captives were permitted to return to their land by Cyrus, after his conquest of Babylon. They re-built Jerusalem and the Temple: the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah are the record of this work of restoration. </p> <p> In b.c. 333 Syria fell to Alexander the Great after the battle of Issus. After his death followed a distracting and complicated period of conflict between his successors, which, so far as Palestine was concerned, had the effect of opening the country for the first time to the influence of Greek culture, art, and religion. From this time onward we find evidence of the foundation of such buildings as theatres, previously quite unknown, and other novelties of Western origin. Although many of the Jews adopted the Greek tongue, there was a staunch puritan party who rigidly set their faces against all such Gentile contaminations. In this they found themselves opposed to the Seleucid princes of Syria, among whom [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes especially set himself deliberately to destroy the religion of Judaism. This led to the great revolt headed by [[Mattathias]] the priest and his sons, which secured for the Jews a brief period of independence that lasted during the second half of the 2nd cent. b.c., under John [[Hyrcanus]] (grandson of Mattathias) and his successors. The kingdom was weakened by family disputes; in the end Rome stepped in, Pompey captured Jerusalem in b.c. 63, and henceforth Palestine lay under Roman suzerainty. Several important tombs near Jerusalem, and elsewhere, and a large number of remains of cities and fortresses, survive from the age of the family of Mattathias. The conquest of Joppa, under the auspices of Simon Maccabæus, son of Mattathias ( 1Ma 13:11 ), was the first capture of a seaport in [[S.]] Palestine throughout the whole of Israelite history. </p> <p> The Hasmonæan dynasty gave place to the Idumæan dynasty of the Herods in the middle of the 1st cent. b.c., Herod the Great becoming sole governor of <em> Judæa </em> (under Roman suzerainty) in b.c. 40. It was into this political situation that Christ was born b.c. 4. Remains of the building activities of Herod are still to be seen in the sub-structures of the Temple, the Herodian towers of Jerusalem, and (possibly) a magnificent tomb near Jerusalem traditionally called the Tomb of Mariamme. Herod died shortly after Christ’s birth, and his dominions were subdivided into provinces, each under a separate ruler: but the native rulers rapidly declined in power, and the Roman governors as rapidly advanced. The Jews became more and more embittered against the Roman yoke, and at last a violent rebellion broke out, which was quelled by Titus in a.d. 70, when Jerusalem was destroyed and a large part of the Jews slain or dispersed. [[A]] remnant remained, which about 60 years later again essayed to revolt under their leader Bar Cochba: the suppression of this rebellion was the final deathblow to Jewish nationality. After the destruction of Jerusalem many settled in Tiberias, and formed the nucleus of the important Galilæan Rabbinic schools, remains of which are still to be seen in the shape of the synagogues of Galilee. These interesting buildings appear to date from the second century a.d. </p> <p> After the partition of the Roman Empire, Palestine formed part of the Empire of the East, and with it was Christianized. Many ancient settlements, with tombs and small churches some of them with beautiful mosaic pavements survive in various parts of the country: these are relics of the Byzantine [[Christians]] of the 5th and 6th centuries. The native Christians of Syria, whose families were never absorbed into Islam, are their representatives. These, though Aramæan by race, now habitually speak Arabic, except in Ma‘lula and one or two other places in [[N.]] Lebanon, where a [[Syriac]] dialect survives. </p> <p> This early Christianity received a severe blow in 611, when the country was ravaged by Chosroës ii., king of Persia. [[Monastic]] settlements were massacred and plundered, and the whole country reduced to such a state of weakness that without much resistance it fell to Omar, the second [[Caliph]] of Islam. He became master of Syria and Palestine in the second quarter of the seventh century. Palestine thus became a Moslem country, and its population received the Arab element which is still dominant within it. It may be mentioned in passing that coins of Chosroës are occasionally found in Palestine; and that of the early Arab domination many noteworthy buildings survive, chief of which is the glorious dome that occupies the site of the Hebrew Temple at Jerusalem. </p> <p> The Moslem rule was at first by no means tyrannical; but, as the spirit of intolerance developed, the Christian inhabitants were compelled to undergo many sufferings and indignities. This, and the desire to wrest the holy places of [[Christendom]] from the hands of the infidel, were the ostensible reasons for the in vasions of the brigands who called themselves Crusaders, and who established in Jerusalem a kingdom on a feudal basis that lasted throughout the 12th century. An institution so exotic, supported by men morally and physically unfit for life in a sub-tropical climate, could not outlast the first enthusiasm which called it into being. Worn out by immorality, by leprosy and other diseases, and by mutual dissensions, the unworthy champions of the Cross disappeared before the heroic Saladin, leaving as their legacy to the country a score or so of place names; a quantity of worthless ecclesiastical traditions; a number of castles and churches, few of which possess any special architectural interest, and many of which, by a strange irony, have been converted into mosques; and, among the Arab natives, an unquenchable hatred of Christianity. </p> <p> We must pass over the barbarous <em> Mongolian </em> invasions, the last of which was under Timur or [[Tamerlane]] at the end of the 14th century. But we must not omit to mention the Turkish conquest in 1516, when Syria obtained the place which it still holds in the Ottoman Empire. </p> <p> [[R.]] [[A.]] [[S.]] Macalister. </p> | ||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_42995" /> == | == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_42995" /> == | ||
Joshua 13- | Joshua 13-19 Genesis 12:5 Deuteronomy 9:28 <p> Palestine is derived from the name [[Pelishtim]] or “Philistines.” See Philistines. The Greeks, familiar primarily with the coastal area, applied the name Palestine to the entire southeastern Mediterranean region. Although the word Palestine (or Palestina) is found four times in the [[Kjv]] ( Exodus 15:14; Isaiah 14:29 ,Isaiah 14:29, 14:31; Joel 3:4 ), these are references to the territory of the Philistines and so properly designate only the strip of coastland occupied by that people. </p> <p> For the purposes of this article, Palestine extends to the north ten to fifteen miles beyond the ancient site of Dan and New Testament Caesarea Philippi into the gorges and mountains just south of Mount Hermon. To the east, it extends to the Arabian steppe. To the south, Palestine extends en to fifteen miles beyond Beer-sheba. On the west is the Mediterranean Sea. It therefore includes western Palestine—between the Jordan River and the Sea, and eastern Palestine—between the Jordan and the Arabian steppe. </p> <p> Palestine west of the Jordan covers approximately 6,000 square miles. East of the Jordan an area of about 4,000 square miles was included in the land of Israel. </p> <p> Geographical Features Palestine is naturally divided into four narrow strips of land running north and south. </p> <p> 1. Coastal plain This very fertile plain begins ten to twelve miles south of Gaza, just north of the Egyptian border, and stretches northward to the Sidon-Tyre area. Usually it is divided into three sections: (1) the Plain of Philistia, roughly from south of Gaza to Joppa (Tel Aviv); (2) the Plain of Sharon, from Joppa north to the promontory of the Carmel chain; and (3) the detached Plain of Acco, which merges with the Plain of Esdraelon, the historic gateway inland and to the regions to the north and east. The Plain of Sharon varies from a width of a few hundred yards just south of Carmel to more than twelve miles wide near Joppa. Covered with fertile alluvial soil and well watered by springs, the area was once covered with extensive forests. </p> <p> Further south is the Plain of Philistia. Here were located the Philistine strongholds of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath. Salt marshes—the Serbonian bog—located at the southern end of the Philistine plain have been known as breeding grounds of disease. </p> <p> Forming the southwestern end of the Fertile Crescent, the coastal plain has been the highway of commerce and conquest for centuries. This was the route followed by the Hittites and the Egyptians, by Cambyses, Alexander, Pompey, and Napoleon. </p> <p> The coastal plain lacked an outstanding natural harbor. Joppa had roughly semicircular reefs that formed a breakwater 300 to 400 feet offshore and, consequently, was used as a port. [[Entrance]] from the south was impossible, however, and the north entrance was shallow and treacherous. Herod the Great developed Caesarea Maritima into an artificial port of considerable efficiency. See Caesare. </p> <p> 2. Central Hill [[Country]] The second strip of land is the mountainous ridge beginning just north of Beer-sheba and extending through all of Judea and Samaria into upper Galilee. Actually, the rugged terrain running the length of the land is a continuation of the more clearly defined Lebanon Mountains to the north. The only major break in the mountain range is the Plain of Esdraelon also called the Valley of Jezreel. Three divisions are evident: Judea, Samaria, Galilee. </p> <p> (1) <i> Judea </i> [[Rising]] from the parched Negeb (Negeb means “parched” or “dry land”), the [[Judean]] hills reach their highest point, 3,370 feet, near Hebron. See [[Negeb]] . Jerusalem is located in the Judean hills at an elevation of 2,600 feet. The eastern slopes form the barren and rugged “wilderness of Judea,” then fall abruptly to the floor of the Jordan Valley. The wilderness is treeless and waterless. Deep gorges and canyons cut into the soft sedimentary formations. </p> <p> The western foothills of Judea are called the “Shephelah,” meaning “valley” or “lowland.” The name has been inaccurately applied to the Plain of Philistia, but the towns assigned by the Old Testament to the [[Shephelah]] are all situated in the low hills rather than the plain. The Shephelah is a belt of gently rolling hills between 500,1,000 feet in height. Five valleys divide the region, from the Wadi el Hesy in the south to the Valley of [[Ajalon]] in northern Judea. These passes have witnessed the conflicts between Saul and the Philistines, the [[Maccabees]] and the Syrians, the Jews and the Romans, [[Richard]] [[I]] and Saladin. Here [[Samson]] grew to manhood. Here David encountered Goliath. </p> <p> The Shephelah had great military importance. It formed a buffer between Judea and the enemies of the Hebrew people—Philistines, Egyptians, Syrians. Formerly heavily wooded with sycamores, the region served to impede an attack from the west. </p> <p> (2) <i> Samaria </i> The hills of Samaria descend gently from the Judean mountains, averaging just over 1,000 feet in height. Several notable mountains such as Gerizim (2,890 feet), Ebal (3,083), and [[Gilboa]] (1,640 feet) dominate the area. This land of mountains is marked by wide and fertile valleys. Here the majority of the people lived during the Old Testament era, and here significant events of Hebrew history took place. The openness of Samaria is a prominent feature of the land, making movement much easier than in Judea and thus inviting armies and chariots from the north. </p> <p> The valley between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim was a central location, apparently providing the perfect point from which a united nation could have been governed. Roads went in all directions—to Galilee, the Jordan Valley, south to Jerusalem. Here Shechem was located, important to the patriarchs and in the day of the judges. Shechem, however, had no natural defenses and was consequently rejected by the kings of Israel as their capital. </p> <p> From this region the main range of mountains sends out an arm to the northwest that reaches the coast at Mount Carmel. Carmel reaches a height of only 1,791 feet, but it seems more lofty because it rises directly from the coastline. It receives abundant rainfall, an average of 28 to 32 inches per year, and consequently is rather densely covered with vegetation, including some woodland. </p> <p> The Carmel range divides the Plain of Sharon from the narrow coastal plain of Phoenicia. It forms the southern side of the Plain of Esdraelon, with the ancient fortress of [[Megiddo]] standing as one of its key cities. This natural barrier caused the passes in the Carmel chain to achieve unusual importance, lying as it does on the historic route between Egypt and Mesopotamia. </p> <p> (3) <i> Galilee </i> North of the Plain of Esdraelon and south of the [[Leontes]] River lies the region called Galilee. The name comes from the Hebrew galil, meaning, literally “circle” or “ring.” In Isaiah 9:1 , the prophet refers to it as “Galilee of the Gentiles” [[(Niv).]] The tribes of Asher, Naphtali, and [[Zebulun]] were assigned to this area. There is evidence of mixed population and racial variety from early times. In the day of Jesus, many Gentiles were in Galilee. </p> <p> The region is divided into Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee. Lower Galilee is a land of limestone hills and fertile valleys. Most of the region is approximately 500 feet above sea level—but with mountains like Tabor reaching a height of 1,929 feet. Grain, grass, olives, and grapes were abundant. Fish, oil, and wine were common exports. Several major international roads crossed the area, and caravan traffic from Damascus through [[Capernaum]] to the south was heavy. Josephus spoke of Galilee as “universally rich and fruitful.” </p> <p> Some of the most important cities of Galilee were on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. Those on the northwestern shore, such as Capernaum, were more Jewish than those to the south. Tiberias, built in [[A.D.]] 25 by Herod [[Antipas]] and named after the reigning caesar, became the capital and the most important city during the New Testament era. </p> <p> The terrain of Upper Galilee is much more rugged than Lower Galilee, an area of deeply fissured and roughly eroded tableland with high peaks and many wadis. The highest peak is Mount Meron, at 3,963 feet the highest point in Palestine. The basic rock is limestone, in the eastern sections often covered with volcanic rock. In the east, Galilee drops off abruptly to the Jordan, while farther south, near the Sea of Galilee, the slopes become much more gradual and gentle </p> <p> 3. Jordan Rift Valley As a result of crustal faulting, the hills of Palestine drop into the deepest split on the surface of the earth. The fault is part of a system that extends north to form the valley between the Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon chains, also extending south to form the Dead Sea, the dry Arabah Valley, the [[Gulf]] of Aqabah, and, eventually, the chain of lakes on the African continent. </p> <p> The Jordan River has its source in several springs, primarily on the western and southern slopes of Mount Hermon. Several small streams come together near Dan, then flow into shallow, reedy Lake Hula (Huleh). From its sources to Hula the Jordan drops somewhat less than 1,000 feet over a distance of twelve miles, entering Lake Hula at 230 feet above sea level (not 7 feet, as reported by some older publications). In recent years the Jordan bed has been straightened after it leaves Hula, the swamps of the valley have been drained, and the size of the lake has been greatly reduced. Most of the area is now excellent farmland. Over the eleven miles from Hula to the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan drops 926 feet, flowing in part through a narrow canyon. From Galilee to the Dead Sea there is an additional drop of 600 feet. </p> <p> The Sea of Galilee is a significant part of the upper Rift Valley and is formed by a widening of it. It has several names—the Lake of Gennesaret, the Sea of Tiberias, Lake Chinnereth—but it is best known as the Sea of Galilee. Around it most of the ministry of Jesus took place. Here He could rest, escape crowds, find cool relief from the heat. Shaped much like a harp, it is thirteen miles long and seven miles wide. The hard basalt environment has given the lake an almost constant level and size. In the New Testament day, the lake was the center of a thriving fishing industry. The towns around the lake testify to this fact: [[Bethsaida]] means “fishing place,” and Tarichea is from a Greek term meaning “preserved fish.” </p> <p> As the Jordan flows south out of the Sea of Galilee, it enters a gorge called the Ghor, or “depression.” The meandering Jordan and its periodic overflows have created the Zor, or “jungle,” a thick growth of entangled semitropical plants and trees. Although the distance from the lower end of the Sea of Galilee to the upper end of the Dead Sea is only 65 miles, the winding Jordan twists 200 miles to cover that distance. The Ghor is about twelve miles wide at Jericho. </p> <p> Seven miles south of Jericho, the Jordan flows into the Dead Sea, one of the world's most unique bodies of water. The surface of the water Isaiah 1,296 feet below sea level, the lowest point on the surface of the earth. Forty-seven miles long and eight miles wide, the Dead Sea has no outlet. </p> <p> It has been calculated that an average of 6.5 million tons of water enter the sea each day. The result of centuries of evaporation is that now 25 percent of the weight of the water is mineral salts. Magnesium chloride gives the water a bitter taste, and calcium chloride gives it an oily touch. Fish cannot live in Dead Sea water. Indeed, it destroys almost all organic life in it and around it. </p> <p> Thirty miles down the eastern side, a peninsula, the Lisan, or the “Tongue,” juts into the sea. North of it the sea is deep, reaching a maximum depth of 1,319 feet—2,650 feet below sea level. South of the peninsula the sea is very shallow, with a maximum depth of thirteen feet. It is thought that this area is the location of “the cities of the Plain” ( Genesis 13:12 ), [[Sodom]] and Gomorrah. </p> <p> 4. [[Transjordan]] Plateau East of the Jordan is an area where the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of [[Manasseh]] settled. In New Testament times, Decapolis and [[Perea]] were located there. The ministry of Jesus took Him to limited parts of these provinces. Transjordan is divided into sections by several rivers—the Yarmuk, the Jabbok, the Arnon, and the Zered. </p> <p> (1) [[Across]] from Galilee and north of the Yarmuk River is Bashan (Hauron), an area of rich volcanic soil with rainfall in excess of sixteen inches per year. The plateau averages 1,500 feet above sea level. To the east of Bashan lies only desert that begins to slope toward the Euphrates. In the New Testament era, it was a part of the territory of Philip, the Tetrarch, son of Herod the Great. (2) South of the Yarmuk, reaching to the [[Jabbok]] River, was Gilead. During the Persian rule the boundaries were rather rigid. Both before and after Persian domination, Gilead reached as far south as [[Rabbah]] (Philadelphia, modern Amman). Formerly heavily wooded, with many springs and with gently rounded hills, Gilead is one of the most picturesque regions of Palestine. Olive groves and vineyards are found on the hillsides. [[Jerash]] and Amman, the capital of the Heshemite Kingdom of Jordan, are located here. </p> <p> (3) South of Gilead lies Moab. Originally, its northern border was the [[Arnon]] River, but the [[Moabites]] pushed north, giving their name to the plains east of the spot where the Jordan enters the Dead Sea (Ammon attempted to establish herself between Gilead and Moab using [[Rabbath-Ammon]] as her stronghold. This succeeded only under the infamous [[Tobiah]] during the years of the Exile.) Moab's southern border was the [[Zered]] River, Wadi al Hasa. </p> <p> (4) Still farther south is Edom, with the highest mountains of the region. The area is arid and barren. Fifty miles south of the Dead Sea lies the ancient fortress of Petra, “rose-red half as old as time.” </p> <p> Climate Palestine lies in the semitropical belt between 30 15' and 33 15' north latitude. Temperatures are normally high in the summer and mild in the winter, but these generalizations are modified by both elevation and distance from the coast. Variety is the necessary word in describing Palestinian weather, for in spite of its relatively small size, the geographical configuration of the area produces a diversity of conditions. Because of the Mediterranean influence, the coastal plain has an average annual temperature of 57 at Joppa. Jerusalem, only 35 miles away, has an annual average of 63. Its elevation of 2,500 feet above sea level causes the difference. Jericho is only seventeen miles further east, but it Isaiah 3,400 feet lower (900 feet below sea level), consequently having a tropical climate and very low humidity. Here bitterly cold desert nights offset rather warm desert days. Similarly, much of the area around the Sea of Galilee experiences temperate conditions, while the Dead Sea region is known for its strings of 100 plus summer days. </p> <p> Palestine is a land of two seasons, a dry season and a rainy season, with intervening transitional periods. The dry season lasts from mid-May to mid-October. From June through August no rain falls except in the extreme north. Moderate, regular winds blow usually from the west or southwest. The breezes reach Jerusalem by noon, Jericho in early afternoon, and the Transjordan plateau by midafternoon. The air carries much moisture, but atmospheric conditions are such that precipitation does not occur. However, the humidity is evident from the extremely heavy dew that forms five nights out of six in July. </p> <p> With late October, the “early rain” so often mentioned in Scripture begins to fall. November is punctuated with heavy thunderstorms. The months of December through February are marked by heavy showers, but it is not a time of unrelenting rain. [[Rainy]] days alternate with fair days and beautiful sunshine. The cold is not severe, with occasional frost in the higher elevations from December to February. In Jerusalem snow may fall twice during the course of the winter months. </p> <p> All of Palestine experiences extremely disagreeable warm conditions occasionally. The sirocco wind (the “east wind” of Genesis 41:6 and Ezekiel 19:12 ) blowing from the southeast during the transition months (May—June, September—October) brings dust-laden clouds across the land. It dries vegetation and has a withering effect on people and animals. On occasion the temperature may rise [[30F]] and the humidity fall to less than 10 percent. </p> <p> Along the coastal plain, the daily temperature fluctuation is rather limited because of the Mediterranean breezes. In the mountains and in Rift Valley, daily fluctuation is much greater. </p> <p> Timothy Trammel </p> | ||
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32990" /> == | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32990" /> == | ||
Exodus 15: | Exodus 15:14 Isaiah 14:29,31 Joel 3:4 Psalm 60:8 83:7 87:4 108:9 <p> Not till a late period in Jewish history was this name used to denote "the land of the Hebrews" in general ( Genesis 40:15 ). It is also called "the holy land" ( Zechariah 2:12 ), the "land of Jehovah" ( Hosea 9:3; Psalm 85:1 ), the "land of promise" ( Hebrews 11:9 ), because promised to [[Abraham]] ( Genesis 12:7; 24:7 ), the "land of Canaan" ( Genesis 12:5 ), the "land of Israel" ( 1 Samuel 13:19 ), and the "land of Judah" ( Isaiah 19:17 ). </p> <p> The territory promised as an inheritance to the seed of Abraham ( Genesis 15:18-21; Numbers 34:1-12 ) was bounded on the east by the river Euphrates, on the west by the Mediterranean, on the north by the "entrance of Hamath," and on the south by the "river of Egypt." This extent of territory, about 60,000 square miles, was at length conquered by David, and was ruled over also by his son Solomon ( 2 Samuel 8; 1 Chronicles 18; 1 Kings 4:1,21 ). This vast empire was the [[Promised]] Land; but Palestine was only a part of it, terminating in the north at the southern extremity of the Lebanon range, and in the south in the wilderness of Paran, thus extending in all to about 144 miles in length. Its average breadth was about 60 miles from the Mediterranean on the west to beyond the Jordan. It has fittingly been designated "the least of all lands." Western Palestine, on the south of Gaza, is only about 40 miles in breadth from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, narrowing gradually toward the north, where it is only 20 miles from the sea-coast to the Jordan. </p> <p> Palestine, "set in the midst" ( Ezekiel 5:5 ) of all other lands, is the most remarkable country on the face of the earth. No single country of such an extent has so great a variety of climate, and hence also of plant and animal life. Moses describes it as "a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey; a land wherein thou shalt not eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass" ( Deuteronomy 8:7-9 ). </p> <p> "In the time of Christ the country looked, in all probability, much as now. The whole land consists of rounded limestone hills, fretted into countless stony valleys, offering but rarely level tracts, of which Esdraelon alone, below Nazareth, is large enough to be seen on the map. The original woods had for ages disappeared, though the slopes were dotted, as now, with figs, olives, and other fruit-trees where there was any soil. Permanent streams were even then unknown, the passing rush of winter torrents being all that was seen among the hills. The autumn and spring rains, caught in deep cisterns hewn out like huge underground jars in the soft limestone, with artificial mud-banked ponds still found near all villages, furnished water. [[Hills]] now bare, or at best rough with stunted growth, were then terraced, so as to grow vines, olives, and grain. To-day almost desolate, the country then teemed with population. Wine-presses cut in the rocks, endless terraces, and the ruins of old vineyard towers are now found amidst solitudes overgrown for ages with thorns and thistles, or with wild shrubs and poor gnarled scrub" (Geikie's Life of Christ). </p> <p> From an early period the land was inhabited by the descendants of Canaan, who retained possession of the whole land "from Sidon to Gaza" till the time of the conquest by Joshua, when it was occupied by the twelve tribes. Two tribes and a half had their allotments given them by Moses on the east of the Jordan ( Deuteronomy 3:12-20; Compare Numbers 1:17-46; Joshua 4:12-13 ). The remaining tribes had their portion on the west of Jordan. </p> <p> From the conquest till the time of Saul, about four hundred years, the people were governed by judges. For a period of one hundred and twenty years the kingdom retained its unity while it was ruled by Saul and David and Solomon. On the death of Solomon, his son [[Rehoboam]] ascended the throne; but his conduct was such that ten of the tribes revolted, and formed an independent monarchy, called the kingdom of Israel, or the northern kingdom, the capital of which was first Shechem and afterwards Samaria. This kingdom was destroyed. The Israelites were carried captive by Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, [[B.C.]] 722, after an independent existence of two hundred and fifty-three years. The place of the captives carried away was supplied by tribes brought from the east, and thus was formed the Samaritan nation ( 2 Kings 17:24-29 ). </p> <p> [[Nebuchadnezzar]] came up against the kingdom of the two tribes, the kingdom of Judah, the capital of which was Jerusalem, one hundred and thirty-four years after the overthrow of the kingdom of Israel. He overthrew the city, plundered the temple, and carried the people into captivity to Babylon [[(B.C.]] 587), where they remained seventy years. At the close of the period of the Captivity, they returned to their own land, under the edict of [[Cyrus]] ( Ezra 1:1-4 ). They rebuilt the city and temple, and restored the old Jewish commonwealth. </p> <p> For a while after the [[Restoration]] the Jews were ruled by Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah, and afterwards by the high priests, assisted by the Sanhedrin. After the death of Alexander the Great at Babylon [[(B.C.]] 323), his vast empire was divided between his four generals. Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, and [[Coele-Syria]] fell to the lot of [[Ptolemy]] Lagus. Ptolemy took possession of Palestine in [[B.C.]] 320, and carried nearly one hundred thousand of the inhabitants of Jerusalem into Egypt. He made [[Alexandria]] the capital of his kingdom, and treated the Jews with consideration, confirming them in the enjoyment of many privileges. </p> <p> After suffering persecution at the hands of Ptolemy's successors, the Jews threw off the Egyptian yoke, and became subject to Antiochus the Great, the king of Syria. The cruelty and opression of the successors of Antiochus at length led to the revolt under the Maccabees [[(B.C.]] 163), when they threw off the Syrian yoke. </p> <p> In the year [[B.C.]] 68, Palestine was reduced by Pompey the Great to a Roman province. He laid the walls of the city in ruins, and massacred some twelve thousand of the inhabitants. He left the temple, however, unijured. About twenty-five years after this the Jews revolted and cast off the Roman yoke. They were however, subdued by Herod the Great (q.v.). The city and the temple were destroyed, and many of the inhabitants were put to death. About [[B.C.]] 20, Herod proceeded to rebuild the city and restore the ruined temple, which in about nine years and a half was so far completed that the sacred services could be resumed in it (Compare John 2:20 ). He was succeeded by his son Archelaus, who was deprived of his power, however, by Augustus, [[A.D.]] 6, when Palestine became a Roman province, ruled by Roman governors or procurators. [[Pontius]] Pilate was the fifth of these procurators. He was appointed to his office [[A.D.]] 25. </p> <p> Exclusive of Idumea, the kingdom of Herod the Great comprehended the whole of the country originally divided among the twelve tribes, which he divided into four provinces or districts. This division was recognized so long as Palestine was under the Roman dominion. These four provinces were, (1) Judea, the southern portion of the country; (2) Samaria, the middle province, the northern boundary of which ran along the hills to the south of the plain of Esdraelon; (3) Galilee, the northern province; and (4) [[Peraea]] (a Greek name meaning the "opposite country"), the country lying east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. This province was subdivided into these districts, (1) Peraea proper, lying between the rivers Arnon and Jabbok; (2) Galaaditis (Gilead); (3) Batanaea; (4) [[Gaulonitis]] (Jaulan); (5) [[Ituraea]] or Auranitis, the ancient Bashan; (6) Trachonitis; (7) Abilene; (8) Decapolis, i.e., the region of the ten cities. The whole territory of Palestine, including the portions alloted to the trans-Jordan tribes, extended to about eleven thousand square miles. Recent exploration has shown the territory on the west of Jordan alone to be six thousand square miles in extent, the size of the principality of Wales. </p> | ||
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70621" /> == | == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70621" /> == | ||
<p> Palestine (păl'es- | <p> '''Palestine''' (''păl'es-t'' ''îne'' ), ''land of sojourners.'' Joel 3:4; comp. Exodus 15:14; Isaiah 14:29; Isaiah 14:31. [[A]] small country east of the Mediterranean Sea, sacred alike to Jew, Mohammedan, and Christian. In length it is about 140 miles, in average breadth not more than 40 between the Mediterranean westward, and the deep Jordan valley to the east, while to the north it is closed in by Lebanon and Anti-libanus, and bordered on the south by the desert. It lay on the direct route between the great ancient empires of Asia and northern Africa, and exposed to peril from both. The physical structure of Palestine is peculiar. It is mountainous, but among these mountains are plains and valleys and torrent-beds. The mountain mass which occupies the central part is bordered on each side east and west by a lowland belt. On the west the plains of Philistia and Sharon lie between the Mediterranean and the hills, interrupted by a ridge which, shooting out from the main highlands, terminates in the bold promontory of Carmel. To the north of this ridge the low plain widens and extends in one part its undulating surface quite across the country to the Jordan. And still farther to the north is Phœnicia with headlands down to the sea. The eastern depression is most remarkable. It is a deep cleft in which lie a chain of lakes connected by the Jordan. And the bottom of this cleft is, in its lower part, far below (1300 feet) the level of the Mediterranean Sea. Owing to this extraordinary depression, the slopes on the eastern side of the central elevated land are much more abrupt and rugged than on the west. The southern hill country is dry and bare. There is little wood; it is near upon the desert, and possesses few springs of water. The hill tops are rounded and monotonous—the eastern part of the tract being but an arid wilderness. And a noteworthy feature in these hills is the abundance of caverns, partly natural, partly, perhaps, artificial. [[Northward]] the country improves. There are more fertile plains winding among the lulls, more vegetation and more wood, till in the north the swelling hills are clothed with beautiful trees, and the scenery is pleasing, oftentimes romantic. In central and north Palestine, too, there are gushing fountains of water, imparting fertility to the valleys through which they pour their streams. The Philistine plain is one vast grainfield, yielding the most abundant increase. And dry and barren as are many of the hills at present, there is evidence enough that in earlier happier days they were terraced, wooded, and productive: "a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive and honey... a land whose stones ''are'' iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." Deuteronomy 8:7-9. Palestine was early inhabited by seven tribes—as, Hittites, Gergashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, Deuteronomy 7:1; and other tribes are also noted as occupying adjacent regions. Genesis 10:15-19; Genesis 15:18-21; Numbers 13:28-29. It became afterwards the land of Israel; but, when judgment fell upon the Hebrews for their sins, they were removed, and there was at different times a large influx of foreign population, eastern nations, 2 Kings 17:24; Ezra 4:9-10, Greeks, etc.; so that even in our Lord's time the inhabitants of Palestine were of a mixed character; and in later ages additional foreign elements were introduced. See Judæa, Galilee. </p> | ||
== Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_81251" /> == | == Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_81251" /> == | ||
<p> taken in a limited sense, denotes the country of the Philistines or Palestines, including that part of the land of promise which extended along the Mediterranean Sea, from Gaza south to Lydda north. The | <p> taken in a limited sense, denotes the country of the Philistines or Palestines, including that part of the land of promise which extended along the Mediterranean Sea, from Gaza south to Lydda north. The [[Lxx]] were of opinion that the word <em> Philistiim, </em> which they generally translate <em> Allophyli, </em> signified "strangers," or men of another tribe. Palestine, taken in a more general sense, signifies the whole country of Canaan, the whole land of promise, as well beyond as on this side Jordan, though pretty frequently it is restrained to the country on this side that river; so that in later times the words Judea and Palestine were synonymous. We find, also, the name of Syria Palestine given to the land of promise, and even sometimes this province is comprehended in Coelo-Syria, or the Lower Syria. Herodotus is the most ancient writer we know that speaks of Syria Palestine. He places it between [[Phenicia]] and Egypt. See [[Canaan]] . </p> | ||
== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16844" /> == | == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16844" /> == | ||
<p> Denotes, in the Old Testament, the country of the Philistines, which was that part of the land of promise extending along the Mediterranean Sea on the varying western border of Simeon, Judah, and Dan, Exodus 15:14 Isaiah 14:29,31 Joel 3:4 . Palestine, taken in later usage in a more general sense, signifies the whole country of Canaan, as well beyond as on this side of the Jordan; though frequently it is restricted to the country on this side that river; so that in later times the words Judea and Palestine were synonymous. We find also the name of Syria-Palestina given to the land of promise, and even sometimes this province is comprehended in Coele-Syria, or the Lower Syria. Herodotus is the most ancient writer known who speaks of SyriaPalestina. He places it between Phoenicia and Egypt. See | <p> Denotes, in the Old Testament, the country of the Philistines, which was that part of the land of promise extending along the Mediterranean Sea on the varying western border of Simeon, Judah, and Dan, Exodus 15:14 Isaiah 14:29,31 Joel 3:4 . Palestine, taken in later usage in a more general sense, signifies the whole country of Canaan, as well beyond as on this side of the Jordan; though frequently it is restricted to the country on this side that river; so that in later times the words Judea and Palestine were synonymous. We find also the name of Syria-Palestina given to the land of promise, and even sometimes this province is comprehended in Coele-Syria, or the Lower Syria. Herodotus is the most ancient writer known who speaks of SyriaPalestina. He places it between Phoenicia and Egypt. See [[Canaan.]] </p> | ||
== Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48437" /> == | == Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48437" /> == | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_16379" /> == | == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_16379" /> == | ||
<p> Pal´estine. This name, usually applied to the country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, does not occur in the Hebrew Bible. It is, however, derived from Philistia, or the country of the Philistines, which comprised the southern part of the coast plain of Canaan along the Mediterranean. The word Philistia occurs in;;;;;; . From this arose the name Palestine, which was applied by most ancient writers, and even by Josephus, to the whole land of the Israelites. </p> <p> Names of Palestine </p> <p> The other names of the country may be given in the order of their occurrence in Scripture. </p> <p> Canaan, from Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, from whom the first inhabitants were descended. It is the most ancient name of the country, and is first found as such in . This denomination was confined to the country between the Mediterranean and the Jordan; but in later times it was understood to include Phoenicia , and also the land of the Philistines. </p> <p> Land of Israel. This name was given to the whole country as distributed among and occupied by the tribes of Israel. </p> <p> Land of Promise. So called as the land which God promised to the patriarchal fathers to bestow on their descendants. </p> <p> Land of Jehovah. So called as being in a special and peculiar sense the property of Jehovah, who, as the sovereign proprietor of the soil, granted it to the Hebrews (;; ). </p> <p> The Holy Land. This name only occurs in . The land is here called 'Holy,' as being the Lord's property, and sanctified by his temple and worship. </p> <p> Judah, Judea. This name belonged at first to the territory of the tribe of Judah alone. After the separation of the two kingdoms, one of them took the name of Judah, which contained the territories both of that tribe and of Benjamin. After the Captivity, down to and after the time of Christ, Judea was used in a loose way as a general name for the whole country of Palestine; but in more precise language, and with reference to internal distribution, it denoted nearly the territories of the ancient kingdom, as distinguished from Samaria and Galilee on the west of the Jordan, and Peræa on the east. </p> <p> [[Divisions]] of Palestine </p> <p> The divisions of Palestine were different in different ages. </p> <p> In the time of the Patriarchs, the country was divided among the tribes or nations descended from the sons of Canaan. The precise locality of each nation is not, in every case, distinctly known; but our map exhibits the most probable arrangement. </p> <p> After the Conquest the land was distributed by lot among the tribes. The particulars of this distribution will be best seen by reference to the map. </p> <p> After the [[Captivity]] we hear very little of the territories of the tribes, for ten of them never returned to occupy their ancient domains. </p> <p> In the time of Christ the country on the west of the Jordan was divided into the provinces of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea. Galilee is a name which was applied to that part of Palestine north of the Plain of Esdraelon or Jezreel. This province was divided into Lower or Southern, and Upper or Northern Galilee. Samaria occupied nearly the middle of Palestine; but, although it extended across the country, it did not come down to the sea-shore. Judea, as a province, corresponded to the northern and western parts of the ancient kingdom of that name; but the south-eastern portion formed the territory of Idumæa. On the other side of the Jordan the divisions were, at this time, more numerous and less distinct. The whole country generally was called Peræa, and was divided into eight districts or cantons, namely:— </p> <p> Peræa, in the more limited sense, which was the southernmost canton, extending from the river Arnon to the river Jabbok. </p> <p> Gilead, north of the Jabbok, and highly populous. </p> <p> Decapolis, or the district of ten cities, which were [[Scythopolis]] or [[Bethshan]] (on the west side of the Jordan), Hippos, Gadara, Pella, [[Philadelphia]] (formerly Rabbath), Dium, Canatha, Gerasa, Raphana, and perhaps Damascus. </p> <p> Gaulonitis, extending to the north-east of the Upper Jordan and of the lake of Gennesareth. </p> <p> Batanæa, the ancient Bashan, but less extensive, east of the lake of Gennesareth. </p> <p> Auranitis, also called Ituræa, and known to this day by the old name of [[Hauran]] , to the north of Batanæa and the east of Gaulonitis. </p> <p> Trachonitis, extending to the north of Gaulonitis, and east from Paneas (Cæsarea Philippi) and the sources of the Jordan, where it was separated from Galilee . </p> <p> Abilene, in the extreme north, among the mountains of Anti-Libanus, between [[Baalbec]] and Damascus. The more important of these names have been noticed under their several heads. </p> <p> Situation and Boundaries of Palestine </p> <p> Palestine is the south-western part of Syria, extending from the mountains of Lebanon to the borders of Egypt. It lies about midway between the equator and the polar circle, to which happy position it owes the fine medium climate which it possesses. Its length is embraced between 30° 40′ and 33° 32′ of N. latitude, and between 33° 45′ of E. longitude in the south-west, and 35° 48′ in the north-east. The breadth may be taken at an average of sixty-five miles, the extreme breadth being about 100 miles. The length, from Mount Hermon in the north, to which the territory of Manasseh beyond the Jordan extended , to Kadesh-barnea in the south, to which the territory of Judah reached, was 180 miles. </p> <p> Palestine may be regarded as embracing an area of almost 11,000 square miles. But the real surface is much greater than this estimate would imply; for Palestine being essentially a hilly country, the sides of the mountains and the slopes of the hills enlarge the available surface to an extent which does not admit of calculation. </p> <p> With regard to the lines of boundary, the clearest description of them is that contained in Numbers 34. From the statements there made it appears that the writer, after prolonging the eastern boundary-line from the end of the Dead Sea down the edge of the Arabah, to a point somewhere south of Kadesh-barnea, then turns off westward to form the southern line, which he extends to the Mediterranean, at a point where 'the River of Egypt' falls into the Sea. This River of Egypt is usually, and on very adequate grounds, supposed to be the stream which falls into the Sea near El-Arish. </p> <p> The western border is stated as defined by the Mediterranean coast. But the Hebrews never possessed the whole of this territory. The northern part of the coast, from Sidon to Akko (Acre), was in the hands of the Phoenicians, and the southern part, from [[Azotus]] to Gaza, was retained by the Philistines, except at intervals; and a central portion, about one-third of the whole, from Mount Carmel to [[Jabneh]] (Jamnia) was alone permanently open to the Israelites. </p> <p> The northern boundary-line commenced at the sea somewhere not far to the south of Sidon, whence it was extended to Lebanon, and crossing the narrow valley which leads into the great plain enclosed between [[Libanus]] and Anti-Libanus, terminated at Mount Hermon, in the latter range. </p> <p> The eastern boundary, as respects Canaan Proper, was defined by the Jordan and its lakes; but as respects the whole country, including the portion beyond the Jordan, it extended to Salchah, a town on the eastern limits of Bashan. From this point it must have inclined somewhat sharply to the south-west, to the point where the Wady ed-Deir enters the Zerka, and thence it probably extended almost due south to the Arnon, which was the southern limit of the eastern territory. </p> <p> [[Mineralogy]] of Palestine </p> <p> The mountains on the west of the Jordan consist chiefly of chalk, on which basalt begins to occur beyond [[Cana]] (northward). The so-called white limestone, which is met with around Jerusalem and thence to Jericho, which covers the summit and forms the declivities of the Mount of Olives, and which is also found at Mount Tabor and around Nazareth, is a kind of chalk considerably indurated, and approaching to whitish compact limestone. 'Layers and detached masses of flint are very commonly seen in it. Besides this indurated chalk, a stone is found in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem, chiefly towards the north, as well as towards Safet, and in other parts of the country, which, together with the dolomite formation occasionally met with, appears to be of what in Germany is called the [[Jura]] formation. Palestine may be most emphatically called the country of salt, which is produced in vast abundance, chiefly in the neighborhood of the Dead Sea, which deserves to be regarded as one of the great natural salt-works of the world.' </p> <p> Under this head it may be noted that the fine impalpable desert-sand, which proves so menacing to travelers, and even to inhabitants, is scarcely found in Palestine Proper; but it occurs beyond Lebanon, near Beirut, and in the neighborhood of Damascus. </p> <p> Palestine is eminently a country of caverns, to which there is frequent allusion in Scripture [ | <p> Pal´estine. This name, usually applied to the country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, does not occur in the Hebrew Bible. It is, however, derived from Philistia, or the country of the Philistines, which comprised the southern part of the coast plain of Canaan along the Mediterranean. The word Philistia occurs in;;;;;; . From this arose the name Palestine, which was applied by most ancient writers, and even by Josephus, to the whole land of the Israelites. </p> <p> [[Names]] of Palestine </p> <p> The other names of the country may be given in the order of their occurrence in Scripture. </p> <p> Canaan, from Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, from whom the first inhabitants were descended. It is the most ancient name of the country, and is first found as such in . This denomination was confined to the country between the Mediterranean and the Jordan; but in later times it was understood to include Phoenicia , and also the land of the Philistines. </p> <p> Land of Israel. This name was given to the whole country as distributed among and occupied by the tribes of Israel. </p> <p> Land of Promise. So called as the land which God promised to the patriarchal fathers to bestow on their descendants. </p> <p> Land of Jehovah. So called as being in a special and peculiar sense the property of Jehovah, who, as the sovereign proprietor of the soil, granted it to the Hebrews (;; ). </p> <p> The Holy Land. This name only occurs in . The land is here called 'Holy,' as being the Lord's property, and sanctified by his temple and worship. </p> <p> Judah, Judea. This name belonged at first to the territory of the tribe of Judah alone. After the separation of the two kingdoms, one of them took the name of Judah, which contained the territories both of that tribe and of Benjamin. After the Captivity, down to and after the time of Christ, Judea was used in a loose way as a general name for the whole country of Palestine; but in more precise language, and with reference to internal distribution, it denoted nearly the territories of the ancient kingdom, as distinguished from Samaria and Galilee on the west of the Jordan, and Peræa on the east. </p> <p> [[Divisions]] of Palestine </p> <p> The divisions of Palestine were different in different ages. </p> <p> In the time of the Patriarchs, the country was divided among the tribes or nations descended from the sons of Canaan. The precise locality of each nation is not, in every case, distinctly known; but our map exhibits the most probable arrangement. </p> <p> After the Conquest the land was distributed by lot among the tribes. The particulars of this distribution will be best seen by reference to the map. </p> <p> After the [[Captivity]] we hear very little of the territories of the tribes, for ten of them never returned to occupy their ancient domains. </p> <p> In the time of Christ the country on the west of the Jordan was divided into the provinces of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea. Galilee is a name which was applied to that part of Palestine north of the Plain of Esdraelon or Jezreel. This province was divided into Lower or Southern, and Upper or Northern Galilee. Samaria occupied nearly the middle of Palestine; but, although it extended across the country, it did not come down to the sea-shore. Judea, as a province, corresponded to the northern and western parts of the ancient kingdom of that name; but the south-eastern portion formed the territory of Idumæa. On the other side of the Jordan the divisions were, at this time, more numerous and less distinct. The whole country generally was called Peræa, and was divided into eight districts or cantons, namely:— </p> <p> Peræa, in the more limited sense, which was the southernmost canton, extending from the river Arnon to the river Jabbok. </p> <p> Gilead, north of the Jabbok, and highly populous. </p> <p> Decapolis, or the district of ten cities, which were [[Scythopolis]] or [[Bethshan]] (on the west side of the Jordan), Hippos, Gadara, Pella, [[Philadelphia]] (formerly Rabbath), Dium, Canatha, Gerasa, Raphana, and perhaps Damascus. </p> <p> Gaulonitis, extending to the north-east of the Upper Jordan and of the lake of Gennesareth. </p> <p> Batanæa, the ancient Bashan, but less extensive, east of the lake of Gennesareth. </p> <p> Auranitis, also called Ituræa, and known to this day by the old name of [[Hauran]] , to the north of Batanæa and the east of Gaulonitis. </p> <p> Trachonitis, extending to the north of Gaulonitis, and east from Paneas (Cæsarea Philippi) and the sources of the Jordan, where it was separated from Galilee . </p> <p> Abilene, in the extreme north, among the mountains of Anti-Libanus, between [[Baalbec]] and Damascus. The more important of these names have been noticed under their several heads. </p> <p> Situation and Boundaries of Palestine </p> <p> Palestine is the south-western part of Syria, extending from the mountains of Lebanon to the borders of Egypt. It lies about midway between the equator and the polar circle, to which happy position it owes the fine medium climate which it possesses. Its length is embraced between 30° 40′ and 33° 32′ of [[N.]] latitude, and between 33° 45′ of [[E.]] longitude in the south-west, and 35° 48′ in the north-east. The breadth may be taken at an average of sixty-five miles, the extreme breadth being about 100 miles. The length, from Mount Hermon in the north, to which the territory of Manasseh beyond the Jordan extended , to Kadesh-barnea in the south, to which the territory of Judah reached, was 180 miles. </p> <p> Palestine may be regarded as embracing an area of almost 11,000 square miles. But the real surface is much greater than this estimate would imply; for Palestine being essentially a hilly country, the sides of the mountains and the slopes of the hills enlarge the available surface to an extent which does not admit of calculation. </p> <p> With regard to the lines of boundary, the clearest description of them is that contained in Numbers 34. From the statements there made it appears that the writer, after prolonging the eastern boundary-line from the end of the Dead Sea down the edge of the Arabah, to a point somewhere south of Kadesh-barnea, then turns off westward to form the southern line, which he extends to the Mediterranean, at a point where 'the River of Egypt' falls into the Sea. This River of Egypt is usually, and on very adequate grounds, supposed to be the stream which falls into the Sea near El-Arish. </p> <p> The western border is stated as defined by the Mediterranean coast. But the Hebrews never possessed the whole of this territory. The northern part of the coast, from Sidon to Akko (Acre), was in the hands of the Phoenicians, and the southern part, from [[Azotus]] to Gaza, was retained by the Philistines, except at intervals; and a central portion, about one-third of the whole, from Mount Carmel to [[Jabneh]] (Jamnia) was alone permanently open to the Israelites. </p> <p> The northern boundary-line commenced at the sea somewhere not far to the south of Sidon, whence it was extended to Lebanon, and crossing the narrow valley which leads into the great plain enclosed between [[Libanus]] and Anti-Libanus, terminated at Mount Hermon, in the latter range. </p> <p> The eastern boundary, as respects Canaan Proper, was defined by the Jordan and its lakes; but as respects the whole country, including the portion beyond the Jordan, it extended to Salchah, a town on the eastern limits of Bashan. From this point it must have inclined somewhat sharply to the south-west, to the point where the Wady ed-Deir enters the Zerka, and thence it probably extended almost due south to the Arnon, which was the southern limit of the eastern territory. </p> <p> [[Mineralogy]] of Palestine </p> <p> The mountains on the west of the Jordan consist chiefly of chalk, on which basalt begins to occur beyond [[Cana]] (northward). The so-called white limestone, which is met with around Jerusalem and thence to Jericho, which covers the summit and forms the declivities of the Mount of Olives, and which is also found at Mount Tabor and around Nazareth, is a kind of chalk considerably indurated, and approaching to whitish compact limestone. 'Layers and detached masses of flint are very commonly seen in it. Besides this indurated chalk, a stone is found in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem, chiefly towards the north, as well as towards Safet, and in other parts of the country, which, together with the dolomite formation occasionally met with, appears to be of what in Germany is called the [[Jura]] formation. Palestine may be most emphatically called the country of salt, which is produced in vast abundance, chiefly in the neighborhood of the Dead Sea, which deserves to be regarded as one of the great natural salt-works of the world.' </p> <p> Under this head it may be noted that the fine impalpable desert-sand, which proves so menacing to travelers, and even to inhabitants, is scarcely found in Palestine Proper; but it occurs beyond Lebanon, near Beirut, and in the neighborhood of Damascus. </p> <p> Palestine is eminently a country of caverns, to which there is frequent allusion in Scripture [[[Caves],]] and which are hardly so numerous in any country of the same extent. Many of them were enlarged by the inhabitants, and even artificial grottoes were formed by manual labor. In these the inhabitants still like to reside; as in summer they afford protection from the heat, and in winter from cold and rain. Even now, in many places, houses are observed built so near to rocks, that their cavities may be used for rooms or sheds suited to the condition of the seasons. Though the country is not infrequently visited by earthquakes, they leave behind no such frightful traces as those of Asia Minor; as the vaults of limestone offer more effectual resistance than the sandstone of the latter country. </p> <p> We are glad to see so competent a witness as Schubert bear his testimony to the natural resources of the soil, which superficial observers, judging only from present appearance, have so often questioned. He says, 'no soil could be naturally more fruitful and fit for cultivation than that of Palestine, if man had not destroyed the source of fertility by annihilating the former green covering of the hills and slopes, and thereby destroying the regular circulation of sweet water, which ascends as vapor from the sea to be cooled in the higher regions, and then descends to form the springs and rivers, for it is well known that the vegetable kingdom performs in this circulation the function of capillary tubes. But although the natives, from exasperation against their foreign conquerors and rulers, and the invaders who have so often overruled this scene of ancient blessings, have greatly reduced its prosperity, still [[I]] cannot comprehend how not only scoffers like Voltaire, but early travelers, who doubtless intended to declare the truth, represent Palestine as a natural desert, whose soil never could have been fit for profitable cultivation. Whoever saw the exhaustless abundance of plants on Carmel and the border of the desert, the grassy carpet of Esdraelon, the lawns adjoining the Jordan, and the rich foliage of the forests of Mount Tabor; whoever saw the borders of the lakes of Merom and Gennesareth, wanting only the cultivator to entrust to the soil his seed and plants, may state what other country on earth, devastated by two thousand years of warfare and spoliation, could be more fit for being again taken into cultivation. The bountiful hand of the Most High, which formerly showered abundance upon this renowned land, continues to be still open to those desirous of his blessings.' </p> <p> The following table of levels in Palestine is copied from a recently published supplement to Raumer's Palästina. The measurements are in [[Paris]] feet, above and below the level of the Mediterranean Sea. </p> <table> <tr> <td> <p> Great Hermon </p> </td> <td> <p> 10,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Mount St. Catherine (in Sinai) </p> </td> <td> <p> 8063 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Jebel Mousa (in Sinai) </p> </td> <td> <p> 7033 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Jebel et Tyh (in Sinai) </p> </td> <td> <p> 4300 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Jebel er-Ramah </p> </td> <td> <p> 3000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Kanneytra </p> </td> <td> <p> 2850 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Hebron </p> </td> <td> <p> 2700 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Mount of [[Olives]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 2536 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Sinjil </p> </td> <td> <p> 2520 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Safet </p> </td> <td> <p> 2500 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Mount Gerizim </p> </td> <td> <p> 2400 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Semua </p> </td> <td> <p> 2225 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Damascus </p> </td> <td> <p> 2186 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Kidron]] (brook) </p> </td> <td> <p> 2140 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Nabulus </p> </td> <td> <p> 1751 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Mount Tabor </p> </td> <td> <p> 1748 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Pass]] of [[Zephath]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 1437 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Desert of et-Tyh </p> </td> <td> <p> 1400 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Nazareth </p> </td> <td> <p> 821 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Zerin </p> </td> <td> <p> 515 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Plain of Esdraelon </p> </td> <td> <p> 459 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Lake of Tiberias </p> </td> <td> <p> 329 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Zerin </p> </td> <td> <p> 91 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Dead Sea </p> </td> <td> <p> 1312 </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p> Some of these results are most extraordinary. First, here is the remarkable fact, that the Mount of Olives and the Kidron, and consequently Jerusalem, stand 700 feet higher than the top of Mount Tabor, and about 2500 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. More to the south, Hebron stands on still higher ground; and while it is 2700 feet above the sea on the one hand, the Asphaltic Lake lies 4000 feet below it on the other. This fact has no known parallel in any other region, and within so short a distance of the sea; and the extraordinary depression of the lake (1337feet below the sea level) adequately accounts for the very peculiar climate which its remarkable basin exhibits. The points at Tiberias to the north, and [[Kadesh]] to the south of the Dead Sea, are both, and nearly equally, below the Mediterranean level, and taken, together, they show the great slope both from the north and from the south towards the Dead Sea. confirming the discovery of Dr. Robinson, that the water-shed to the south of the Asphaltic Lake is towards its basin, and that, therefore, the Jordan could not at any time, as the country is at present constituted, have flowed on southward to the Elanitic Gulf, as was formerly supposed. </p> <p> Mountains of Palestine </p> <p> As all the principal mountains of Palestine are noticed in this work under their respective names, it is unnecessary to offer any observations under this head. </p> <p> The most important or the most distinguished of the plains and valleys of Palestine are those of Lebanon, of the Jordan, of Jericho, of Esdraelon, and of the Coast. </p> <p> The Plain of Lebanon may be described as the valley which is enclosed between the parallel mountain ranges of Libanus and Anti-Libanus. This enclosed plain is the Cœle-Syria of the ancients, and now bears the name of el-Bekka (the Valley). It is about ninety miles in length, from north to south, by eleven miles in breadth, nearly equal throughout, except that it widens at the northern end and narrows at the southern. This plain is, perhaps, the most rich and beautiful part of Syria. </p> <p> The Plain of the Jordan. By this name we understand the margin of the lakes, as well as the valley watered by the river. Here the heat is still greater than in the valley of Lebanon, and as water is usually wanting, the whole plain is barren and desolate. </p> <p> The Plain of Jericho is but an opening or expansion in the plain of the Jordan, towards the Dead Sea. It is partly desert, but, from the abundance of water and the heat of the climate, it might be rendered highly productive; indeed, the fertility of this plain has been celebrated in every age. But of all the productions which once distinguished it, and the greater part of which it enjoyed in common with Egypt, very few now remain. </p> <p> The Plain of Esdraelon is often mentioned in sacred history (;;;;; ), as the great battle-field of the Jewish and other nations, under the names of the Valley of Megiddo and the Valley of Jezreel; and by Josephus as the Great Plain. This extensive plain, exclusive of three great arms which stretch eastward towards the valley of the Jordan, may be said to be in the form of an acute triangle, having the measure of thirteen or fourteen miles on the north, about eighteen on the east, and above twenty on the south-west. In the western portion it seems perfectly level, with a general declivity towards the Mediterranean; but in the east it is somewhat undulated by slight spurs and swells from the roots of the mountains: from the eastern side three great valleys go off to the valley of the Jordan. These valleys are separated by the ridges of Gilboa and Little Hermon, and the space which lies between these two ridges is the proper valley of Jezreel, which name seems to be sometimes given to the whole Plain of Esdraelon. The valley of Jezreel is a deep plain, and about three miles across. Before the verdure of spring and early summer has been parched up by the heat and drought of the late summer and autumn, the view of the Great Plain is, from its fertility and beauty, very delightful. The plain itself is almost without villages, but there are several on the slopes of the enclosing hills, especially on the side of Mount Carmel. </p> <p> The Plain of the [[Coast]] is that tract of land which extends along the coast, between the sea and the mountains. In some places, where the mountains approach the sea, this tract is interrupted by promontories and rising grounds; but, taken generally, the whole coast of Palestine may be described as an extensive plain of various breadth. Sometimes it expands into broad plains, at others it is contracted into narrow valleys. With the exception of some sandy tracts the soil is throughout rich, and exceedingly productive. The climate is everywhere very warm, and is considered rather insalubrious as compared with the upland country. It is not mentioned by any one collective name in Scripture. The part fronting Samaria, and between Mount Carmel and Jaffa, near a rich pasture-ground, was called the Valley of Sharon; and the continuation southward, between Jaffa and Gaza, was called The Plain, as distinguished from the hill-country of Judah. </p> <p> Rivers of Palestine </p> <p> The Jordan is the only river of any note in Palestine, and besides it there are only two or three perennial streams. The greater number of the streams which figure in the history, and find a place in the maps, are merely torrents or watercourses. </p> <p> The Jordan. We should like to consider this river simply as the stream issuing from the reservoir of the Lake Huleh, but custom requires its source to be traced to some one or more of the streams which form that reservoir. The two largest streams, which enter the lake on the north, are each formed by the junction of two others. It is usual to refer the origin of a river to its remotest sources; but in this case the largest and longest, being the most easterly of the two streams, does not appear to have been at any time identified with the Jordan—that honor having for ages been ascribed to the western stream; this river has distinct sources, at Banias and at Tel-el-Kâdi. It is the former of these where a stream issues from a spacious cavern under a wall of rock which Josephus describes as the main source of the Jordan. </p> <p> The true Jordan—the stream that quits the lake Huleh—passes rapidly along the narrow valley, and between well-shaded banks, to the lake of Gennesareth: the distance is about nine miles. Nearly two miles below the lake is a bridge, called Jacob's bridge; and here the river is about eighty feet wide, and four feet deep. </p> <p> On leaving the Lake of [[Gennesareth]] the river enters a very broad valley, or Ghor, which varies in width from five to ten miles between the mountains on each side. Within this valley there is a lower one, and within that, in some parts, another still lower, through which the river flows; the inner valley is about half a mile wide, and is generally green and beautiful, covered with trees and bushes, whereas the upper or large valley is for the most part, sandy or barren. The distance between the Lake of Gennesareth and the Dead Sea, in a direct line, is about sixty miles. In the first part of its course the stream is clear, but it becomes turbid as it advances to the Dead Sea, probably from passing over beds of sandy clay. The water is very wholesome, always cool and nearly tasteless. The breadth and depth of the river vary much in different places and at different times of the year. Dr. Shaw calculates the average breadth at thirty yards, and the depth at nine feet. In the season of flood, in April and early in May, the river is full, and sometimes overflows its lower banks, to which fact there are several allusions in Scripture. </p> <p> The Kishon, that 'ancient river,' by whose wide and rapid stream the hosts of [[Sisera]] were swept away , has been noticed under the proper head [[[Kishon].]] </p> <p> The Belus, now called Nahr Kardanus, enters the bay of Acre higher up than the Kishon. It is a small stream, fordable even at its mouth in summer. It is not mentioned in the Bible, and is chiefly celebrated for the tradition, that the accidental vitrefaction of its sands taught man the art of making glass. </p> <p> The other streams of note enter the Jordan from the east; these are the [[Jarmuth]] (or Yarmuk), the Jabbok, and the Arnon, of which the last two have been noticed under their proper heads. The Jarmuth, called also Sheriatel-Mandhour, anciently Hieromax, joins the Jordan five miles below the lake of Gennesareth. Its source is ascribed to a small lake, almost a mile in circumference, at Mezareib, which is thirty miles east of the Jordan. It is a beautiful stream, and yields a considerable body of water to the Jordan [[[Arnon;]] [[Jabbok].]] </p> <p> [[Lakes]] of Palestine </p> <p> The river Jordan in its course forms three remarkable lakes, in the last of which, called the Dead Sea, it is lost— </p> | ||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_7047" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_7047" /> == | ||
< | |||
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_77791" /> == | == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_77791" /> == | ||
<p> Or the </p> <p> small territory on the | <p> Or the '''''' </p> <p> small territory on the [[Se.]] corner of the Mediterranean, about the size of Wales, being 140 m. from [[N.]] to [[S.,]] and an average of 70 m. from [[E.]] to [[W.,]] is bounded on the [[N.]] by Lebanon, on the [[E.]] by the Jordan Valley, on the [[S.]] by the Sinaitic Desert, and on the [[W.]] by the sea; there is great diversity of climate throughout its extent owing to the great diversity of level, and its flora and fauna are of corresponding range; it suffered much during the wars between the Eastern monarchies and Egypt, and in the wars between the [[Crescent]] and the Cross, and is now by a strange fate in the hands of the Turk; it has in recent times been the theatre of extensive exploring operations in the interest of its early history. </p> | ||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_54378" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_54378" /> == | ||
<p> Bibliography | <p> '''Bibliography Information''' McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Palestine'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/p/palestine.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. </p> | ||
==References == | ==References == | ||
