Tidal

Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible

Tidal . A king of Goiim, or ‘the nations,’ who accompanied Amraphel of Shinar and Arioch of Ellasar in the expedition made by Chedorlaomer of Elam against Sodom and the cities of the plain (  Genesis 14:1 ). This name is probably the Tudhul or Tudhula of a British Museum tablet of late date, which mentions also Kudur-lahmal (?) (Chedorlaomer?) and Durmah-îlâni son of Eri-Eaku (Arioch?). Tudbul is stated to have been son of Gazza[ni?]. Whether it was he who smote (shattered) his father’s head ‘with the weapon of his hands,’ the mutilation of the text leaves uncertain.

T. G. Pinches.

Fausset's Bible Dictionary

From a Samaritan root "reverence" (Gesenius:  Genesis 14:1;  Genesis 14:9). Chedorlaomer's ally, "king of nations," in the invasion of Syria and Palestine. Probably chief of several nomadic tribes who occupied different tracts of Lower Mesopotamia at different times, as the Arabs do there to this day. His name Thurgah (in the Septuagint, Thargal), "the great chief." or "king of nations," is Turanian or Hamitic, the original element of Babylonia's early population.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Ti'dal. (Great Son). Tidal is mentioned only in  Genesis 14:1;  Genesis 14:9. (B.C. about 1900). He is called "king of nations," from which we may conclude that he was a chief over various nomadic tribes, who inhabited different portions of Mesopotamia, at different seasons of the year, as do the Arabs at the present day.

Morrish Bible Dictionary

One called 'king of nations' who confederated with Chedorlaomer.  Genesis 14:1,9 . He was probably chief over several clans here called 'nations.' The R.V. translates 'king of Goiim.'

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Apparently the chief of several allied tribes, with whom he joined Chedorlaomer in the invasion of the vale of Siddim, Mount Seir, etc., and was defeated by Abraham,  Genesis 14:1-6 .

Webster's Dictionary

(a.) Of or pertaining to tides; caused by tides; having tides; periodically rising and falling, or following and ebbing; as, tidal waters.

Holman Bible Dictionary

 Genesis 14:1 14:9

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Goyyim

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

tı̄´dal ( תּדעל , tidh‛āl  ; Θαλγά , Thalgá , Θαλγάλ , Thalgál , Codex E, Θαργάλ , Thargál ):

1. The Name and Its Forms:

Tidal is mentioned in  Genesis 14:1 ,  Genesis 14:9 in the account of the expedition of Chedorlaomer of Elam, with his allies, Amraphel of Shinar (Babylonia), Arioch of Ellasar, and Tidal, who is called "king of nations" (the King James Version) ( gōyim , Targum ‛ammı̄n ). Whether the last-named took part in this expedition as one of Chedorlaomer's vassals or not is unknown. The Greek form possibly prints to an earlier pronunciation Tadgal .

2. Its Babylonian Equivalent:

The only name in the cuneiform inscriptions resembling Tidal is Tudh̬ula , or, as it was probably later pronounced, Tudh̬ul . This, from its form, might be Sumerian, meaning "evil progeny," or the like. In addition to the improbability of a name with such a signification, however, his title "king of gōyim ," or "nations," in   Genesis 14:1 , presupposes a ruler of another race.

3. The Babylonian Tudhula and His Time:

The inscription in which the name Tudh̬ula occurs is one of three of late date (4th to 3century BC), all referring, apparently, to the same historical period. The text in question ( Sp . iii. 2) is of unbaked clay, and is broken and defaced. After referring to a ruler who did not maintain the temples, Durmah-ilani son of Eri-Aku (Arioch) is referred to, appatently as one who ravaged the country, and "waters (came) over Babylon and Ê - sagila ," its great temple. The words which follow suggest that Durmah̬ - ı̂lāni was slain by his son, after which a new invader appeared, who would seem to have been Tudhula, son of Gazzā ( ni  ? ). He likewise ravaged the land, and floods again invaded Babylon Ê - sagila . To all appearance he met with the fate which overtook Durmah̬ - ı̂lāni - death at the hands of his son, who "smote his head." Then came the Elamite, apparently Chedorlaomer, who was likewise slain. This inscription, therefore, gave historical quotations of the fate which overtook those who were regarded as enemas of the gods.

4. Doubts as to His Identity:

Though we have here the long-sought name of Tidal, it may legitimately be doubted whether this personage was the ruler of that name mentioned in  Genesis 14 . The "nations" ( gōyim ) which he ruled are regarded by Sayce as having been wandering hordes ( umman manda ), probably Medes. On the other hand, the occurrence of the name Dudh̬alia , son of H̬attušil ( Khetasir ), contemporary of Rameses II, in the inscriptions found at H̬attu , the capital of the Hittites, suggests that that extensive confederation may have been the "nations" referred to. In other words, Tidal or Tudh̬ula (for Dudh̬alia ) was an earlier ruler bearing the same name as Hattusil's son.

5. Probably a Hittite:

If he be, as is possible, the same personage as is mentioned in  Genesis 14 , he must have fought against Arioch's son, conquered his domains and been killed, in his turn, by either the Biblical Chedorlaomer or another Elamite ruler beaming the same or a similar name. See Amraphel; Arioch; Chedorlaomer; Eri-Aku; Nations .

Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature

(Heb. Tidal', תּדְעָל , if Shemitic=fear [Gesenius] or Renown [F Ü rst]; but, according to Lenormant, Accadian ( Greatson ; Sept. Θαργάλ v.r. Θαλγά ; Josephus, Θάδαλος , Ant. 1, 9, 1; Vulg. Thadal ) , the last named ( Genesis 14:1;  Genesis 14:9) of the three subordinate "kings" who, in confederation with Chedorlaomer, attacked and defeated the rebellious princes of the Sodomitic pentarchy in the days of Abraham, B.C. cir. 2070. He is called "king of nations" ( גּוֹיַם , Goyim ) ,'Which Symmachus interprets Scythians, and others Galilee, both on very slender, if not inaccurate, grounds. Rawlinson suggests, for equally precarious reasons ( Ancient Monarchies, 1, 55, note),that the name is probably Turanian; but he justly remarks that, from the title given to Tidal, "it is reasonable to understand that he was a chief over various nomadic tribes to whom no special tract of country could be assigned, since at different times of the year they inhabited different portions of Lower Mesopotamia. This is the case with the Arabs of these parts at the present day." (See Chedorlaomer).

Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature

Ti´dal (veneration), one of the allies who with Chedorlaomer invaded Palestine in the time of Abraham . Tidal bears the somewhat singular title of 'king of nations' or 'Gentiles' (goyim). We cannot tell who these Goyim were over whom Tidal ruled; but it seems probable that he was a chief of several confederated tribes, whose military force he contributed to the expedition of Chedorlaomer.