| <p> ''''' rā´moth ''''' - ''''' gil´ḗ ''''' - ''''' ad ''''' ( רמת גּלעד , <i> ''''' rāmōth ''''' </i> <i> ''''' gil‛ādh ''''' </i> ; [[Codex]] Vaticanus Ῥεμμὰθ Γαλαάδ , <i> ''''' Rhemmáth ''''' </i> <i> ''''' Galaád ''''' </i> ; Codex Alexandrinus Ῥαμμώθ , <i> ''''' Rhammṓth ''''' </i> , and other forms): A great and strong city East of the [[Jordan]] in the territory of Gad, which played an important part in the wars of Israel. It is first mentioned in connection with the appointment of the [[Cities]] of [[Refuge]] ( Deuteronomy 4:43; Joshua 20:8 ). It was assigned to the [[Merarite]] [[Levites]] ( Joshua 21:38; 1 Chronicles 6:80 ). In these four passages it is called "Ramoth in Gilead" ( בּגּלעד רמת , <i> '''''rāmōth''''' </i> <i> '''''ba''''' </i> - <i> ''''' gil‛ādh''''' </i> ). This form is given wrongly by the King James Version in 1 Kings 22:3 . In all other places the form "Ramoth-gilead" is used. </p> <h4> 1. History: </h4> <p> Here Ben-geber was placed in charge of one of Solomon's administrative districts ( 1 Kings 4:13 ), which included Havvoth-jair and "the region of Argob, which is in Bashan." The city was taken from Omri by the [[Syrians]] under Ben-hadad I ( <i> Ant. </i> , VIII, xv, 3 ff), and even after the defeat of Ben-hadad at [[Aphek]] they remained masters of this fortress. In order to recover it for [[Israel]] Ahab invited [[Jehoshaphat]] of [[Judah]] to accompany him in a campaign. Despite the discouragement of Micalab, the royal pair set out on the disastrous enterprise. In their attack on the city Ahab fought in disguise, but was mortally wounded by an arrow from a bow drawn "at a venture" (1 Ki 22:1-40; 2 Ch 18). The attempt was renewed by Ahab's son Joram; but his father's ill fortune followed him, and, heavily wounded, he retired for healing to [[Jezreel]] ( 2 Kings 8:28 ff; 2 Chronicles 22:5 f). During the king's absence from the camp at Ramoth-gilead Jehu was there anointed king of Israel by [[Elisha]] ( 2 Kings 9:1 ff; 2 Chronicles 22:7 ). He proved a swift instrument of vengeance against the doomed house of Ahab. According to [[Josephus]] ( <i> Ant. </i> , IX, vi, 1) the city was taken before Joram's departure. This is confirmed by 2 Kings 9:14 ff. The place is not mentioned again, unless, indeed, it be identical with "Mizpeh" in 1 Macc 5:35. </p> <h4> 2. Identification: </h4> <p> It is just possible that Ramoth-gilead corresponds to [[Mizpah]] , (1), and to [[Ramath-Mizpeh]] . The spot where [[Laban]] and [[Jacob]] parted is called both [[Galeed]] and Mizpah. Ramath may become Ramoth, as we see in the case of [[Ramah]] of the South. </p> <p> Merrill identifies the city with <i> ''''' Jerash ''''' </i> , the splendid ruins of which lie in <i> ''''' Wâdy ''''' </i> <i> ''''' ed ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' Deir ''''' </i> , North of the Jabbok. He quotes the Bab [[Talmud]] ( <i> ''''' Maḳḳōth ''''' </i> 9b) as placing the Cities of Refuge in pairs, so that those on the East of the Jordan are opposite those on the West Shechem, being the middle one of the three West of the Jordan, should have Ramorb-gilead nearly opposite to it on the East, and this would place its site at Gerasa, the modern <i> ''''' Jerash ''''' </i> ( <i> [[Hastings]] Dictionary of the [[Bible]] </i> , under the word). But the words of the Talmud must not be interpreted too strictly. It seems very probable that [[Golan]] lay far South of a line drawn due East from <i> ''''' Ḳedes ''''' </i> (Kedesh-naphtali). No remains have been discovered at <i> ''''' Jerash ''''' </i> older than Greek- [[Roman]] times, although the presence of a fine perennial spring makes occupation in antiquity probable. The place could be approached by chariots along <i> ''''' Wâdy ''''' </i> <i> ''''' ‛Ajlūn ''''' </i> , and the country adjoining was not unsuitable for chariot evolutions. </p> <p> Conder and others have suggested <i> ''''' Reimūn ''''' </i> , an ancient site to the West of <i> ''''' Jerash ''''' </i> . The absence of any source of good water-supply is practically fatal to this identification. Buhl ( <i> Geographic des Alten [[Palestina]] </i> , 261 ff) favors <i> ''''' el ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' Jil‛ād ''''' </i> , a ruined site on a hill South of the Jabbok; see [[Gilead]] , (1). [[Eusebius]] and [[Jerome]] ( <i> Onomasticon </i> , under the word) contradict each other, the former placing Ramoth-gilead 15 miles West, and the latter 15 miles East of Philadelphia. It is clear, however, that this is a mere slip on Jerome's part, as both say it is near the Jabbok. Many have identified it with <i> ''''' es ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' Salṭ ''''' </i> , which is indeed 15 miles West of <i> ''''' ‛Ammān ''''' </i> (Philadelphia), but it Isaiah 10 miles South of the Jabbok, and so can hardly be described as near that river. It is also no place for chariot warfare. The case against identification with Ramoth-gilead is conclusively stated by G.A. Cooke in Driver's Deuteronomy, xx. </p> <p> In suggesting these sites sufficient attention has not been given to what is said in 1 Kings 4 . The authority of the king's officer in Ramoth-gilead extended over the land of [[Argob]] in Bashan, as well as over the towns of Jair in Gilead. A situation therefore to the North of [[Mahanaim]] must be sought. Guthe would find it at <i> ''''' er ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' Remtheh ''''' </i> , on the pilgrim road, about 10 miles South of <i> ''''' Mezērı̄b ''''' </i> (compare Smith, Historical [[Geography]] of the Holy Land, 586 ff). Cheyne's suggestion of <i> ''''' Ṣalkhad ''''' </i> , away on the crest of the mountain of <i> ''''' [[Bashan]] ''''' </i> , is out of the question. [[Caleb]] Hauser ( <i> [[Palestine]] Exploration Fund Statement </i> , 1906,304 f) argues in favor of <i> ''''' Beit ''''' </i> <i> ''''' Rās ''''' </i> , over 11 miles Southeast of Gadara, a position commanding all Northern [[Gilead]] and as favorably situated as <i> ''''' Jerash ''''' </i> for chariot warfare and communication with the West of Jordan. "Here we have the heights of Northern Gilead. Ramoth, Capitolias, and <i> ''''' Beit ''''' </i> Ras are in their respective languages idiomatic equivalents. It is improbable that a large city like Capitolins should have superseded anything but a very important city of earlier times." We must be content to leave the question open meantime. </p> | | <p> Dr. Merrill strongly urges the claims of [[Jerash]] as the site of this place (East of the Jordan, page 284 sq.), but Tristram (Bible Places, page 337) adheres to es-Salt. </p> |
