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| == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_41319" /> == | | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_5192" /> == |
| <p> 1. John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, the brother of James. Harmonizing Matthew 27:56 with Mark 15:40 suggests that John's mother was Salome. If she was also the sister of Jesus' mother ( John 19:25 ), then John was Jesus' first cousin. This string of associations is so conjectural, though, that we cannot be sure of it. Because James is usually mentioned first when the two brothers are identified, some have also conjectured that John was the younger of the two. </p> <p> The sons of [[Zebedee]] were among the first disciples called (Matthew 4:21-22; Mark 1:19-20 ). They were fishermen on the Sea of [[Galilee]] and probably lived in Capernaum. Their father was sufficiently prosperous to have “hired servants” (Mark 1:20 ), and Luke 5:10 states that James and John were “partners with Simon” Peter. </p> <p> John is always mentioned in the first four in the lists of the twelve (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:17; Luke 6:14; Acts 1:13 ). John is also among the “inner three” who were with Jesus on special occasions in the Synoptic Gospels: the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:37 ), the transfiguration (Mark 9:2 ), and the [[Garden]] of [[Gethsemane]] (Mark 14:32-33 ). Andrew joined these three when they asked Jesus about the signs of the coming destruction of [[Jerusalem]] (Mark 13:3 ). </p> <p> The sons of Zebedee were given the surname <i> [[Boanerges]] </i> , “sons of thunder” (Mark 3:17 ). When a [[Samaritan]] village refused to receive Jesus, they asked, “Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them?” (Luke 9:54 ). The only words in the Synoptic [[Gospels]] attributed specifically to John are: “Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name and we forbad him, because he followeth not us” (Mark 9:38; Luke 9:49 ). On another occasion the two brothers asked to sit in places of honor, on Jesus' left and right in His glory (Mark 10:35-41; compare Matthew 20:20-24 ). On each of these occasions Jesus challenged or rebuked John. Luke 22:8 , however, identifies Peter and John as the two disciples who were sent to prepare the [[Passover]] meal for Jesus and the disciples. </p> <p> The apostle John appears three times in the Book of Acts, and each time he is with Peter (Acts 1:13; Acts 3:1-11; Acts 4:13 ,Acts 4:13,4:20; Acts 8:14 ). After Peter healed the man, they were arrested, imprisoned, and then released. They were “unlearned and ignorant men” (Acts 4:13 ), but they answered their accusers boldly: “we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard” (Acts 4:20 ). Later, John and Peter were sent to [[Samaria]] to confirm the conversion of [[Samaritans]] (Acts 8:14 ). </p> <p> Paul mentioned John only once: “James, [[Cephas]] [Simon Peter], and John, who seemed to be pillars” of the church agreed that Paul and [[Barnabas]] would go to the Gentiles, while they would work among the [[Jews]] (Galatians 2:9 ). </p> <p> The [[Gospel]] of John does not mention James or John by name, and it contains only one reference to the sons of Zebedee (John 21:2 ). An unnamed disciple who with Andrew had been one of John the Baptist's disciples is mentioned in John 1:35 , and an unnamed disciple helped Peter gain access to the house of the high priest in John 18:15-16 . The disciple in these verses may have been the [[Beloved]] Disciple, who reclined with Jesus during the last supper (John 13:23-26 ), stood at the cross with Jesus' mother (John 19:25-27 ), ran with Peter to the empty tomb (John 20:2-10 ), and recognized the risen Lord after the great catch of fish (John 21:7 ). The need to clarify what Jesus had said about the death of the Beloved [[Disciple]] (John 21:20-23 ) probably indicates that the Beloved Disciple had died by the time the Gospel of John was put in final form by the editor who speaks in John 21:24-25 and attributes the Gospel to this Beloved Disciple. </p> <p> Five books of the New [[Testament]] have been attributed to John the Apostle: the Gospel, three Epistles, and Revelation. In each case, the traditional view that the apostle was the author of these books can be traced to writers in the second century. [[Neither]] the Gospel nor the epistles identify their author by name. The author of Revelation identifies himself as “John” (Revelation 1:1 , Revelation 1:4 , Revelation 1:9; Revelation 22:8 ) but does not claim to be the apostle. Much of the weight of the traditional view of the authorship of the Gospel rests on the testimony of Irenaeus, bishop of Lugdunum in [[Gaul]] (A.D. 130-200). </p> <p> The origin of the attribution of the five writings to the apostle is difficult to trace. The strongest argument can probably be made for the traditional view of the authorship of Revelation. Its author claims to be “John,” it is associated with [[Patmos]] and Ephesus, and in tone it fits the character of the apostle who was called “Boanerges.” Justin Martyr, moreover, in the earliest testimony regarding the authorship of Revelation attributes it to John. </p> <p> Internal evidence from the Gospel and [[Epistles]] provides many [[Bible]] students reasons to question the traditional view. The Gospel does not mention the “inner three” disciples as a group, nor does it refer to any of the events at which these three were present with Jesus: the raising of Jairus' daughter, the transfiguration, and the agony of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. Clearly, the editor of the Gospel, who refers to himself in John 21:24-25 , links the Gospel with the Beloved Disciple. The question is whether that disciple was John or some other apostle. </p> <p> The author of the epistles identifies himself as “the elder” (2 John 1:1 , 3 John 1:1 ), but never claims to be the apostle. Neither does the author of these epistles claim the authority to command the church to follow his instructions. Instead, he reasons with them and urges the church to abide in what it has received and what it has heard from the beginning. </p> <p> In sum, a strong tradition linking the apostle John to the authorship of these five New Testament writings can be traced to the second century. Modern scholarship has raised questions about the credibility of this tradition, and discussion of these matters continues. Many would agree, however, that the strongest case can be made for the apostolic authorship of Revelation, followed in order by the Gospel and Epistles. Many Bible students continue to follow tradition and attribute all five books to the apostle. </p> <p> Legends about the apostle continued to develop long after his death. According to tradition, John lived to an old age in Ephesus, where he preached love and fought heresy, especially the teachings of Cerinthus. The tomb of John was the side of a fourth-century church, over which Justinian built the splendid basilica of St. John. The ruins of this basilica are still visible in [[Ephesus]] today. </p> <p> The Apocryphon of John is an early gnostic work that purports to contain a vision of the apostle John. Copies were found among the codices at Nag Hammadi. The work itself must go back at least to the second century because [[Irenaeus]] quoted from it. </p> <p> The Acts of John is a third-century apocryphal writing which records miraculous events, John's journey to Rome, his exile on Patmos, accounts of several journeys, and a detailed account of John's death. In theology this work is Docetic, and it was eventually condemned by the Second Nicene [[Council]] in 787. </p> <p> The apostle John also has a place in the martyrologies of the medieval church. A fifth-century writer, [[Philip]] of Side, and [[George]] the Sinner, of the ninth century, report that [[Papias]] (second century) wrote that James and John were killed by the Jews (Acts 12:2 ), but these reports are generally dismissed as fabrications based on interpretations of Mark 10:39 . See [[The Gospel Of John]]; [[The [[Letters]] Of John]]; Revelation of John. </p> <p> 2. John the Baptist, a prophet from a priestly family, who preached a message of repentance, announced the coming of the Messiah, baptized Jesus, and was beheaded by [[Herod]] Antipas. </p> <p> Luke 1:5-80 records the birth of John the [[Baptist]] in terms similar to the birth of Isaac. Zechariah, John's father, was a priest from the division of Abijah. Elizabeth, his mother, was a descendant of Aaron. The angel [[Gabriel]] announced John's birth, while Zechariah was burning incense in the Temple. John would not drink wine or strong drink. He would be filled with the [[Holy]] Spirit, and as a prophet he would have the spirit and power of Elijah. His role would be to prepare the Lord's people for the coming of the Messiah. </p> <p> Mark 1:3-4 records that John was in the wilderness until the time of his public ministry. There he ate locusts and wild honey. He wore the dress of a prophet, camel's hair and a leather girdle ( Matthew 3:4; Mark 1:6; see 2 Kings 1:8 ). Because of his life in the wilderness, his priestly background, his preaching of repentance to Israel, and his practice of baptism, it is often suggested that John grew up among the [[Essenes]] at Qumran. This theory is attractive, but it cannot be confirmed. Neither can the origin of John's practice of baptizing be traced with certainty. Washings had long been part of [[Jewish]] piety, and by the time of John, [[Gentile]] converts to [[Judaism]] washed themselves as a form of ceremonial cleansing. The Essenes at [[Qumran]] practiced ritual washings and had an elaborate procedure for admission to the community. John's baptism may owe something to the Essene practices, but we cannot determine the extent of this influence. </p> <p> According to Luke, John began his ministry around the [[Jordan]] River in the fifteenth year of the reign of [[Tiberius]] [[Caesar]] (Luke 3:1-3 ), which must have been A.D. 26 or 27. John's preaching emphasized the coming judgment, the need for repentance, and the coming of the Messiah. Luke also emphasizes the ethical teachings of John: he called the multitudes a “generation of vipers” (Luke 3:7 ); one who had two coats should give one to a person who had none; tax collectors were warned to collect no more than their due; and soldiers were instructed to rob no one and be content with their wages” (Luke 3:10-14 ). </p> <p> Jesus was baptized by John, a fact that all the evangelists except Mark attempted to explain. Matthew 3:15 explains that it was “to fulfill all righteousness.” Luke recorded that John was thrown in prison before he said that Jesus also was baptized ( Luke 3:20-21 ), and John told of the baptism of Jesus but only through the testimony of John the Baptist himself. Thus, the witness of John the Baptist to Jesus is featured, deflecting any possibility that later followers of the Baptist might argue that John was superior to Jesus (Matthew 3:11-12; Mark 1:7-8; Luke 3:15-17; John 1:15 , John 1:19-36 ). </p> <p> Various sayings give us glimpses of John's ministry. His disciples practiced fasting (Mark 2:18 ), and he taught them to pray (Luke 11:1 ). John was vigorous in his attacks on Herod. In contrast to Herod's household he lived an austere existence (Matthew 11:7-9 ). Some criticized John for his ascetic life-style (Matthew 11:16-19 ), but Jesus praised John as the greatest of the prophets (Matthew 11:11 ). John's popularity with the people is reflected in Matthew 21:31-32; Mark 11:27-32; Luke 7:29-30; John 10:41 . </p> <p> In an account that parallels the New Testament closely, [[Josephus]] stated that Herod [[Antipas]] arrested John and subsequently executed him at [[Machaerus]] because “he feared that John's so extensive influence over the people might lead to an uprising.” Many believed that the defeat of Herod's armies by the [[Nabateans]] was God's judgment on Herod for the death of John the Baptist. While John was in prison, he sent two of his disciples to inquire whether Jesus was the coming One (Matthew 11:2-3; Luke 7:18-23 ). John's death is recorded in detail in Mark 6:14-29 . </p> <p> According to the Gospel of John, the ministry of Jesus overlapped with that of John (John 3:22-24; contrast Mark 1:14 ), and some of Jesus' first disciples had also been disciples of John the Baptist (John 1:35-37 ). Jesus even identified John with the eschatological role of [[Elijah]] (Matthew 17:12-13; Mark 9:12-13 ). </p> <p> John's movement did not stop with his death. Indeed, some believed that Jesus was John, raised from the dead (Mark 6:14-16; Mark 8:28 ). Years later, a group of John's followers were found around Ephesus, among them the eloquent [[Apollos]] (Acts 18:24-19:7 ); and for centuries John's influence survived among the Mandeans, who claimed to perpetuate his teachings. See [[Baptism]] . </p> <p> 3. Relative of Annas, the high priest (Acts 4:6 ), unless manuscripts reading [[Jonathan]] are right. </p> <p> 4. John Mark. See Mark. </p> <p> R. [[Alan]] Culpepper </p> | | <p> ''''' jon ''''' ( Ἰωάννης , < i> ''''' Iōánnēs ''''' </ i> ): The name of several persons mentioned in the Apocrypha: </p> <p> (1) Father of Mattathias, grandfather of [[ Judas]] Maccabeus and his brothers ( 1 Maccabees 2:1 ). </p> <p> (2) Eldest son of Mattathias, surnamed [[ Gaddis]] ( which see). </p> <p> ( 3) Father of Eupolemus, one of the envoys sent to Rome by Judas Maccabeus ( 1 Maccabees 8:17 ; 2 Maccabees 4:11 ). </p> <p> ( 4) John Hyrcanus, "a valiant man," son of Simon, and nephew of Judas Maccabeus ( 1 Maccabees 13:53; 16:1 ) . See [[ Asmoneans]]; [[ Maccabees]] . </p> <p> (5) One of the envoys sent to treat with [[ Lysias]] ( 2 Maccabees 11:17 ). </p> |
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| == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16464" /> ==
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| <p> 1. THE BAPTIST, the forerunner of our Lord Jesus Christ, was the son of [[Zacharias]] and Elisabeth, and was born about six months before Christ, as Reland and Robinson suppose at Juttah, Joshua 21: 16 Luke 1:29 , a town some five miles south of Hebron, but according to tradition at a place about four miles west of Jerusalem. Several Old [[Testament]] predictions found their fulfillment in him. See Isaiah 40:3 Matthew 3:3 Malachi 3:1 4:5 Matthew 11:14 . His birth, name , and office were also foretold by the angel [[Gabriel]] to his father Zacharias while ministering at the temple altar. Several other supernatural incidents attended the visit of [[Mary]] to Elisabeth, and the birth and naming of John, Luke 1:1-80 . He passed his early life among the crags of Eastern Judea, and when not far from thirty years of age, appeared as a prophet of the Lord. Being also a priest by birth, and an austere [[Nazarite]] in appearance and mode of life, he was like a reproduction of [[Elijah]] of old. Crowds flocked from all quarters to hear the word of God from his lips boldly denouncing their sins, and to receive the baptism of repentance preparatory to the full revelation of grace in Christ. Among others, the [[Savior]] at length came, and was baptized as an example of obedience to all divine enjoinments. John was at once satisfied that Jesus was the Messiah, but "knew him not" by any divine intimation till he saw the appointed sign, the descending Spirit. He then stood forth as the representative of "all the law and the prophets," pointing the world to Christ as an atoning Savior, and thus introduced Him to His public ministry: "Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world," John 1:29 Galatians 3:24 . </p> <p> John enjoyed at this time a high degree of popular veneration, Luke 3:15; the [[Sanhedrin]] sent a deputation to question him, John 1:19-28 , king [[Herod]] "did many things, and heard him gladly." But he laid all he had at the Savior's feet, John 1:27 3:33 . We read several times of his "disciples," Matthew 9:14 Luke 5:33 John 3:23-15 4:1; and meet with subsequent traces of the wide extent of his influence, Acts 18:25 19:3 . We know not why he continued for a time his separate ministry, instead of attending Christ. He persevered, however, in his faithful labors for reformation; and these, in the second year afterwards, led to his imprisonment by Herod Antipas. See Matthew 11:3 . He may have been moved to send this message by some lingering [[Jewish]] views as to a temporal Messiah, who would right all their national wrongs, or by some temporary unbelieving haste to have Christ publicly announce his Messiahship. It was on this occasion that Christ calls him greater than any other prophet; because, of all the prophets of the Messiah, he alone saw Him entering on his work whom all "desired to see;" yet he was less than the "least in the kingdom of God," inasmuch as he died without seeing that kingdom established in the death and resurrection of his Lord. But his earthly work was soon done. Herod, according to Josephus, feared his great influence over the people, and [[Herodias]] dreaded his bold fidelity to her husband. The dancing of her daughter Salome, and the vow of the besotted king, furnished a pretext. John was beheaded in prison; his disciples buried his remains with honor, and "went and told Jesus," Matthew 14:3-12 </p> <p> 2. THE APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST, son of [[Zebedee]] and Salome, was a native of [[Bethsaida]] in Galilee. Zebedee and his sons were fishermen, and appear to have been in easy circumstances, Mark 1:20 15:40 John 18:15 19:27 . In John's character there was an admirable mixture of gentleness and force. The picture the [[Bible]] gives of him has a peculiar charm, so much peace, humility, charity, and brotherly love glow in it. His affectionate, meditative, spiritual character had also the elements of vigor and decision, Luke 9:54 . Though amiable, he was firm and fearless. He was present at the scene of the Savior's crucifixion, which he describes as an eyewitness, John 19:35 . He was early at the tomb of the Redeemer, and after his ascension, boldly proclaimed the gospel at Jerusalem, Acts 4:13 , though imprisoned, scourged, and threatened with death. He was remarkable for devotion to Christ; and it was this, perhaps, as much as ambition, that led him to request a place at His right hand, Matthew 20:20-24 . He is supposed to have been the youngest of the apostles. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist; but on being directed to Christ, at once attached himself to him. For a time he returned to his employment by the sea of Galilee, but was soon called to leave all and attend the Savior, Luke 5:5-10 . Christ had a particular friendship for this lovely and zealous disciple, John 13:23 19: 26 20:2 21:7 . At the last supper, he reclined next to the Savior, and to his care the dying [[Redeemer]] committed his mother. [[Together]] with Peter and James he witnessed the transfiguration, and the agony in the garden. See [[James]] . </p> <p> After the ascension of our Lord, John continued to reside at Jerusalem, where he was one of the chief pillars of the church, Galatians 2:9 . About A. D. 65, it is thought, he removed to Ephesus, and labored to diffuse the gospel in Asia Minor, where for many years after the death of Paul his great personal and apostolic influence was widely exerted. About A. D. 95, he was banished, probably by Domitian, to the isle of Patmos, where he had the visions described in the Apocalypse. He afterwards returned to Ephesus, where he lived to a very great age, so that he could scarcely go to the assembly of the church without being carried by his disciples. Being now unable to make long discourses, his custom was to say in all assemblies, "Little children, love one another;" and when they wondered at his frequent repetition of this concise exhortation, his answer was, "This is what the Lord commands you; and this, if you do it, is sufficient." Chrysostom, Clement, and [[Eusebius]] relate that on his return from [[Patmos]] he found that a young man of promise under his charge had been misled, and had joined a band of robbers; and that the aged apostle sought him out in his mountain haunts, and by the blessing of God on his fearless and faithful love, reclaimed his soul from death. He died at Ephesus, in the third year of Trajan, A. D. 100, being then, according to Epiphanius, ninetyfour years of age. He was buried near that city, and several of the fathers mention his sepulchre as being there. </p> <p> Besides the invaluable gospel and the Apocalypse, which bear his name, we have three EPISTLES of JOHN. The first is a catholic or general letter, designed apparently to go with his gospel, and refute certain [[Gnostic]] errors as to the person of Christ; but also and chiefly to build up the church universal in truth and grace, and especially in holy love. The second epistle is addressed "to the elect lady," or the excellent Kuria, who was probably some [[Christian]] woman eminent for piety and usefulness. The third is directed to Gaius, the Latin Caius, whom John praises for his fidelity and hospitality, and exhorts to persevere in every good work. The Revelation and epistles of John, it is generally believed, were written about 96-98 A. D. They are the latest books of the New Testament cannon, which, as the last surviving apostle, he must have greatly aided in settling. </p> <p> 3. [[Surnamed]] MARK. See MARK. </p> | |
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| == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32125" /> ==
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| <li> THE APOSTLE, brother of James the "Greater" ( Matthew 4:21; 10:2; Mark 1 :19; 3:17; 10:35 ) . He was one, probably the younger, of the sons of [[Zebedee]] (Matthew 4:21 ) and [[Salome]] (Matthew 27:56; Compare Mark 15:40 ), and was born at Bethsaida. His father was apparently a man of some wealth (Compare Mark 1:20; Luke 5:3; John 19:27 ). He was doubtless trained in all that constituted the ordinary education of [[ Jewish]] youth. When he grew up he followed the occupation of a fisherman on the Lake of Galilee. When John the [[Baptist]] began his ministry in the wilderness of Judea, John, with many others, gathered round him, and was deeply influenced by his teaching. There he heard the announcement, "Behold the Lamb of God," and forthwith, on the invitation of Jesus, became a disciple and ranked among his followers (John 1:36,37 ) for a time. He and his brother then returned to their former avocation, for how long is uncertain. Jesus again called them ( Matthew 4 :: 21; Luke 5:1 -11 ), and now they left all and permanently attached themselves to the company of his disciples. He became one of the innermost circle (Mark 5:37; Matthew 17:1; 26:37; Mark 13:3 ). He was the disciple whom Jesus loved. In zeal and intensity of character he was a "Boanerges" (Mark 3:17 ). This spirit once and again broke out (Matthew 20:20-24; Mark 10:35-41; Luke 9:49,54 ). At the betrayal he and Peter follow Christ afar off, while the others betake themselves to hasty flight (John 18:15 ). At the trial he follows Christ into the council chamber, and thence to the praetorium (18:16,19,28) and to the place of crucifixion (19:26,27). To him and Peter, [[Mary]] first conveys tidings of the resurrection (20:2), and they are the first to go and see what her strange words mean. After the resurrection he and Peter again return to the Sea of Galilee, where the Lord reveals himself to them (21:1,7). We find Peter and John frequently after this together (Acts 3:1; 4:13 ). John remained apparently in [[Jerusalem]] as the leader of the church there (Acts 15:6; Galatians 2: 9 ). His subsequent history is unrecorded. He was not there, however, at the time of Paul's last visit (Acts 21:15-40 ). He appears to have retired to Ephesus, but at what time is unknown. The seven churches of Asia were the objects of his special care (Revelation 1:11 ). He suffered under persecution, and was banished to [[Patmos]] (1 :9) ; whence he again returned to Ephesus, where he died, probably about A.D. 98, having outlived all or nearly all the friends and companions even of his maturer years. There are many interesting traditions regarding John during his residence at Ephesus, but these cannot claim the character of historical truth. <div> <p> Copyright StatementThese dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated [[Bible]] Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> Bibliography InformationEaston, Matthew George. Entry for 'John'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/j/john.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li> | |
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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52031" /> ==
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| <p> <strong> JOHN. 1. </strong> The father of Mattathias, and grandfather of the five Maccabæan brothers ( 1M Malachi 2:1 ). <strong> 2. </strong> The eldest son of [[Mattathias]] ( 1M Malachi 2:2 ). In b.c. 161 he was slain by the ‘sons of Jambri’ ( 1Ma 9:35-42 ). In 2Ma 8:22 , and perhaps again 10:19, he is by mistake called <strong> [[Joseph]] </strong> . <strong> 3 </strong> . The father of [[Eupolemus]] ( 1Ma 8:17 , 2Ma 4:11 ), who was sent by [[Judas]] Maccabæus as an ambassador to Rome. <strong> 4. </strong> An envoy sent by the [[Jews]] to treat with [[Lysias]] ( 2Ma 11:17 ). <strong> 5. </strong> One of the sons of [[Simon]] the [[Maccabee]] ( 1Ma 16:2 ), commonly known as John Hyrcanus, and described as ‘a (valiant) man’ ( 1Ma 13:53 ). See Maccabees, § <strong> 5 </strong> , <strong> 6 </strong> . The father of Simon Peter ( John 1:42; John 21:15-17 RV [Note: Revised Version.]; AV [Note: Authorized Version.] <strong> [[Jonas]] </strong> ), who is called in Matthew 16:7 <strong> [[Bar-Jona]] </strong> ( <strong> h </strong> ). In the latter passage the form <em> Jônâs </em> may be a contraction for <em> Jôançs </em> , or possibly Peter’s father had two names, as in the case of <em> [[Saul]] Paul </em> . <strong> 7. </strong> One of the high-priestly family ( Acts 4:6 ). <strong> 8. </strong> John Mark (see Mark). <strong> 9. 10. </strong> For the [[Baptist]] and the [[Apostle]] see the following two articles. </p>
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| == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70332" /> ==
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| <p> John (jŏn) the Baptist, whom God tores. The forerunner of our Saviour. He was the son of [[Zacharias]] and Elisabeth, both belonging to priestly families. Luke 1:5. His birth, name, and work were foretold by the angel Gabriel. He grew up a Nazirite, and when about 30 years old began to preach in the wilderness of Judæa. His dress, food, and manner of life were like Elijah. He was fearless and faithful, and met with success among the people; yet he was humble and gave great honor to Jesus, who came to his baptism. At the request of Jesus, John, however, baptized him. John continued his labors with growing popularity for a year and a half, when he was cast into prison by Herod, whom he reproved for marrying his brother Philip's wife. In prison his faith seemed to waver, for he sent to Jesus to know if he were really the Messiah, and received a satisfactory answer. Matthew 11:4-6. But the malice of Herodias, whose connection with [[Herod]] whom John had rebuked, wrought his death. Matthew 14:6-12. John was beheaded in prison on Herod's birthday, at the request of the wicked Herodias. His disciples buried his body and went and told Jesus. </p> | |
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| == Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48018" /> ==
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| <p> Is an abbreviation of Johannan, and of much the same meaning. We need not dwell much upon this name, neither the persons so eminently distinguished by it. Their histories and worth are graciously preserved in the New [[Testament]] by God the [[Holy]] Ghost, and their names are in the book of life. </p> <p> John the [[Baptist]] hath the priority in point of time, being born six months before the birth of the Lord Jesus Christ. John, the beloved apostle, was the youngest of all the disciples, and is not unfrequently distinguished by the title of the disciple whom Jesus loved. We have abundant cause to bless God for the ministry of this man, on account of the precious gospel which bears his name, and also for those three Epistles, as well as the Book of the Revelations, with which the sacred canon of [[Scripture]] closeth. </p> <p> There is another John surnamed Mark, spoken of with honourable testimony in the New Testament. (Acts 12:12) This man, though called John, and surnamed Mark, was neither the apostle John nor the evangelist Mark, but another person. Paul speaks of him. Colossians 4:10. </p>
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| == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_36000" /> ==
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| <p> 1. With [[Annas]] and Caiaphas, tried Peter and John for curing the impotent man and preaching in the temple (Acts 4:6). The same as [[Rabbi]] [[Johanan]] ben Zaccai, who lived 40 years before the temple's destruction, and presided over the great synagogue after its removal to Jabne or [[Jamnia]] (Lightfoot). </p> <p> 2. The evangelist Mark's [[Hebrew]] name (Acts 12:12; Acts 12:25; Acts 13:5; Acts 13:13; Acts 15:37). (See MARK.) </p>
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| == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_73302" /> ==
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| <p> John. (Jehovah's gift). The same name as Johanan, a contraction of Jehohanan. </p> <p> 1. One of the high priest's family, who, with [[Annas]] and Caiaphas, sat in judgment, upon the apostles, Peter and John. Acts 6:6. </p> <p> 2. The [[Hebrew]] name, of the evangelist, Mark. Acts 12:12; Acts 12:25; Acts 13:5; Acts 13:13; Acts 15:37. </p>
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| == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_67054" /> ==
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| <p> 1. Kinsmanof [[Annas]] the high priest. Acts 4:6 . </p> <p> 2. Son of Mary. See MARK. </p>
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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_56314" /> ==
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| <p> See James and John, Sons of Zebedee. </p>
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| == Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_135472" /> ==
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| <p> (n.) A proper name of a man. </p>
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| == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_46224" /> ==
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| <p> (Ι᾿ωάννη, the Greek form of Jehohanan; comp. Josephus, Ant. 8, 15, 2), a common name among the [[Jews]] after the captivity. </p> <p> I. In the [[Apocrypha]] the following occur under this rendering in the A.V.: </p> <p> 1. The father of Matathias, of the Maccabean family (1 [[Maccabees]] 2:1). (See [[Maccabees]]). </p> <p> 2. The son of Accos, and father of Eupolemus, which latter was one of the envoys sent by [[Judas ]] Maccabaeus to Rome (1 Maccabees 8:17; 2 Maccabees 4:11). </p> <p> 3. [[Surnamed]] [[Caddis]] ( q.v.), the eldest son of the same Matathias, and one of the Maccabean brothers (1 Maccabees 2:2, Johanan; less correctly [[Joseph]] in 2 Maccabees 8:22). He had been sent by his brother [[Jonathan]] on a message to the Nabathaeans, when he was taken prisoner by " the children of Jambri" (q.v.), from Medeba, and appears to have been put to death by them ( 1 Maccabees 9:35-36; 1 Maccabees 9:38) </p> <p> 4. One of the persons sent by the Jews with a petition to the [[Syrian]] general [[Lysias]] (2 Maccabees 11:17). </p> <p> 5. The son of [[Simon]] Maccabaeus (1 Maccabees 13:53; 1 Maccabees 16:1-2; 1 Maccabees 16:9; 1 Maccabees 16:19; 1 Maccabees 16: 21; 1 Maccabees 16:23) , better known by the epithet HYRCANUS (See [[ Hyrcanus]]) (q.v.). </p> <p> II. In the New [[Testament]] the following are all that are mentioned, besides JOHN THE APOSTLE and JOHN THE BAPTIST, who are noticed separately below: </p> <p> 1. One of the high priest's family, who, with [[Annas]] and Caiaphas, sat in judgment upon the apostles Peter and John for their cure of the lame man and preaching in the [[Temple]] (Acts 4:6), A.D. 29. Lightfoot identifies him with R. [[Johanan]] Ben-Zachai, who lived forty years before the destruction of the Temple, and was president of the great synagogue after its removal to Jabne, or [[Jamnia]] (Lightfoot, Cent. Chor. Matth. praef. ch. 15; see also Selden, De Synedriis, 2, ch. 15). [[ Grotius]] merely says he was known to Rabbinical writers as "John the priest" (Comm. in Acts 4). — Smith. </p> <p> 2. The [[Hebrew]] name of the evangelist MARK (See [[Mark]]) (q.v.), who throughout the narrative of the Acts is designated by the name by which he was known among his countrymen ( Acts 12:12; Acts 12:25; Acts 13:5 ; Acts 13:13; Acts 15:37) . </p> <p> III. In [[Josephus]] the following are the most noteworthy of this name, besides the above and JOHN OF GISCHALA, whom we notice separately below: </p> <p> 1. A high priest (son of Judas, and grandson of Eliashib), who slew his brother Jesus in the Temple, thereby provoking the vengeance of Bagoses, the [[Persian]] viceroy under [[Artaxerxes]] (Ant. 11, 7, 1). He corresponds to the Jonathan (q.v.), son of Joiada, of Nehemiah 12:10-11. (See [[High Priest]]). </p> <p> 2. Son of Dorcas, sent by the [[Sicarii]] with ten executioners to murder the persons taken into custody by John of [[Gischala]] on his arrival in [[Jerusalem]] (Josephus, War, 4, 3, 5). </p> <p> 3. Son of Sosas, one of the four popular generals of the [[Idumaeans]] who marched to Jerusalem in aid of the zealots at the instance of John of Gischala (Josephus. War, 4, 4, 2). He was possibly the same with John the Essene, spoken of as commander of the toparchy of [[ Shamma]] at an earlier stage of the war ( ib. 2, 20, 4; comp. 3, 2 , 1). He was mortally wounded by a dart during the final siege (ib. 5, 6, 5). </p> | |
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| == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_75176" /> ==
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| <p> King of [[England]] from 1199 to 1216, was clever and vivacious, but the most vicious, profane, false, short-sighted, tyrannical, and unscrupulous of English monarchs; the son of Henry II., he married Hawisa of Gloucester, and succeeded his brother [[Richard]] I., being Richard's nominee, and the tacitly elect of the people; his nephew, Arthur, claimed the French dominions, and was supported by the French king, Philip; in 1200 he divorced Hawisa, and married Isabel of Angoulême, a child-heiress; this provoked the French barons; in the war that ensued Arthur was captured, and subsequently murdered either by John himself or by his orders; [[Philip]] invaded Normandy, and with the fall of the Château-Gaillard in 1204, most of the French possessions were lost to the English crown; then followed John's quarrel with [[Pope]] [[Innocent]] III. over the election of an archbishop of Canterbury; the Pope consecrated [[Stephen]] Langton; John refused to receive him; in 1208 the kingdom was placed under an interdict, and next year the king was excommunicated; John on his side confiscated Church property, exiled the bishops, exacted homage of [[William]] of Scotland, and put down risings in [[Ireland]] and Wales; but a bull, deposing him and absolving his vassals from allegiance, forced him to submit, and he resigned his crown to the Pope's envoy in 1213; this exaction on Innocent's part initiated the opposition to Rome which culminated in the English Reformation; the rest of the reign was a struggle between the king, relying on his suzerain the Pope, and the people, barons, and clergy, for the first time on one side; war broke out; the king was forced to sign Magna Charta at Runnymede in 1215, but the Pope annulled the Charter; the barons appealed for help to the Dauphin, and were prosecuting the war when John died at [[Newark]] (1167-1216). </p>
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| ==References == | | ==References == |
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| <ref name="term_41319"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/john John from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref> | | <ref name="term_5192"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/john+(1) John from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> |
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| <ref name="term_16464"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/john John from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_32125"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/john John from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_52031"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/john John from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_70332"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/john John from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_48018"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hawker-s-poor-man-s-concordance-and-dictionary/john John from Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_36000"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/john John from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_73302"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/john John from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_67054"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/john John from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_56314"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/john John from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_135472"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/john John from Webster's Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_46224"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/john John from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_75176"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/john John from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref>
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| </references> | | </references> |
