Know, Known, Knowledge, Unknown

Know, Known, Knowledge, Unknown

'''A — 1: γινώσκω (Strong'S #1097 — Verb — ginosko — ghin-oce'-ko )

signifies "to be taking in knowledge, to come to know, recognize, understand," or "to understand completely," e.g.,  Mark 13:28,29;  John 13:12;  15:18;  21:17;  2 Corinthians 8:9;  Hebrews 10:34;  1 John 2:5;  4:2,6 (twice),7,13; 5:2,20; in its past tenses it frequently means "to know in the sense of realizing," the aorist or point tense usually indicating definiteness,   Matthew 13:11;  Mark 7:24;  John 7:26; in  John 10:38 "that ye may know (aorist tense) and understand, (present tense);"   John 19:4;  Acts 1:7;  17:19;  Romans 1:21;  1 Corinthians 2:11 (2nd part),14;   2 Corinthians 2:4;  Ephesians 3:19;  6:22;  Philippians 2:19;  3:10;  1 Thessalonians 3:5;  2 Timothy 2:19;  James 2:20;  1 John 2:13 (twice),14; 3:6; 4:8;   2 John 1:1;  Revelation 2:24;  3:3,9 . In the Passive Voice, it often signifies "to become known," e.g.,  Matthew 10:26;  Philippians 4:5 . In the sense of complete and absolute understanding on God's part, it is used e.g., in  Luke 16:15;  John 10:15 (of the Son as well as the Father);   1 Corinthians 3:20 . In  Luke 12:46 , Av, it is rendered "he is ... aware."

 1 Corinthians 8:3 Galatians 4:9 2 Timothy 2:19 John 10:14,27 Genesis 18:19 Nahum 1:7 Amos 3:2 John 8:32 14:20,31 17:3 Galatians 4:9  1 John 2:3,13,14 4:6,8,16 5:20 2 Peter 3:18 Hosea 6:3 Matthew 1:25 Luke 1:34

'''A — 2: οἶδα (Strong'S #1492 — Verb — oida — i'-do )

from the same root as eidon, "to see," is a perfect tense with a present meaning, signifying, primarily, "to have seen or perceived;" hence, "to know, to have knowledge of," whether absolutely, as in Divine knowledge, e.g.,  Matthew 6:8,32;  John 6:6,64;  8:14;  11:42;  13:11;  18:4;  2 Corinthians 11:31;  2 Peter 2:9;  Revelation 2:2,9,13,19;  3:1,8,15; or in the case of human "knowledge," to know from observation, e.g,  1 Thessalonians 1:4,5;  2:1;  2 Thessalonians 3:7 .

 John 8:55 John 13:7 John 14:7 Mark 4:13 Matthew 7:23  Matthew 25:12

'''A — 3: ἐπιγινώσκω (Strong'S #1921 — Verb — epiginosko — ep-ig-in-oce'-ko )

denotes (a) "to observe, fully perceive, notice attentively, discern, recognize" (epi, "upon," and No. 1); it suggests generally a directive, a more special, recognition of the object "known" than does No. 1; it also may suggest advanced "knowledge" or special appreciation; thus, in  Romans 1:32 , "knowing the ordinance of God" (epiginosko) means "knowing full well," whereas in verse  Romans 1:21 "knowing God" (ginosko) simply suggests that they could not avoid the perception. Sometimes epiginosko implies a special participation in the object "known," and gives greater weight to what is stated; thus in   John 8:32 , "ye shall know the truth," ginosko is used, whereas in  1 Timothy 4:3 , "them that believe and know the truth," epiginosko lays stress on participation in the truth. Cp. the stronger statement in  Colossians 1:6 (epiginosko) with that in   2 Corinthians 8:9 (ginosko), and the two verbs in   1 Corinthians 13:12 , "now I know in part (ginosko); but then shall I know (piginosko) even as also I have been known (epiginosko)," "a knowledge which perfectly unites the subject with the object; (b) "to discover, ascertain, determine," e.g.,  Luke 7:37;  23:7;  Acts 9:30;  19:34;  22:29;  28:1; in  Acts 24:11 the best mss. have this verb instead of No. 1; hence the Rv, "take knowledge." J. Armitage Robinson (on Ephesians) points out that epignosis is "knowledge directed towards a particular object, perceiving, discerning," whereas gnosis is knowledge in the abstract. See Acknowledge.

'''A — 4: προγινώσκω (Strong'S #4267 — Verb — proginosko — prog-in-oce'-ko )

"to know beforehand," is used (a) of the Divine "foreknowledge" concerning believers,  Romans 8:29; Israel, 11:2; Christ as the Lamb of God,  1 Peter 1:20 , Rv, "foreknown" (Av, "foreordained"); (b) of human previous "knowledge," of a person,  Acts 26:5 , Rv, "having knowledge of" (Av, "which knew"); of facts,  2 Peter 3:17 . See Foreknow.

'''A — 5: ἐπίσταμαι (Strong'S #1987 — Verb — epistamai — ep-is'-tam-ahee )

"to know, know of, understand" (probably an old Middle Voice form of ephistemi, "to set over"), is used in  Mark 14:68 , "understand," which follows oida "I (neither) know;" most frequently in the Acts, 10:28; 15:7; 18:25; 19:15,25; 20:18; 22:19; 24:10; 26:26; elsewhere,  1 Timothy 6:4;  Hebrews 11:8;  James 4:14;  Jude 1:10 . See Understand.

'''A — 6: συνοδία (Strong'S #4923 — Noun Feminine — sunoida — soon-od-ee'-ah )

sun, "with," and No. 2, a perfect tense with a present meaning, denotes (a) "to share the knowledge of, be privy to,"  Acts 5:2; (b) "to be conscious of," especially of guilty consciousness,  1 Corinthians 4:4 , "I know nothing against (Av, by) myself." The verb is connected with suneidon, found in  Acts 12:12;  14:6 (in the best texts). See Consider , Privy , Ware.

'''A — 7: ἀγνοέω (Strong'S #50 — Verb — agnoeo — ag-no-eh'-o )

"not to know, to be ignorant:" See Ignorant.

'''A — 8: γνωρίζω (Strong'S #1107 — Verb — gnorizo — gno-rid'-zo )

signifies (a) "to come to know, discover, know,"  Philippians 1:22 , "I wot (not)," i.e., "I know not," "I have not come to know" (the Rv, marg. renders it, as under (b), "I do not make known"); (b) "to make known," whether (I) communicating things "before unknown,"  Luke 2:15,17; in the latter some mss. have the verb diagnorizo (hence the Av, "made known abroad);"  John 15:15 , "I have made known;" 17:26;  Acts 2:28;  7:13 (1st part), see Note (3) below;   Romans 9:22,23;  16:26 (Passive Voice);   2 Corinthians 8:1 , "we make known (to you)," Rv, Av, "we do (you) to wit;"  Ephesians 1:9;  3:3,5,10 (all three in the Passive Voice); 6:19,21;   Colossians 1:27;  4:7,9 , "shall make known" (Av, "shall declare");  2 Peter 1:16; or (Ii) reasserting things already "known,"  1 Corinthians 12:3 , "I give (you) to understand" (the Apostle reaffirms what they knew);  1 Corinthians 15:1 , of the Gospel;  Galatians 1:11 (he reminds them of what they well knew, the ground of his claim to Apostleship);   Philippians 4:6 (Passive Voice), of requests to God. See Certify , Declare (Note), Understand , Wit , Wot.

 2 Timothy 3:10Follow.  2 Timothy 4:17Fulfill.  Acts 7:13 Acts 7:13Manifest.  Luke 2:17 Acts 24:22Determine

'''B — 1: γνωστός (Strong'S #1110 — Adjective — gnostos — gnoce-tos' )

a later form of gnostos (from No. 1), most frequently denotes "known;" it is used ten times in the Acts, always with that meaning (save in  Acts 4:16 , where it means "notable"); twice in the Gospel of John,  John 18:15,16; in  Luke 2:44;  23:49 it denotes "acquaintance;" elsewhere only in   Romans 1:19 , "(that which) may be known (of God)," lit., "the knowable of God," referring to the physical universe, in the creation of which God has made Himself "knowable," that is, by the exercise of man's natural faculties, without such supernatural revelations as those given to Israel. See Acquaintance.

'''B — 2: φανερός (Strong'S #5318 — Adjective — phaneros — fan-er-os' )

"visible, manifest," is translated "known" in  Matthew 12:16;  Mark 3:12 . See Appear , Manifest , Openly , Outwardly.

'''B — 3: ἐπιστήμων (Strong'S #1990 — Adjective — epistemon — ep-ee-stay'-mone )

akin to A, No. 5, "knowing, skilled," is used in  James 3:13 , Av, "endued with knowledge" (Rv "understanding").

'''B — 4: ἄγνωστος (Strong'S #57 — Adjective — agnostos — ag'-noce-tos )

the negative of No. 1, "unknown," is found in  Acts 17:23 .

'''C — 1: γνῶσις (Strong'S #1108 — Noun Feminine — gnosis — gno'-sis )

primarily "a seeking to know, an enquiry, investigation" (akin to A, No. 1), denotes, in the Nt, "knowledge," especially of spiritual truth; it is used (a) absolutely, in  Luke 11:52;  Romans 2:20;  15:14;  1 Corinthians 1:5;  8:1 (twice),7,10,11; 13:2,8; 14:6;   2 Corinthians 6:6;  8:7;  11:6;  Ephesians 3:19;  Colossians 2:3;  1 Peter 3:7;  2 Peter 1:5,6; (b) with an object: in respect of (1) God,  2 Corinthians 2:14;  10:5; (2) the glory of God,  2 Corinthians 4:6; (3) Christ Jesus,  Philippians 3:8;  2 Peter 3:18; (4) salvation,  Luke 1:77; (c) subjectively, of God's "knowledge,"  Romans 11:33; the word of "knowledge,"  1 Corinthians 12:8; "knowledge" falsely so called,  1 Timothy 6:20 .

'''C — 2: ἐπίγνωσις (Strong'S #1922 — Noun Feminine — epignosis — ip-ig'-no-sis )

akin to A, No. 3, denotes "exact or full knowledge, discernment, recognition," and is a strengthened form of No. 1, expressing a fuller or a full "knowledge," a greater participation by the "knower" in the object "known," thus more powerfully influencing him. It is not found in the Gospels and Acts. Paul uses it 15 times (16 if  Hebrews 10:26 is included) out of the 20 occurrences; Peter 4 times, all in his 2nd Epistle. Contrast   Romans 1:28 (epignosis) with the simple verb in   Romans 1:21 . "In all the four Epistles of the first Roman captivity it is an element in the Apostle's opening prayer for his correspondents' well-being,  Philippians 1:9;  Ephesians 1:17;  Colossians 1:9;  Philemon 1:6 " (Lightfoot).

 Romans 1:28 10:2 Ephesians 1:17 Colossians 1:10 2 Peter 1:3 2 Peter 1:2 Ephesians 4:13 2 Peter 1:8 2:20 Colossians 1:9 Philemon 1:6 1 Timothy 2:4 2 Timothy 2:25 Titus 1:1 Colossians 2:2 Philippians 1:9 Colossians 3:10Acknowledge.

'''C — 3: ἀγνωσία (Strong'S #56 — Noun Feminine — agnosia — ag-no-see'-ah )

the negative of No. 1, "ignorance," is rendered "no knowledge" in  1 Corinthians 15:34 , Rv (Av, "not the knowledge"); in  1 Peter 2:15 , ignorance. See Ignorance.

 Ephesians 3:4