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| == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_36407" /> == | | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52394" /> == |
| <p> Acts 16:13-15. Paul's first European convert. A [[Jewish]] proselyte ("which worshipped God".) In attending the means of grace at Philippi, [[Lydia]] received the blessing. Many women, and among them Lydia, resorted to the place by the river Gangites or Gaggitas "where prayer was wont to be made"; possibly a '''''Proseuchee''''' was there, "the meeting place of Jewish congregations in Greek cities" (Winer), or "a place of prayer as opposed to a synagogue or house of prayer" (Conybeare and Howson, Life of Paul). For quietness and freedom from interruption it was "outside of the gate" (so the Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus manuscripts read instead of "out of the city"), and "by the river side" for the sake of the ablutions connected with the worship. The seashore was esteemed by the [[Jews]] a place most pure, and therefore suited for prayer; at their great fast they used to leave their synagogues and pray on every shore in Tertullian's (de Jejun. 16) time; see also [[Josephus]] Ant. 14:10, section 23. </p> <p> Luke describes here with the vividness of an eye witness, Women, as in many of our own congregations, formed the greater part of the worshippers; their employment as dyers brought them together in that vicinity. Lydia belonged to [[Thyatira]] in Asia Minor, where inscriptions relating to a "guild of dyers" there confirm Luke's accuracy. Paul arrived early in the week, for "certain days" elapsed before the sabbath. Paul, Silas, and Luke "sat down" (the usual attitude of teachers) to speak to the assembled women. Lydia was one of the listeners ( '''''Eekouen''''' ), and "the Lord opened her heart ''(Compare '' Luke 24:45 ''; '' Psalms 119:18 ''; '' Psalms 119:130 '')'' that she attended unto the things spoken of Paul" ''(Luke Modestly Omits [[Notice]] Of His Own Preaching)'' . The Greek ( '''''Elaloumen''''' ) implies conversational speaking rather than set preaching. Her modesty and simplicity beautifully come out in the narrative. She heartily yields to her convictions and is forthwith baptized, the waters of Europe then first being sacramentally used to seal her faith and God's forgiveness in Christ. </p> <p> She leads her "household" to believe in, and be baptized as disciples of, the same Saviour. This is the first example of that family religion to which Paul often refers in his epistles ( 1 Corinthians 1:11; 1 Corinthians 1:16; 1 Corinthians 16:15; Romans 16:5; Philemon 1:2). First came her faith, then her leading all around her to Christ, then her and their baptismal confession, then her love evidenced in pressing hospitality ( Hebrews 13:2; 1 Peter 4:9; 1 Timothy 5:10), finally her receiving into her house Paul and Silas after their discharge from prison; she was not "ashamed of the Lord's prisoners, but was partaker of the afflictions of the gospel." Through Lydia also the gospel probably came into Thyatira, where Paul had been forbidden to preach it at the earlier time, for God has His times for everything ( Acts 16:6; Revelation 2:18). Thyatira being a [[Macedonian]] colony had much contact with Philippi, the parent city. Lydia may have been also one of "those women who laboured with Paul in the gospel" at [[Philippi]] ( Philippians 4:3). </p> | | <p> <strong> LYDIA </strong> was the name for the central part of the coast-land on the west of Asia Minor in ancient times, having been so called from the race which inhabited it, the Lydians. At the earliest time of which we have any knowledge it was a prosperous kingdom, and the name of the last king, CrÅ“sus, has become proverbial for wealth. The [[Persians]] seized the kingdom from him about b.c. 546 (‘Lydia’ in Ezekiel 30:5 AV [Note: Authorized Version.] is corrected to ‘ <strong> [[Lud]] </strong> ’ in RV [Note: Revised Version.] ). [[Alexander]] the Great conquered it in b.c. 334. The possession of it was disputed by the Pergamenians and Seleucids till b.c. 190, in which year it became definitely Pergamenian (cf. 1Ma 8:8 ). In b.c. 133 it passed by will with the rest of the Pergamenian kingdom into the Roman Empire, and the whole kingdom was henceforth known as the province Asia, by which name alone it is indicated in the NT (see Asia). After the formation of this province, the term ‘Lydia’ had only an ethnological significance. The chief interest of [[Lydia]] for us is that it contained several very ancient and important great cities (of the Ionian branch), Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, Colophon, etc., some of which were among the ‘churches of Asia.’ The evangelization of the country is connected with St. Paul’s long residence in [[Ephesus]] ( Acts 19:1 ff.). </p> <p> A. Souter. </p> |
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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_56472" /> == | | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_5731" /> == |
| <p> The woman who bears this name in Acts 16:14 ff. is described as ‘a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshipped God.’ The implication is that Lydia was more or less closely attached to the Jewish religion-a ‘proselyte of the gate,’ in later Rabbinic phraseology. We are told that she was found by St. Paul on his visit to Philippi at a small Jewish meeting for prayer held at the river-side on the [[Sabbath]] day. On bearing the message of the Apostle, she was converted and baptized along with the members of her household, and thereupon entreated the missionary to lodge in her house during his stay in the town. As a seller of purple garments-among the most expensive articles of ancient commerce-Lydia was no doubt a woman of considerable wealth. Probably she was a widow carrying on the business of her dead husband, and her position at the head of a wealthy establishment shows the comparative freedom enjoyed by women bosh in Asia Minor and in Macedonia. Her generous disposition, manifested in her pressing offer of hospitality to the Apostle, may perhaps be reflected in the frequency and liberality with which the [[Philippian]] Church contributed to the Apostle’s wants ( Philippians 4:15-16). She holds the distinction of being the first convert to [[Christianity]] in Europe, and her household formed the nucleus of the Church of Philippi, to which St. Paul addressed the most affectionate and joyous of all his Epistles. </p> <p> The fact that the [[Apostle]] Paul does not mention her by name in the [[Epistle]] has given rise to two different suggestions. Some have thought that shortly after her conversion Lydia may have either died or returned to her home in Thyatira (as Milligan in <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) </i> , article‘Lydia’). Others have put forward the idea that Lydia was not the personal name of the convert, but a description of her nationality as a native of Thyatira in the province of Lydia-‘the Lydian’; and further, that the Apostle may refer to her either as [[Euodia]] or Syntactic ( Philippians 4:2). Renan takes this latter view of the name, and suggests also that Lydia became the wife of the Apostle and bore the expenses of his trial in Philippi ( <i> St. Paul </i> , p. 148). Ramsay ( <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) </i> , article‘Lydia’) regards the name as a familiar name (nickname), used instead of the personal proper name and meaning ‘the Lydian’ (so Zahn, <i> Introd. to NT </i> , Eng. translation, 1909, i. 533). Others, however, point to the frequency with which the name is found applied to women in Horace ( <i> Od. </i> i. 8, iii. 9, iv. 30), and regard it as a proper name. </p> <p> Literature.-E. Renan, <i> St. Paul </i> , 1869, p. 149; <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) </i> , article‘Lydia’; R.J. Knowling, <i> Expositor’s Greek [[Testament]] </i> , ‘Acts.’ 1900, p. 345; [[Commentaries]] of Holtzmann and Zeller <i> in loc. </i> </p> <p> W. F. Boyd. </p>
| | <p> ''''' lid´i ''''' - ''''' a ''''' ( Λυδία , < i> ''''' Ludı́a ''''' </ i> ) : An important country in the western part of Asia Minor bounded on the North by Mysia, on the East by Phrygia, on the South by Caria, and on the West by the Aegean Sea. Its surface is rugged, but along the valleys between its mountain ranges ran some of the most important highways from the coast cities to the distant interior. Of its many rivers the chief are the Cayster, the Lower Hermus, the Cogamos, the Caicus and, during a part of its course, the Meander. </p> <p> Lydia was an exceedingly ancient and powerful kingdom whose history is composed chiefly of that of its individual cities. In 546 Bc it fell into the hands of the Persians, and in 334 Bc it became a part of Alexander's empire. After the death of Alexander its possession was claimed by the kings both of [[ Pergamos]] and of Seleucia, but in 190 Bc it became the undisputed possession of the former ( 1 [[Maccabees ]] 8:8 ). With the death of [[ Attalus]] III, 133 BC, it was transferred by the will of that king to Rome, and Lydia, which then became but a name, formed, along with Caria, [[ Mysia]] and Phrygia, a part of the Roman province of Asia (see [[ Asia]] ). Chief among its cities were [[ Smyrna]] and Ephesus, two of the most important in Asia Minor, and Smyrna is still the largest and wealthiest city of that part of Turkey. At Ephesus, the seat of the goddess Diana, Paul remained longer than elsewhere in Asia, and there his most important missionary work was done ( Acts 19 ). Hence, Lydia figures prominently in the early history of the church; it became Christianized during the residence of the apostle at Ephesus, or soon afterward ( see also [[ Lud]] ). </p> |
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| == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_73661" /> ==
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| <p> '''Lyd'ia.''' ''(Land Of Lydus).'' </p> <p> 1. A maritime province, in the west of Asia Minor, bounded by [[Mysia]] on the north, [[Phrygia]] on the east, and [[Caria]] on the south. It is enumerated among the districts which the Romans took away from Antiochos the Great after the battle of Magnesia in B.C. 190, and transferred to Eumenus II, king of Pergamus. Lydia is included in the "Asia" of the New Testament. </p> <p> 2. The first European convert of St. Paul, and afterward, his hostess during his first stay at Philippi. Acts 18:14-15, also Acts 18:40. (A.D. 47). She was a Jewish proselyte at the time of the apostle's coming; and it was at the Jewish '''Sabbath-worship''' by the side of a stream, Acts 18:13, that the preaching of the gospel reached her heart. </p> <p> Her native place was Thyatira, in the province of Asia. Acts 18:14; Revelation 2:18. Thyatira was famous for its dyeing works; and Lydia was connected with this trade, as a seller either of dye or of dyed goods. We infer that she was a person of considerable wealth. </p> | |
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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52395" /> ==
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| <p> <strong> LYDIA. </strong> A seller of purple-dyed garments at Philippi, probably a widow and a ‘proselyte of the gate’ (see art. Nicolas), whom St. Paul converted on his first visit to that city, together with her household, and with whom he and his companions lodged ( Acts 16:14 f., Acts 16:40 ). She was of Thyatira in the district of Lydia, the W. central portion of the province Asia, a district famed for its purple dyes; but was doubtless staying at Philippi for the purpose of her trade. She was apparently prosperous, dealing as she did in very fine wares. It has been held that Lydia is the proper name of this woman; but it seems more likely that it merely means ‘the Lydian,’ and that it was the designation by which she was ordinarily known at Philippi. She is not mentioned (at least, by that name) in St. Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians, and unless we identify her with Euodia or Syntyche, she had probably left the city when the Apostle wrote; for a conjecture of Renan’s, see art. Synzygus. The incident in Acts 16:1-40 is one example out of many of the comparatively Independent position of women in Asia Minor and Macedonia. </p> <p> A. J. Maclean. </p>
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| == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32460" /> ==
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| <li> A woman of Thyatira, a "seller of purple," who dwelt in Philippi ( Acts 16:14,15 ). She was not a [[Jewess]] but a proselyte. The Lord opened her heart as she heard the gospel from the lips of Paul (16:13). She thus became the first in Europe who embraced Christianity. She was a person apparently of considerable wealth, for she could afford to give a home to Paul and his companions. (See Thyatira .) <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton [[M.A., DD]] Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Lydia'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/l/lydia.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li>
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| == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70434" /> ==
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| <p> [[Lydia]] ( ''Lyd'I-Ah'' ). 1. A Jewish proselyte from the city of Thyatira, in Lydia, engaged in the purple trade, possessed of wealth, and temporarily residing at Philippi, where she heard Paul preach. Acts 16:14. She accepted the gospel, was baptized together with her household, and Paul stayed at her house. 2. Ezekiel 30:5, E. V. "Lud," where it probably refers to a people or place in Africa. It was also a coast region of Asia Minor, and formed in olden times the centre of a great empire under Crœsus; afterward it belonged successively to Syria, Pergamus, and the Romans. Its principal cities were Sardis, Thyatira, and Philadelphia. It is mentioned in 1 [[Maccabees]] 8:8 among the provinces which the Romans transferred from Syria to Pergamus. </p>
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| == Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_81052" /> ==
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| <p> a woman of Thyatira, a seller of purple, who dwelt in the city of Philippi, in Macedonia. She was converted to the faith by St. Paul, and both she and her family were baptized. She offered her house to the Apostle, and pressed him to abide there so earnestly, that he yielded to her entreaties. She was not a Jewess by birth, but a proselyte, Acts 16:14-15; Acts 16:40 . </p> <p> <strong> 2. </strong> LYDIA, an ancient celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, which, in the time of the Apostles, was reduced to a Roman province. [[Sardis]] was the capital. </p>
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| == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16528" /> ==
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| <p> A woman of Thyatira, residing at Philippi in Macedonia, and dealing in purple cloths. She was not a Jewess by birth, but had become a proselyte to [[Judaism]] and "worshipped God." She was led by the grace of God to receive the gospel with joy; and having been baptized, with her household, constrained Paul and his fellow-laborers to make her house their home while at Philippi, Acts 16:14,40 . See Philippi . </p>
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| == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_41855" /> ==
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| Ezekiel 27:10 Ezekiel 30:5 2 Acts 16:14 Acts 16:12-15 16:50 <p> Mike Mitchell </p>
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| == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_67402" /> ==
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| <p> A disciple of Thyatira a place noted for its dyes a seller of purple, residing at Philippi, whose heart the Lord opened, and who became, as far as is known, the first convert in Europe. She received Paul, Silas, and Luke into her house. Acts 16:14,40 . </p>
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| == Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48116" /> ==
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| <p> A woman of Thyatira, for whose conversion Paul was called by a vision to preach at Philippi. (See Acts 16:14-40) Her name, it should seem, was taken from Ludim, births. </p>
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| == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_48909" /> ==
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| <p> ( '''''Λυδία''''' ), the name of a country, and also of a woman in the New Testament. </p> <p> '''1.''' The [[Hebrew]] LUD ("Lydia" in Ezekiel 30:5; (See [[Ludim]]) ), a province in the west of Asia Minor, supposed to have derived its name from Lud, the fourth son of [[Shem]] ( Genesis 10:22). Thus Josephus states "those who are now called ''Lydians'' ( '''''Λυδοί''''' ), but anciently Ludimn ( '''''Λούδοι''''' ), sprung from Lud" ( '''''Λούδα''''' , Ant. 1:6, 4; compare Bochart, Opera, 1:83, and the authorities cited there). (See [[Ethnology]]). </p> <p> Lydia was bounded on the east by [[Greater]] Phrygia, on the north by AEolis or Mysia, on the west by [[Ionia]] and the AEgaean Sea, and or the south it was separated from Caria by the Meander (see Smith's ''Dict. Of Class. Geogr.'' s.v.). The country is for the most part level (Schubert, ''Reisen'' , 1:369 sq.). Among the mountains, that of Tmolus was celebrated for its saffron and red wine (Xenoph. ''Cyrop'' . 6:2, 21). Lydia, however, lay on the west coast of Asia Minor, and thus was far removed from the other possessions of the Shemitic nations. Greek writers inform us that Lydia was originally peopled by a Pelasgic race called hicseonians (Homer, Iliad, 2:866; 10:431), who received their name from Maeon, an ancient king (Bochart, 1.c.). They also state that the name Lydians was derived from a king who ruled them at a later period (Herod. 1:7) About eight centuries B.C. a tribe of another race migrated from the east, and subdued the Maeonians. These were the Lydians. For some time after this conquest both nations are mentioned promiscuously, but the Lydians gradually obtained power, and gave their name to the country (Kalisch, On [[Genesis]] 10; Dionysius, 1:30; Pliny, 5:30; comp. Strabo, 12:572; 14:679). The best and most recent critics regard these Lydians as a Shemitic tribe, and consequently the descendants of [[Lud]] (Movers, Die Phonicier, 1:475). This view is strengthened by the description of the character and habits of the Lydians. They were warlike (Herod. 1:79), skilled in horsemanship (ib.), and accustomed to serve as mercenaries under foreign princes (7:71). Now, in Isaiah 66:19, a warlike people called Lud is mentioned in connection with [[Tarshish]] and Pul; and again in Ezekiel 27:10, the prophet says of Tyre, "They of Persia, and of Lud, and of Phut, were in thine army, thy men of war." There can scarcely be a doubt that this is the Shemitic nation mentioned in Genesis, and which migrated to Western Asia, and gave the province of Lydia its name. </p> <p> The identity has recently been called in question by professor and Sir Henry Rawlinson, but their arguments do not seem sufficient to set aside the great mass of circumstantial evidence in its favor (Rawlinson's Herodotus, 1:160, 659, 667; comp. Kalisch, ad loc. Gen. ; Prichard, [[Physical]] History of Mankind, 4:562 sq.; Niebuhr, Lectures on [[Ancient]] History, 1:87; Gesenius, Thesaurus, page 745). In the palmy days of Lydia its kings ruled from the shores of the AEgean to the river Halys; and Craesus, who was its king in the time of [[ Solon]] and of Cyrus, was reputed the richest monarch in the world (Strabo, 15:735). He was able to bring into the field an army of 420,000 foot and 60,000 horse against Cyrus, by whom, however, he was defeated, and his kingdom annexed to the [[Persian]] empire ( Herod. 1:6). Lydia afterwards formed part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae; and it is related in 1 Maccabees 8:8 , that [[Antiochus]] the Great was compelled by the Romans to cede Lydia to king [[ Eumenes]] (comp. Apian. Syr. 38). Some difficulty arises in the passage referred to from the names "India and Media" found in connection with it ; but if we regard these as incorrectly given by the writer or by a copyist for "Ionia and Mysia," the agreement with Livy's account of the same transaction (37:56) will be sufficiently established, the notice of the maritime provinces alone in the book of Maccabees being explicable on the ground of their being best known to the inhabitants of Palestine. In the time of the travels of the apostles it was a province of the Roman empire (Ptolemy, 5:2, 16; Pliny, 5:30). Its chief towns were Sardis (the capital), Thyatira, and Philadelphia, all of which are mentioned in the New Testament, although the name of the province itself does not occur. Its connection with Judaea, under the Seleucidne, is referred to by Josephus (Ant. 12:3, 4). The manners of the Lydians were corrupt even to a proverb (Herod. 1:93). See Th. Menke, Lydiaea (Berlin, 1844); Cramer, Asia Minor, 1:413; Forbiger, Handb. der Alten Geogrs. 2:167; Clinton, [[ Fasti]] Hellen. Appendix, page 361; Niebuhr, Lectures on Anc. Hist. 1:82; Cellarius, Notitiae, 1:108 sq.; Mannert, Geogr. VI, 3:345 sq.; Allgem. Welhistor. 4:623 sq.; Beck, Weltg. 1:308 sq.; Heeren, Ideen, I, 1:154 sq. </p> <p> '''2.''' A woman of Thyatira, "a seller of purple," who dwelt in the city of Philippi, in [[ Macedonia]] ( Acts 16:14-15). A.D. 47. The commentators are not agreed whether "Lydia" should be regarded as an appellative, or a derivative from the country to which the woman belonged, Thyatira, her native place, being in Lydia. There are examples of this latter sense; but the preceding word '''''Ὀνόματι''''' seems here to support the former, and the name was a common one. (See [[ Biel]] and I. Hase in the ''Bibl. Brem.'' 2:411; 3:275; 5:670; 6:1041; Symb. Brem. II, 2:124; compare Ugolini Thesaur. 13:29.) Lydia was not by birth a Jewess, but a proselyte, as the phrase "who worshipped God" imports. It was at the Jewish Sabbath-worship by the side of a stream ( Acts 16:13) that the preaching of the [[Gospel]] by Paul reached her heart. She was converted, being the first person in Europe who embraced Christianity there, and after she and her household had been baptized she pressed the use of her house so earnestly upon the apostle and his associates that they were constrained to accept the invitation. As her native place was in the province of Asia ( Acts 16:14; Revelation 2:18), it is interesting to notice that through her, indirectly, the Gospel may have come into that very district where Paul himself had recently been forbidden directly to preach it ( Acts 16:6). We infer that she was a person of considerable wealth partly from the fact that she gave a home to Paul and his companions, partly from the mention of the conversion of her "household," under which term, whether children are included or not, slaves are no doubt comprehended. Of Lydia's character we are led to form a high estimate from her candid reception of the Gospel, her urgent hospitality, and her continued friendship to Paul and Silas when they were persecuted. Whether she was one of "those women who labored with Paul in the Gospel" at Philippi, as mentioned afterwards in the epistle to that place ( Philippians 4:3), it is impossible to say. The Lydians were famous for the art of dyeing purple vests (Pliny, 7:57; Max. Tyr. 40:2; Valer. Flacc. 4:368; Claud. Rapt. Proserp. 1:275; AElian, Anim. 4:46), and Lydia, as "a seller of purple," is supposed to have been a dealer in vests so dyed rather than in the dye itself ( see Kuinol on Acts 14:14). </p> | |
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| == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_16111" /> ==
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| <p> Lyd´ia, a province in the west of Asia Minor, supposed to have derived its name from Lud, the fourth son of Shem (; see Nations, [[Dispersion]] of). It was bounded on the east by Greater Phrygia, on the north by Aeolis or Mysia, on the west by Ionia and the Aegean Sea, and on the south it was separated from Caria by the Maeander. The country is for the most part level. Among the mountains, that of Tmolus was celebrated for its saffron and red wine. In the palmy days of Lydia its kings ruled from the shores of the Aegean to the river Halys; and Croesus, who was its king in the time of Solon and of Cyrus, was reputed the richest monarch in the world. He was able to bring into the field an army of 420,000 foot and 60,000 horse against Cyrus, by whom, however, he was defeated, and his kingdom annexed to the Persian [[Empire]] (Herod. i. 6). Lydia afterwards formed part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae; and it is related in , that Antiochus the Great was compelled by the Romans to cede Lydia to King Enmenes. In the time of the travels of the [[Apostles]] it was a province of the Roman Empire. Its chief towns were Sardis (the capital), Thyatira, and Philadelphia, all of which are mentioned in the New Testament, although the name of the province itself does not occur. The manners of the Lydians were corrupt even to a proverb. </p>
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| == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_76128" /> ==
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| <p> A country of Asia Minor; seat of an early civilisation, and a centre of influences which affected both the religion and culture of Greece; was noted for its music and purple dyes. </p>
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| ==References == | | ==References == |
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| <ref name="term_36407"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | | <ref name="term_52394"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/lydia+(1) Lydia from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> |
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| <ref name="term_56472"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/lydia Lydia from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_73661"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_52395"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/lydia Lydia from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_32460"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_70434"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/lydia Lydia from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_81052"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/watson-s-biblical-theological-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_16528"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_41855"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_67402"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_48116"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hawker-s-poor-man-s-concordance-and-dictionary/lydia Lydia from Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_48909"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/lydia Lydia from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_16111"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/lydia Lydia from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_76128"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/lydia Lydia from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref> | | <ref name="term_5731"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/lydia+(1) Lydia from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> |
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Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible [1]
LYDIA was the name for the central part of the coast-land on the west of Asia Minor in ancient times, having been so called from the race which inhabited it, the Lydians. At the earliest time of which we have any knowledge it was a prosperous kingdom, and the name of the last king, CrÅ“sus, has become proverbial for wealth. The Persians seized the kingdom from him about b.c. 546 (‘Lydia’ in Ezekiel 30:5 AV [Note: Authorized Version.] is corrected to ‘ Lud ’ in RV [Note: Revised Version.] ). Alexander the Great conquered it in b.c. 334. The possession of it was disputed by the Pergamenians and Seleucids till b.c. 190, in which year it became definitely Pergamenian (cf. 1Ma 8:8 ). In b.c. 133 it passed by will with the rest of the Pergamenian kingdom into the Roman Empire, and the whole kingdom was henceforth known as the province Asia, by which name alone it is indicated in the NT (see Asia). After the formation of this province, the term ‘Lydia’ had only an ethnological significance. The chief interest of Lydia for us is that it contained several very ancient and important great cities (of the Ionian branch), Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, Colophon, etc., some of which were among the ‘churches of Asia.’ The evangelization of the country is connected with St. Paul’s long residence in Ephesus ( Acts 19:1 ff.).
A. Souter.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [2]
lid´i - a ( Λυδία , Ludı́a ): An important country in the western part of Asia Minor bounded on the North by Mysia, on the East by Phrygia, on the South by Caria, and on the West by the Aegean Sea. Its surface is rugged, but along the valleys between its mountain ranges ran some of the most important highways from the coast cities to the distant interior. Of its many rivers the chief are the Cayster, the Lower Hermus, the Cogamos, the Caicus and, during a part of its course, the Meander.
Lydia was an exceedingly ancient and powerful kingdom whose history is composed chiefly of that of its individual cities. In 546 Bc it fell into the hands of the Persians, and in 334 Bc it became a part of Alexander's empire. After the death of Alexander its possession was claimed by the kings both of Pergamos and of Seleucia, but in 190 Bc it became the undisputed possession of the former ( 1 Maccabees 8:8 ). With the death of Attalus III, 133 BC, it was transferred by the will of that king to Rome, and Lydia, which then became but a name, formed, along with Caria, Mysia and Phrygia, a part of the Roman province of Asia (see Asia ). Chief among its cities were Smyrna and Ephesus, two of the most important in Asia Minor, and Smyrna is still the largest and wealthiest city of that part of Turkey. At Ephesus, the seat of the goddess Diana, Paul remained longer than elsewhere in Asia, and there his most important missionary work was done ( Acts 19 ). Hence, Lydia figures prominently in the early history of the church; it became Christianized during the residence of the apostle at Ephesus, or soon afterward (see also Lud ).
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