Difference between revisions of "Walk"

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== Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_79862" /> ==
 
<div> '''1: περιπατέω ''' (Strong'S #4043 — Verb — peripateo — per-ee-pat-eh'-o ) </div> <p> is used (a) physically, in the Synoptic [[Gospels]] (except &nbsp;Mark 7:5 ); always in the Acts except in &nbsp;Acts 21:21; never in the [[Pauline]] Epistles, nor in those of John; (b) figuratively, "signifying the whole round of the activities of the individual life, whether of the unregenerate, &nbsp;Ephesians 4:17 , or of the believer, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 7:17; &nbsp;Colossians 2:6 . It is applied to the observance of religious ordinances, &nbsp;Acts 21:21; &nbsp;Hebrews 13:9 , marg., as well as to moral conduct. The [[Christian]] is to walk in newness of life, &nbsp;Romans 6:4 , after the spirit, &nbsp;Romans 8:4 , in honesty, &nbsp;Romans 13:13 , by faith, &nbsp;2 Corinthians 5:7 , in good works, &nbsp;Ephesians 2:10 , in love, &nbsp;Ephesians 5:2 , in wisdom, &nbsp;Colossians 4:5 , in truth, &nbsp;2 John 1:4 , after the commandments of the Lord, &nbsp;2 John 1:6 . And, negatively, not after the flesh, &nbsp;Romans 8:4; not after the manner of men, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 3:3; not in craftiness, &nbsp;2 Corinthians 4:2; not by sight, &nbsp;2 Thessalonians 5:7; not in the vanity of the mind, &nbsp;Ephesians 4:17; not disorderly, &nbsp;2 Thessalonians 3:6 ." * [* From Notes on Thessalonians, by Hogg and Vine, p. 67.] See [[Go]] , Note (2) (r). </p> <div> '''2: πορεύομαι ''' (Strong'S #4198 — Verb — poreuo — por-yoo'-om-ahee ) </div> <p> for which see [[Depart]] , No. 8, and [[Go,]] No. 1, is used in the Middle Voice and rendered "to walk" in &nbsp;Luke 1:6 , of the general activities of life; so in &nbsp;Luke 13:33 , [[Av,]] "walk" [[(Rv,]] "go on My way"); &nbsp;Acts 9:31; &nbsp;14:16; &nbsp;1 Peter 4:3; &nbsp;2 Peter 2:10; Jude, 1:16,18. </p> <div> '''3: ἐμπεριπατέω ''' (Strong'S #1704 — Verb — emperipateo — em-per-ee-pat-eh'-o ) </div> <p> "to walk about in, or among" (en, "in," and No. 1), is used in &nbsp;2 Corinthians 6:16 , of the activities of God in the lives of believers. </p> <div> '''4: στοιχέω ''' (Strong'S #4748 — Verb — stoicheo — stoy-kheh'-o ) </div> <p> from stoichos, "a row," signifies "to walk in line," and is used metaphorically of "walking" in relation to others (No. 1 is used more especially of the individual walk); in &nbsp;Acts 21:24 , it is translated "walkest orderly;" in &nbsp;Romans 4:12 , "walk (in ... steps);" in &nbsp;Galatians 5:25 it is used of walking "by the Spirit," [[Rv,]] in an exhortation to keep step with one another in submission of heart to the [[Holy]] Spirit, and therefore of keeping step with Christ, the great means of unity and harmony in a church (contrast No. 1 in &nbsp; Galatians 5:16; ver. 25 begins a new section which extends to 6:10); in &nbsp;Galatians 6:16 it is used of walking by the rule expressed in &nbsp; Galatians 6:14,15; in &nbsp;Philippians 3:16 the reference is to the course pursued by the believer who makes "the prize of the high calling" the object of his ambition. In the Sept., &nbsp; Ecclesiastes 11:6 . </p> <div> '''5: διέρχομαι ''' (Strong'S #1330 — Verb — dierchomai — dee-er'-khom-ahee ) </div> <p> "to go through" (dia), is rendered "to walk through" in the [[Av]] of &nbsp;Matthew 12:43; &nbsp;Luke 11:24 [[(Rv,]] "passeth through"). See [[Come]] , No. 5, [[Pass,]] No. 2. </p> <div> '''6: ὀρθοποδέω ''' (Strong'S #3716 — Verb — orthopodeo — or-thop-od-eh'-o ) </div> <p> "to walk in a straight path" (orthos, "straight," pous, "a foot"), is used metaphorically in &nbsp;Galatians 2:14 , signifying a "course of conduct" by which one leaves a straight track for others to follow ("walked ... uprightly"). </p> &nbsp;Mark 1:16
Walk <ref name="term_57775" />
       
<p> <b> [[Walk.]] </b> — <b> 1. </b> περιπατεῖν. The passages in the [[Gospels]] where this word occurs may be classified as follows: (1) ‘To move along leisurely on foot without halting.’ It is used in this literal sense of our Lord’s walking by the Lake (&nbsp;Matthew 4:18 περιπατῶν δέ),—the words following show that the subject of His thoughts as He walked was the analogy between Peter and Andrew’s present occupation and the work to which He was about to call them, that of ‘fishers of men,’—&nbsp;Mark 1:16 has the more vivid παράγων παρά, ‘passing along by’ (Revised Version [[Nt]] 1881, [[Ot]] 1885, cf. [[Lxx]] [[Septuagint]] Psalms 128:8); of His walking near Jordan, when His mien as He passed riveted John’s gaze (&nbsp;John 1:36); of His walking on the sea (&nbsp;Mark 6:48-49, &nbsp;Matthew 14:25-26, &nbsp;John 6:19—ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης in Mk. and Jn., ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσν in Mt.). </p> <p> ‘The genitive points to the apparent solidity of the water under His feet (cf. &nbsp;Mark 6:47 ἑπὶ τῆς γῆς), the accusative to the progress implied in περιπατῶν’ (Swete, <i> St. Mark </i> , 130). Cf. [[Lxx]] Septuagint &nbsp;Job 9:8 περιπατῶν ὡς ἑπʼ ἐδάφους ἑπὶ θαλάσσης, &nbsp;Job 38:16 ἦλθες δὲ ἐπὶ πηγὴν θαλάσσης, ἐν δὲ ἰχνεσιν ἀβύσσου περιεπάτησα, &nbsp;Sirach 24:5 ἐν βάθες ἀβύσσων περιεπάτησα. [[Particular]] [[Ot]] events also form suggestive parallels: &nbsp;Exodus 14:22 (cf. &nbsp;Psalms 77:19-20, &nbsp;Habakkuk 3:15), &nbsp;Joshua 3:16, &nbsp;2 Kings 2:8; &nbsp;2 Kings 2:14. </p> <p> Our Lord’s walking on the sea reveals Him as making material nature an instrument through which His interest in us is shown (Illingworth, <i> Div. [[Immanence]] </i> 1 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] , 124), as coming to our aid across the troubled waters in which our conflict lies (Westcott, <i> Characteristics of Gosp. Mir </i> .1 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] , 15, 19), and so leading us to the confidence expressed in &nbsp;Romans 8:28; &nbsp;Romans 8:35. The same word is used also of Peter’s walking on the sea (&nbsp;Matthew 14:29 περιεπάτησεν ἐπὶ τὰ ὓδατα), so that it is incorrect to say that Peter merely ‘attempted’ to walk on the water: the words imply that he made some progress in going to Jesus. By the invitation ‘Come!’ Jesus expressed His warm sympathy with Peter in his desire for closer fellowship with Him, and gave a pledge that He would support him in the enterprise of his faith. The cause of his temporary failure was his betaking himself again to his own resources after having committed himself to a course that involved full dependence on Christ’s strength. Then, after the grasp of our Lord’s hand had revived his faith, he was really enabled to carry through what he had undertaken, probably walking on the sea with Jesus in returning to the boat (cf. [[A.]] [[B.]] Davidson, <i> [[Waiting]] upon God </i> , 241, 250). Two texts, &nbsp;John 15:5 and &nbsp;Philippians 4:13, show how we should apply this narrative to ourselves. περιπατεῖν is also used: of men’s gait, whereby the blind man who was being gradually restored to sight recognized the true nature of the objects which he would otherwise have taken for trees (&nbsp;Mark 8:24 βλέπω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὅτι ὡς δένδρα ὁρῶ περιπατοῦντας, [[‘I]] see men; for [[I]] perceive objects like trees, walking’; cf. &nbsp;Judges 9:36; Swete, <i> in loc </i> .); of people’s walking over hidden graves (&nbsp;Luke 11:44 : see Woe); of the scribes, τῶν θελόντων περιπατεῖν ἐν στολαῖς (&nbsp;Luke 20:46 || &nbsp;Mark 12:38 ‘love to go in long clothing,’ Authorized Version; see Dress); and in the question with which the [[Risen]] Lord began the conversation with His two disciples whom He joined on the road to [[Emmaus]] (&nbsp;Luke 24:17 τίνες οἱ λόγοι … οὑς ἁντιβάλλετε … περιπατοῦτες; cf. &nbsp;Mark 16:12). </p> <p> (2) Of those to whom Jesus miraculously restored the power of walking: the paralytic (&nbsp;Mark 2:9 || &nbsp;Matthew 9:5, &nbsp;Luke 5:23). No passage in the Gospels is more significant of the character, or more persuasive of the credibility, of our Lord’s miracles of healing than this. He says to the paralytic, ‘Son, thy sins be forgiven thee’; and in order that those who cavil at this saying ‘may know that the Son of Man hath power on earth to forgive sins,’ He commands him, ‘Arise, take up thy bed, and walk,’ which was, from their point of view, a harder thing for Him to say, because it could at once be proved whether His words had any effect. The miracle is thus an outward and visible sign of something greater than bodily healing; it points to an inward and spiritual power, destructive of evil, now present among men. It is implied that disease is the physical effect of sin (cf. &nbsp;John 5:14), and by healing the one our Lord gives an evidence of His power to destroy the other (cf. &nbsp;1 John 3:8). He teaches that the perfect idea of redemption is realized in ‘a redeemed soul in a redeemed body,’ and that He is come to deliver the entire personality of man, soul and body, from the dominion of evil (cf. Illingworth, <i> l.c. </i> 97). Man forgiven is enabled to ‘walk and not faint’ (&nbsp;Isaiah 40:31), and this looks forward to the time when ‘the inhabitant of [[Zion]] shall not say, [[I]] am sick; the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven their iniquity’ (&nbsp;Isaiah 33:24, cf. &nbsp;Revelation 7:14-17). So of the impotent man at [[Bethesda]] (&nbsp;John 5:8-9; &nbsp;John 5:11-12—a [[Sabbath]] miracle: the others being &nbsp;Mark 1:23; &nbsp;Mark 1:31; &nbsp;Mark 3:1 and ||, &nbsp;Luke 13:14; &nbsp;Luke 14:3, &nbsp;John 9:14); the lame who walk (&nbsp;Matthew 11:5; &nbsp;Matthew 15:31, &nbsp;Luke 7:22; cf. [[Lxx]] Septuagint &nbsp;Isaiah 35:3 ἰσχύσατε … γόνατα παραλελυμένα, also &nbsp;Isaiah 35:6; &nbsp;Acts 3:6; &nbsp;Acts 14:3); also of the daughter of [[Jairus]] whom our Lord raised from the dead (&nbsp;Mark 5:42 περιεπάτει, ‘she began walking about’). In all His raisings from the dead there was an immediate restoration of the bodily powers (&nbsp;Luke 7:15, &nbsp;John 11:44). </p> <p> (3) It is also used in a special sense of our Lord’s life of movement and unwearied activity. This use of περιπατεῖν is peculiar to St. John. In &nbsp;John 11:9-10 Jesus speaks in parabolic fashion, first of His having a full working day (cf. &nbsp;John 9:4) of twelve hours, during; which He walks in the light of life without fear of danger in the path of His heavenly Father’s will, and then of the coming on of the night of death, when walking, as regulated by present conditions, will be ended for Him; because it is His enemies’ ‘hour,’ coinciding with that permitted to ‘the power of darkness’ (&nbsp;Luke 22:53; cf &nbsp;John 13:30; Plummer, <i> St. Luke </i> , 513; Camb. Bib. <i> St. John </i> , 230). &nbsp;John 6:66 ‘many went back,’ καὶ οὐκέτι μετʼ αὐτοῦ περιεπάτουν; the last words picture His journeyings to and fro, in which they had been in the habit of accompanying Him on foot, and hearing His teaching. In the same sense: &nbsp;John 7:1, ‘walked in Galilee, for he would not walk in Jewry’; &nbsp;John 10:23 walking in the [[Temple]] (‘ut in sua domo,’ Beng.; cf. &nbsp;Mark 11:27); &nbsp;John 11:54 ‘walked no more openly among the Jews.’ This use of περιπατεῖν is also found in &nbsp;Revelation 2:1 of our Lord’s life of activity in His exalted state: ‘walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks,’ as if journeying forth by the circular route which, after traversing all the Churches mentioned, returns to [[Ephesus]] (Ramsay, <i> [[Letters]] to the Seven Churches </i> , ‘Letter to the Church in Ephesus,’ Introduction). It is likewise used by our Lord of Peter’s working life (&nbsp;John 21:18 περιεπάτεις ὅπου ἤθελες, as when he had said to his fellow-disciples, [[‘I]] go a fishing,’ v. 3), and of the life of the redeemed (&nbsp;Revelation 3:4 περιπατήσουσι μετʼ ἐμοῦ ἐν λευκοῖς; cf. &nbsp;Zechariah 3:4; &nbsp;Zechariah 3:7), which is thus suggestively represented as a life of action conjoined with purity (cf. &nbsp;1 John 3:2-3). </p> <p> (4) ‘To act and behave in any particular manner,’ ‘to pursue a particular course of life’: &nbsp;Mark 7:5 (the only passage in the Synoptic Gospels where περιπατεῖν is used in this sense—‘why walk not thy disciples κατὰ τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων’; κατὰ indicating conformity with a standard [as in &nbsp;Romans 8:4; &nbsp;Romans 14:15, &nbsp;2 Corinthians 10:2-3, &nbsp;Ephesians 2:2; Win.-Moul. 500]. הֲלִכִה in Rabbinical language is ‘the rule by which men must walk’ [הִלךְ]; cf. Swete, <i> in loc </i> .; see Tradition), &nbsp;John 8:12, where the condition of ‘not walking in darkness’ (= ignorance and self-deception, narrowness, joylessness, and death) is stated to be our ‘following the Light of the world,’ Jesus our Sun (cf. &nbsp;John 11:9, &nbsp;Psalms 27:1, &nbsp;Isaiah 9:2; &nbsp;Isaiah 42:5; &nbsp;Isaiah 60:19-20, &nbsp;Malachi 4:2), whose rising is the signal to awake and work (&nbsp;Ephesians 5:14, &nbsp;Hebrews 3:13), and whose movement as He mounts to attain His perfect day is a call to progress in righteousness and love (&nbsp;Psalms 19:5, &nbsp;Proverbs 4:18, &nbsp;Philippians 3:14). St. Paul developed this figure: he who follows the Light of the world becomes himself ‘light in the Lord’ (&nbsp;Ephesians 5:8-9, &nbsp;1 Thessalonians 5:5). Cf. &nbsp;John 12:35 (‘fides non est deses sed agilis in luce,’ Bengel. So also is love, &nbsp;1 John 2:9-11). </p> <p> περιπατεῖν is used of the conduct of life; Aquila, &nbsp;Genesis 5:22 (Enoch) περιεπάτει σὺν τῷ θεῷ, where [[Lxx]] Septuagint has εὐηρεστησε (cf. &nbsp;Hebrews 11:5); [[Lxx]] Septuagint &nbsp;2 Kings 20:3, Ps 11:9 (12:8), &nbsp;Proverbs 8:20, &nbsp;Ecclesiastes 11:9. St. Paul uses τεριπατεῖν in the ethical sense thirty times, and it is found in this sense in all his [[Epistles]] except Philem. and the Pastorals. He has also another word for ‘to walk’ which is not found in the Gospels (στοιχεῖν, ‘to march in file’). This word ‘may imply a more studied following of a prescribed course than περιτατεῖν’ (Ellic. <i> on Gal </i> . 122). Compare with the passages in St. John’s Gospel, &nbsp;1 John 1:6-7; &nbsp;1 John 2:6-11, &nbsp;2 John 1:4, &nbsp;3 John 1:3-4 </p> <p> <b> 2. </b> πορεύεσθαι is used in the same sense as περιπατεῖν (3) in &nbsp;Luke 13:33 [[‘I]] must walk to-day, and to-morrow, and the day following’; [[‘I]] must go on my way,’ Revised Version [[Nt]] 1881, [[Ot]] 1885. ‘The duration of my course is ordained by God, and no power on earth can shorten it: (cf. &nbsp;John 11:9 f.; Burkitt, <i> Gosp. Hist. and its Transmission </i> , 95). It is used in the same sense as περιπατεῖν (4) in &nbsp;Luke 1:6 (‘walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless’); cf. [[Lxx]] Septuagint &nbsp;Proverbs 10:9 (with Barrow’s Sermon) 14:2, &nbsp;Micah 6:8 πορεύεσθαι μετὰ κυρίου θεοῦ σου, ‘to walk humbly with thy God,’ Authorized Version and Revised Version [[Nt]] 1881, [[Ot]] 1885. </p> <p> <b> 3. </b> διἐρχεσθαι, ‘to pass through’: &nbsp;Matthew 12:43 (|| &nbsp;Luke 11:24) ‘walketh through dry places,’ ‘passeth through,’ Revised Version [[Nt]] 1881, [[Ot]] 1885 (cf. Psalms 106 (107):35). ‘Apart from humanity, evil powers have only an empty, unproductive existence; and accordingly they lie in wait continually for the opportunity to return to the world of men, and to set up their abode there’ (Martensen, <i> Dogmatics </i> , 196). </p> <p> Literature.—Swete, <i> Com. on St. Mark </i> ; [[A.]] [[B.]] Davidson, <i> Waiting upon God </i> ; [[J.]] [[H.]] Jowett, <i> Thirsting for the [[Springs]] </i> , 167; Illingworth, <i> Div. Immanence; Westcott, Characteristics of the [[Gospel]] [[Miracles]] </i> ; [[Hatch]] and Redpath, <i> [[Concordance]] to the </i> <i> [[Lxx]] Septuagint </i> . </p> <p> James Donald. </p>
== Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology <ref name="term_18305" /> ==
 
<p> The verb "walk" in its literal sense of going along or moving about on foot at a moderate pace is found numerous times in the Gospels. However, this same verb is more often used throughout the Old [[Testament]] and the epistles of the New Testament in a metaphorical way. In this sense it means to follow a certain course of life or to conduct oneself in a certain way. Many times the verb translated "walk" is present tense in the Greek of the New Testament, which means that the writer is referring to a continued mode of conduct or behavior. In fact, the infinitive "to walk" can be translated, in a Hebraistic way, "to live." Such a use is common in the Old Testament and the writings of Paul and of John, but is not found in those of Peter or James. </p> <p> Throughout the New Testament, the verb "walk" is qualified in various ways to ensure that the reader understands what correct Christian living or conduct is and what it is not. [[Christians]] are not to continue to walk in darkness (&nbsp;1 John 1:6; &nbsp;2:11 ). What John means is that Christians should not continue living in ignorance of divine truth, an ignorance that is associated with sin and its evil results. Along with this, their walk should not be characterized by craftiness and cunning (&nbsp;2 Corinthians 4:2 ) or by such sins as immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, and greed, sins, the writer says, which used to characterize their continual living before salvation (&nbsp;Colossians 3:5-7 ). </p> <p> To the contrary, Christian living should be characterized by newness of life (&nbsp;Romans 6:4 ), good works (&nbsp;Ephesians 2:10 ), love (&nbsp;Ephesians 5:2 ), wisdom (&nbsp;Colossians 4:5 ), truth (&nbsp;3 John 4 ), and obedience to the light received from the apostle (&nbsp;1 Thessalonians 4:10 ). </p> <p> The standard of victorious Christian living is stated two different ways by the apostle Paul. His dominant theme in &nbsp;Romans 8 is that the Christian is not to continue walking "according to the sinful nature but according to the Spirit" (v. 4; see also vv. 12-13). The sinful nature in this expression is not bodily, material flesh but that ethical flesh, which refers to the sin dwelling in the Christian, as referred to in &nbsp; Romans 7:17,20 , &nbsp;21,23 . It is the nature of humankind, apart from the supernatural influences of the Holy Spirit; and this corrupt sinful nature, the core of which is selfishness, must not govern our conduct. In other words, Paul writes that the Christian should not live in accordance with the age to which this world belongs (&nbsp;Ephesians 2:2 ). The mature Christian will walk in accordance with the Holy Spirit's leading (&nbsp;Romans 8:4 ) via the Lord's commands given to him in the [[Scriptures]] (2John). This leading is not some ethereal, mystical kind of guidance but comes in the form of clear "Thou shalts" and "Thou shalt nots." </p> <p> In addition to writing the instruction given above, the New Testament writers do not leave maturing Christians in the dark as to the manner of walking that is expected from them. They are not to keep on walking as the nations or [[Gentiles]] outside Christ do (&nbsp;Ephesians 4:17 ). The apostle Paul thereby lets his readers know that he expects a different lifestyle from Christians than from non-Christians. They are not to conduct their lives in an unruly or disorderly fashion, deviating from the prescribed kind of life or rule given by the apostles in the Bible (&nbsp;2 Thessalonians 3:6,11 ). Some Christians in Thessalonica, because of wrong beliefs about the second coming of Christ, had given up their Jobs and were sponging off the other church members. Paul reminds the church that this should not be tolerated and that the one who does not work should not be allowed to eat at the expense of the others. </p> <p> To the contrary, the members of the faith should continue walking decently and properly, as in the daylight (&nbsp;Romans 13:13 ), not in carousing, drunkenness, sexual promiscuity, sensuality, strife, or jealousy. The deeds of darkness must be put away and the armor of the light needs to be put on (&nbsp;Romans 13:12 ). They should walk worthy of their calling as Christians (&nbsp;Ephesians 4:1 ). They should walk as children of the light who have the lamp of the Bible for their guidance (&nbsp;Ephesians 5:8 ). Furthermore, they should walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the most of the time because the days are evil. They should behave circumspectly and with great care and understanding of what the will of the Lord is (&nbsp;Ephesians 5:15-17 ). In addition, they ought to walk in a manner that is suitable and worthy of God, whose children they are (&nbsp;Ephesians 4:1 ). [[A]] Christian should continue walking decently and properly with reference to those outside the church (&nbsp;1 Thessalonians 4:12 ). Finally, the Christian should continue behaving in this world, as much as possible, as Christ behaved (&nbsp;1 John 2:6 ) and as Paul, in his own life, exemplified a pattern of Christian living (&nbsp;Philippians 3:17 ). </p> <p> In &nbsp;2 Corinthians 5:7 Paul described the means of the Christian's walk or behavior which he describes in his epistles. He succinctly says, "We live by faith, not by sight." To walk by faith means to rely on Christ for one's own salvation and to trust that the promises found in the Bible, God's Word, are dependable and will be faithfully fulfilled. Paul also wrote the Galatians that they should continue walking by the Spirit (&nbsp; Galatians 5:16 ). </p> <p> From both the Old and New Testament references, it is clear that the metaphorical or figurative use of the English verb, "walk, " refers to conduct or behavior which, it is insisted, should support one's verbal testimony. The metaphorical use of the word "walk" in the Bible refers to the way in which an individual lives or conducts his or her life; and regularly, the Christian's walk will be in stark contrast to that of the unbeliever's. </p> <p> [[Wesley]] [[L.]] Gerig </p> <p> <i> See also </i> [[Ethics]]; [[Sanctification]]; [[Spirituality]] </p>
== References ==
       
== King James Dictionary <ref name="term_64183" /> ==
<p> [[Walk,]] [[G.,]] to full, to felt hats a fuller to stir, to be agitated, to rove, to travel, to wander, to roll. Our ancestors appropriated the verb to moving on the feet, and the word is peculiarly expressive of that rolling or wagging motion which marks the walk of clownish people. </p> 1. To move slowly on the feet to step slowly along to advance by steps moderately repeated as animals. [[Walking]] in men differs from running only in the rapidity and length of the steps but in quadrupeds, the motion or order of the feet is sometimes changed. <p> At the end of twelve months, he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon. &nbsp;Daniel 4 . </p> <p> When Peter had come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. &nbsp;Matthew 14 . </p> 2. To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement. [[Hundreds]] of students daily walk on Downing terrace in Cambridge. 3. To appear, as a specter. <p> The spirits of the dead may walk again. </p> 4. To act on any occasion. <p> Do you think Id walk in any plot? </p> 5. To be in motion, as a clamorous tongue. <p> Her tongue did walk in foul reproach. </p> 6. To act or move on the feet in sleep. <p> When was it she last walkd? But this is unusual. When we speak of noctambulation, we say, to walk in sleep. </p> 7. To range to be stirring. <p> Affairs that walk, as they say spirits do at midnight. Unusual. </p> 8. To move off to depart. <p> When he comes forth he will make their cows and garrans walk. Not elegant. </p> 9. In Scripture, to live and act or behave to pursue a particular course of life. <p> To walk with God, to live in obedience to his commands, and have communion with him. &nbsp;Genesis 5 . </p> <p> To walk in darkness, to live in ignorance, error and sin, without comfort. &nbsp;1 John 1 . </p> <p> To walk in the light, to live int he practice of religion, and to enjoy its consolations. &nbsp;1 John 1 . </p> <p> To walk by faith, to live in the firm belief of the gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ for salvation. &nbsp;2 Corinthians 5 . </p> <p> To walk through the fire, to be exercised with severe afflictions. &nbsp;Isaiah 43 . </p> <p> To walk after the flesh, to indulge sensual appetites, and to live in sin. &nbsp;Romans 8 . </p> <p> To walk after the Spirit, to be guided by the counsels and influences of the Spirit and by the word of God, and to live a life of holy deportment. </p> <p> To walk in the flesh, to live this natural life, which is subject to infirmities and calamities. &nbsp;2 Corinthians 10 . </p> <p> To walk in, to enter, as a house. [[Walk]] in, gentlemen. </p> <p> [[Walk,]] wauk. </p> 1. To pass through or upon as, to walk the streets. This is elliptical for to walk in or through the street. 2. To cause to walk or step slowly to lead, drive or ride with a slow pace. He found the road so bad he was obliged to walk his horse. The coachman walked his horses from Woodbridge to Princeton. <p> [[Walk,]] n. Wauk. </p> 1. The act of walking the act of moving on the feet with a slow pace. 2. The act of walking for air or exercise as a morning walk an evening walk. 3. [[Manner]] of walking gait step. We often know a person in a distant apartment by his walk. 4. [[Length]] of way or circuit through which one walks or a place for walking as a long walk a short walk. The gardens of the Tuilerie and of the Luxemburgh are very pleasant walks. 5. An avenue set with trees. 6. Way road range place of wandering. <p> The mountains are his walks. </p> <p> The starry walks above. </p> 7. [[Region]] space. <p> He opened a boundless walk for his imagination. </p> 8. Course of life or pursuit. This is not within the walk of the historian. 9. The slowest pace of a horse, ox or other quadruped. 10. [[A]] fish. [[A]] mistake for whelk. 11. In the West Indies, a plantation of canes, &c. <p> [[A]] sheep walk, so called, is high and dry land where sheep pasture. </p>
       
== Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words <ref name="term_76601" /> ==
<p> [['''A.]] Verb.''' </p> <p> <em> Hâlak </em> (הָלַךְ, Strong'S #1980), “to go, walk, behave.” This verb appears in most Semitic languages (although it has a different meaning in Arabic). It is attested in all periods of Hebrew. Old Testament [[Hebrew]] attests it about 1,550 times, while the [[Aramaic]] uses it a few times. </p> <p> Essentially, this root refers to movement without any suggestion of direction in the sense of going, whether of man (Gen. 9:23), beasts (Gen. 3:14), or inanimate objects (Gen. 2:14— the first occurrence of the word). In cases other than men (where it means “to walk”) <em> hâlak </em> may be translated “to go.” It is used sometimes with a special emphasis on the end or goal of the action in mind; men are but flesh, “a wind that passeth [goes] away, and cometh not again” (Ps. 78:39). [[Applied]] to human existence the word suggests “going to one’s death,” as in Gen. 15:2, when [[Abraham]] says: [[“O]] Lord God, what wilt thou give me, since [[I]] am [going to my death] childless …?” [[(Nasb).]] This verb can also be used of one’s behavior, or the way one “walks in life.” So he who “walks” uprightly shall be blessed of God (Isa. 33:15). This does not refer to walking upright on one’s feet but to living a righteous life. </p> <p> This root is used in various other special ways. It may be used to emphasize that a certain thing occurred; Jacob went and got the kid his mother requested, in other words, he actually did the action (Gen. 27:14). In Gen. 8:3 the waters of the flood steadily receded from the surface of the earth. Sometimes this verb implies movement away from, as in Gen. 18:33, when the Lord “departed” from Abraham. </p> <p> God is said to “walk” or “go in three senses. First, there are certain cases where He assumed some kind of physical form. For example, Adam and [[Eve]] heard the sound of God “walking” to and fro in the garden of Eden (Gen. 3:8). He “walks” on the clouds (Ps. 104:3) or in the heavens (Job 22:14); these are probably anthropomorphisms (God is spoken of as if He had bodily parts). Even more often God is said to accompany His people (Exod. 33:14), to go to redeem (deliver) them from Egypt (2 Sam. 7:23), and to come to save them (Ps. 80:2). The idea of God’s “going” (“walking”) before His people in the pillars of fire and cloud (Exod. 13:21) leads to the idea that His people must “walk” behind Him (Deut. 13:5). [[Quite]] often the people are said to have “walked” or to be warned against “walking behind” foreign gods (Deut. 4:3). Thus, the rather concrete idea of following God through the wilderness moves to “walking behind” Him spiritually. Some scholars suggest that “walking behind” pagan gods (or even the true God) arose from the pagan worship where the god was carried before the people as they entered the sanctuary. Men may also “walk … after the imagination of their evil heart,” or act stubbornly (Jer. 3:17). The pious followed or practiced God’s commands; they “walked” in righteousness (Isa. 33:15), in humility (Mic. 6:8), and in integrity (Ps. 15:2). They also “walk with God” (Gen. 5:22), and they live in His presence, and “walk before” Him (Gen. 17:1), in the sense of living responsibly before Him. </p> <p> [['''B.]] Nouns. ''' </p> <p> <em> Hălı̂ykâh </em> (הֲלִיכָה, Strong'S #1979), “course; doings; traveling company; caravan; procession.” This noun occurs 6 times in the Old Testament. This word conveys several nuances. In Nah. 2:5 <em> hălı̂ykâh </em> refers to a “course”: “He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk.…” The word means “doings” in Prov. 31:27. It may also mean “traveling-company” or “caravan as in Job 6:19 or a “procession as in Ps. 68:24. </p> <p> Several other related nouns occur infrequently. <em> Mahalak </em> , which appears 5 times, means “passage” (Ezek. 42:4) and “journey” (Neh. 2:6). <em> [[Helek]] </em> occurs twice and means a “visitor” (2 Sam. 12:4). <em> Halik </em> appears once with the meaning “steps” (Job 29:6). <em> Tahalukot </em> occurs once to mean “procession,” specifically a thanksgiving procession (Neh. 12:31). </p>
       
== Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_193673" /> ==
<p> '''(1):''' ''' (''' n.) [[A]] frequented track; habitual place of action; sphere; as, the walk of the historian. </p> <p> '''(2):''' ''' (''' n.) That in or through which one walks; place or distance walked over; a place for walking; a path or avenue prepared for foot passengers, or for taking air and exercise; way; road; hence, a place or region in which animals may graze; place of wandering; range; as, a sheep walk. </p> <p> '''(3):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to take one's exercise; to ramble. </p> <p> '''(4):''' ''' (''' n.) Conduct; course of action; behavior. </p> <p> '''(5):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To move along on foot; to advance by steps; to go on at a moderate pace; specifically, of two-legged creatures, to proceed at a slower or faster rate, but without running, or lifting one foot entirely before the other touches the ground. </p> <p> '''(6):''' ''' (''' n.) The route or district regularly served by a vender; as, a milkman's walk. </p> <p> '''(7):''' ''' (''' n.) The act of walking for recreation or exercise; as, a morning walk; an evening walk. </p> <p> '''(8):''' ''' (''' n.) The act of walking, or moving on the feet with a slow pace; advance without running or leaping. </p> <p> '''(9):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To subject, as cloth or yarn, to the fulling process; to full. </p> <p> '''(10):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To cause to walk; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace; as to walk one's horses. </p> <p> '''(11):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To pass through, over, or upon; to traverse; to perambulate; as, to walk the streets. </p> <p> '''(12):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To move off; to depart. </p> <p> '''(13):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To behave; to pursue a course of life; to conduct one's self. </p> <p> '''(14):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To be in motion; to act; to move; to wag. </p> <p> '''(15):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To be stirring; to be abroad; to go restlessly about; - said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a sleeping person, or the spirit of a dead person; to go about as a somnambulist or a specter. </p> <p> '''(16):''' ''' (''' n.) Manner of walking; gait; step; as, we often know a person at a distance by his walk. </p> <p> '''(17):''' ''' (''' n.) An inclosed area of some extent to which a gamecock is confined to prepare him for fighting. </p> <p> '''(18):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To move in a manner likened to walking. </p> <p> '''(19):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To put or keep (a puppy) in a walk; to train (puppies) in a walk. </p> <p> '''(20):''' ''' (''' n.) [[A]] place for keeping and training puppies. </p> <p> '''(21):''' ''' (''' n.) In coffee, coconut, and other plantations, the space between them. </p>
       
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_19149" /> ==
<p> The Bible sometimes speaks of people’s conduct or manner of life as their ‘way’ or ‘walk’. The two expressions are closely connected: people move along a way by walking (&nbsp;Leviticus 26:23-24; &nbsp;1 Kings 6:12; &nbsp;2 Kings 20:3; &nbsp;Proverbs 8:20; &nbsp;Proverbs 20:7; &nbsp;Acts 9:31; &nbsp;Ephesians 2:10; &nbsp;Ephesians 5:2; &nbsp;1 John 2:11). </p> <p> Frequently, the Bible uses the word ‘walk’ when contrasting people’s way of life before they were Christians with their new life in Christ (&nbsp;Romans 6:4; &nbsp;Ephesians 2:1-2; &nbsp;Ephesians 5:8; &nbsp;Colossians 3:7-8). Their new way of life is controlled by the Spirit, not by the flesh (&nbsp;Romans 8:4; &nbsp;Galatians 5:16; &nbsp;Galatians 5:25). It is characterized by love, not by selfishness (&nbsp;Romans 14:15; &nbsp;Romans 14:19), and is influenced by the person in whom they believe, not by the things they see in the world around them (&nbsp;John 12:35; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 5:7). It is lived in fellowship with God rather than in obedience to sin (&nbsp;1 John 1:6-7), and is patterned on the life of Christ rather than on the life of their fellows (&nbsp;1 John 2:6; &nbsp;1 John 2:11; &nbsp;2 John 1:6). (See also [[Way.)]] </p>
       
== Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_198500" /> ==
<p> This word in its typical meaning refers to the manner of life and to the path pursued through life. </p> <p> &nbsp;Genesis 24:40 (a) This man of [[God]] lived a life according to the will of [[God,]] and kept himself by faith in the presence of [[God.]] The same is true of [[Enoch]] as in &nbsp;Genesis 5:22. Also of Noah in &nbsp;Genesis 6:9. </p> <p> &nbsp;1 Kings 6:12 (a) The same thought is found in this passage. The manner of life of [[Israel]] was to be in observance of the Word of [[God,]] and the will of [[God,]] as revealed in the law. (See also &nbsp;Ezekiel 33:15; &nbsp;Zechariah 3:7). </p> <p> &nbsp;Galatians 5:16 (a) Again the manner of life is described in this passage, as also in &nbsp;Ephesians 5:2, and &nbsp;Ephesians 5:8. </p>
       
== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_17481" /> ==
<p> Is often figuratively used to denote a man's mode of life, or his spiritual character, course, and relations, &nbsp;Ezekiel 11:20 . He may walk as a carnal or as a spiritual man, &nbsp;Romans 8:1; with God, or in ignorance and sin, &nbsp;Genesis 5:24 &nbsp; 1 John 5:21; in the fire of affliction, &nbsp;Isaiah 43:2 , or in the light, purity, and joy of Christ's favor here and in heaven, &nbsp;Psalm 89:15 &nbsp; Revelation 3:4 . </p>
       
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_44544" /> ==
&nbsp;Exodus 2:5&nbsp;Matthew 4:18&nbsp;Genesis 5:24&nbsp;Romans 8:4&nbsp;1 John 1:6-7
       
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_57776" /> ==
<p> See Christian Life. </p>
       
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_9377" /> ==
<p> ''''' wôk ''''' ( περιπατεῖν , <i> ''''' peripateı́n ''''' </i> ): [[Aside]] from its frequent occurrence in the usual sense, the word "walk" is used figuratively of conduct and of spiritual states. (1) Observance of laws or customs: "Thou teachest all the [[Jews]] who are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children, neither to walk after the customs" (&nbsp; Acts 21:21 ). (2) Of the spiritual life: "If we walk in the light, as he is in the light" (&nbsp;1 John 1:7 ); "That like as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we also might walk in newness of life" (&nbsp;Romans 6:4 ); "Walk by the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfill the lust of the flesh" (&nbsp;Galatians 5:16 ); "For we walk by faith, not by sight" (&nbsp;2 Corinthians 5:7 ). </p>
       
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_65478" /> ==
<p> '''Bibliography Information''' McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Walk'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/w/walk.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. </p>
       
==References ==
<references>
<references>
 
<ref name="term_57775"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/walk+(2) Walk from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref>
<ref name="term_79862"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/vine-s-expository-dictionary-of-nt-words/walk Walk from Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_18305"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/baker-s-evangelical-dictionary-of-biblical-theology/walk Walk from Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_64183"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/walk Walk from King James Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_76601"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/vine-s-expository-dictionary-of-ot-words/walk Walk from Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_193673"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/walk Walk from Webster's Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_19149"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/bridgeway-bible-dictionary/walk Walk from Bridgeway Bible Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_198500"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/wilson-s-dictionary-of-bible-types/walk Walk from Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_17481"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/walk Walk from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_44544"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/walk Walk from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_57776"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/walk Walk from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_9377"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/walk Walk from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_65478"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/walk Walk from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
       
</references>
</references>

Revision as of 23:14, 12 October 2021

Walk [1]

Walk. — 1. περιπατεῖν. The passages in the Gospels where this word occurs may be classified as follows: (1) ‘To move along leisurely on foot without halting.’ It is used in this literal sense of our Lord’s walking by the Lake ( Matthew 4:18 περιπατῶν δέ),—the words following show that the subject of His thoughts as He walked was the analogy between Peter and Andrew’s present occupation and the work to which He was about to call them, that of ‘fishers of men,’— Mark 1:16 has the more vivid παράγων παρά, ‘passing along by’ (Revised Version Nt 1881, Ot 1885, cf. Lxx Septuagint Psalms 128:8); of His walking near Jordan, when His mien as He passed riveted John’s gaze ( John 1:36); of His walking on the sea ( Mark 6:48-49,  Matthew 14:25-26,  John 6:19—ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης in Mk. and Jn., ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσν in Mt.).

‘The genitive points to the apparent solidity of the water under His feet (cf.  Mark 6:47 ἑπὶ τῆς γῆς), the accusative to the progress implied in περιπατῶν’ (Swete, St. Mark , 130). Cf. Lxx Septuagint  Job 9:8 περιπατῶν ὡς ἑπʼ ἐδάφους ἑπὶ θαλάσσης,  Job 38:16 ἦλθες δὲ ἐπὶ πηγὴν θαλάσσης, ἐν δὲ ἰχνεσιν ἀβύσσου περιεπάτησα,  Sirach 24:5 ἐν βάθες ἀβύσσων περιεπάτησα. Particular Ot events also form suggestive parallels:  Exodus 14:22 (cf.  Psalms 77:19-20,  Habakkuk 3:15),  Joshua 3:16,  2 Kings 2:8;  2 Kings 2:14.

Our Lord’s walking on the sea reveals Him as making material nature an instrument through which His interest in us is shown (Illingworth, Div. Immanence 1 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] , 124), as coming to our aid across the troubled waters in which our conflict lies (Westcott, Characteristics of Gosp. Mir .1 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] , 15, 19), and so leading us to the confidence expressed in  Romans 8:28;  Romans 8:35. The same word is used also of Peter’s walking on the sea ( Matthew 14:29 περιεπάτησεν ἐπὶ τὰ ὓδατα), so that it is incorrect to say that Peter merely ‘attempted’ to walk on the water: the words imply that he made some progress in going to Jesus. By the invitation ‘Come!’ Jesus expressed His warm sympathy with Peter in his desire for closer fellowship with Him, and gave a pledge that He would support him in the enterprise of his faith. The cause of his temporary failure was his betaking himself again to his own resources after having committed himself to a course that involved full dependence on Christ’s strength. Then, after the grasp of our Lord’s hand had revived his faith, he was really enabled to carry through what he had undertaken, probably walking on the sea with Jesus in returning to the boat (cf. A. B. Davidson, Waiting upon God , 241, 250). Two texts,  John 15:5 and  Philippians 4:13, show how we should apply this narrative to ourselves. περιπατεῖν is also used: of men’s gait, whereby the blind man who was being gradually restored to sight recognized the true nature of the objects which he would otherwise have taken for trees ( Mark 8:24 βλέπω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὅτι ὡς δένδρα ὁρῶ περιπατοῦντας, ‘I see men; for I perceive objects like trees, walking’; cf.  Judges 9:36; Swete, in loc .); of people’s walking over hidden graves ( Luke 11:44 : see Woe); of the scribes, τῶν θελόντων περιπατεῖν ἐν στολαῖς ( Luke 20:46 ||  Mark 12:38 ‘love to go in long clothing,’ Authorized Version; see Dress); and in the question with which the Risen Lord began the conversation with His two disciples whom He joined on the road to Emmaus ( Luke 24:17 τίνες οἱ λόγοι … οὑς ἁντιβάλλετε … περιπατοῦτες; cf.  Mark 16:12).

(2) Of those to whom Jesus miraculously restored the power of walking: the paralytic ( Mark 2:9 ||  Matthew 9:5,  Luke 5:23). No passage in the Gospels is more significant of the character, or more persuasive of the credibility, of our Lord’s miracles of healing than this. He says to the paralytic, ‘Son, thy sins be forgiven thee’; and in order that those who cavil at this saying ‘may know that the Son of Man hath power on earth to forgive sins,’ He commands him, ‘Arise, take up thy bed, and walk,’ which was, from their point of view, a harder thing for Him to say, because it could at once be proved whether His words had any effect. The miracle is thus an outward and visible sign of something greater than bodily healing; it points to an inward and spiritual power, destructive of evil, now present among men. It is implied that disease is the physical effect of sin (cf.  John 5:14), and by healing the one our Lord gives an evidence of His power to destroy the other (cf.  1 John 3:8). He teaches that the perfect idea of redemption is realized in ‘a redeemed soul in a redeemed body,’ and that He is come to deliver the entire personality of man, soul and body, from the dominion of evil (cf. Illingworth, l.c. 97). Man forgiven is enabled to ‘walk and not faint’ ( Isaiah 40:31), and this looks forward to the time when ‘the inhabitant of Zion shall not say, I am sick; the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven their iniquity’ ( Isaiah 33:24, cf.  Revelation 7:14-17). So of the impotent man at Bethesda ( John 5:8-9;  John 5:11-12—a Sabbath miracle: the others being  Mark 1:23;  Mark 1:31;  Mark 3:1 and ||,  Luke 13:14;  Luke 14:3,  John 9:14); the lame who walk ( Matthew 11:5;  Matthew 15:31,  Luke 7:22; cf. Lxx Septuagint  Isaiah 35:3 ἰσχύσατε … γόνατα παραλελυμένα, also  Isaiah 35:6;  Acts 3:6;  Acts 14:3); also of the daughter of Jairus whom our Lord raised from the dead ( Mark 5:42 περιεπάτει, ‘she began walking about’). In all His raisings from the dead there was an immediate restoration of the bodily powers ( Luke 7:15,  John 11:44).

(3) It is also used in a special sense of our Lord’s life of movement and unwearied activity. This use of περιπατεῖν is peculiar to St. John. In  John 11:9-10 Jesus speaks in parabolic fashion, first of His having a full working day (cf.  John 9:4) of twelve hours, during; which He walks in the light of life without fear of danger in the path of His heavenly Father’s will, and then of the coming on of the night of death, when walking, as regulated by present conditions, will be ended for Him; because it is His enemies’ ‘hour,’ coinciding with that permitted to ‘the power of darkness’ ( Luke 22:53; cf  John 13:30; Plummer, St. Luke , 513; Camb. Bib. St. John , 230).  John 6:66 ‘many went back,’ καὶ οὐκέτι μετʼ αὐτοῦ περιεπάτουν; the last words picture His journeyings to and fro, in which they had been in the habit of accompanying Him on foot, and hearing His teaching. In the same sense:  John 7:1, ‘walked in Galilee, for he would not walk in Jewry’;  John 10:23 walking in the Temple (‘ut in sua domo,’ Beng.; cf.  Mark 11:27);  John 11:54 ‘walked no more openly among the Jews.’ This use of περιπατεῖν is also found in  Revelation 2:1 of our Lord’s life of activity in His exalted state: ‘walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks,’ as if journeying forth by the circular route which, after traversing all the Churches mentioned, returns to Ephesus (Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches , ‘Letter to the Church in Ephesus,’ Introduction). It is likewise used by our Lord of Peter’s working life ( John 21:18 περιεπάτεις ὅπου ἤθελες, as when he had said to his fellow-disciples, ‘I go a fishing,’ v. 3), and of the life of the redeemed ( Revelation 3:4 περιπατήσουσι μετʼ ἐμοῦ ἐν λευκοῖς; cf.  Zechariah 3:4;  Zechariah 3:7), which is thus suggestively represented as a life of action conjoined with purity (cf.  1 John 3:2-3).

(4) ‘To act and behave in any particular manner,’ ‘to pursue a particular course of life’:  Mark 7:5 (the only passage in the Synoptic Gospels where περιπατεῖν is used in this sense—‘why walk not thy disciples κατὰ τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων’; κατὰ indicating conformity with a standard [as in  Romans 8:4;  Romans 14:15,  2 Corinthians 10:2-3,  Ephesians 2:2; Win.-Moul. 500]. הֲלִכִה in Rabbinical language is ‘the rule by which men must walk’ [הִלךְ]; cf. Swete, in loc .; see Tradition),  John 8:12, where the condition of ‘not walking in darkness’ (= ignorance and self-deception, narrowness, joylessness, and death) is stated to be our ‘following the Light of the world,’ Jesus our Sun (cf.  John 11:9,  Psalms 27:1,  Isaiah 9:2;  Isaiah 42:5;  Isaiah 60:19-20,  Malachi 4:2), whose rising is the signal to awake and work ( Ephesians 5:14,  Hebrews 3:13), and whose movement as He mounts to attain His perfect day is a call to progress in righteousness and love ( Psalms 19:5,  Proverbs 4:18,  Philippians 3:14). St. Paul developed this figure: he who follows the Light of the world becomes himself ‘light in the Lord’ ( Ephesians 5:8-9,  1 Thessalonians 5:5). Cf.  John 12:35 (‘fides non est deses sed agilis in luce,’ Bengel. So also is love,  1 John 2:9-11).

περιπατεῖν is used of the conduct of life; Aquila,  Genesis 5:22 (Enoch) περιεπάτει σὺν τῷ θεῷ, where Lxx Septuagint has εὐηρεστησε (cf.  Hebrews 11:5); Lxx Septuagint  2 Kings 20:3, Ps 11:9 (12:8),  Proverbs 8:20,  Ecclesiastes 11:9. St. Paul uses τεριπατεῖν in the ethical sense thirty times, and it is found in this sense in all his Epistles except Philem. and the Pastorals. He has also another word for ‘to walk’ which is not found in the Gospels (στοιχεῖν, ‘to march in file’). This word ‘may imply a more studied following of a prescribed course than περιτατεῖν’ (Ellic. on Gal . 122). Compare with the passages in St. John’s Gospel,  1 John 1:6-7;  1 John 2:6-11,  2 John 1:4,  3 John 1:3-4

2. πορεύεσθαι is used in the same sense as περιπατεῖν (3) in  Luke 13:33 ‘I must walk to-day, and to-morrow, and the day following’; ‘I must go on my way,’ Revised Version Nt 1881, Ot 1885. ‘The duration of my course is ordained by God, and no power on earth can shorten it: (cf.  John 11:9 f.; Burkitt, Gosp. Hist. and its Transmission , 95). It is used in the same sense as περιπατεῖν (4) in  Luke 1:6 (‘walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless’); cf. Lxx Septuagint  Proverbs 10:9 (with Barrow’s Sermon) 14:2,  Micah 6:8 πορεύεσθαι μετὰ κυρίου θεοῦ σου, ‘to walk humbly with thy God,’ Authorized Version and Revised Version Nt 1881, Ot 1885.

3. διἐρχεσθαι, ‘to pass through’:  Matthew 12:43 (||  Luke 11:24) ‘walketh through dry places,’ ‘passeth through,’ Revised Version Nt 1881, Ot 1885 (cf. Psalms 106 (107):35). ‘Apart from humanity, evil powers have only an empty, unproductive existence; and accordingly they lie in wait continually for the opportunity to return to the world of men, and to set up their abode there’ (Martensen, Dogmatics , 196).

Literature.—Swete, Com. on St. Mark  ; A. B. Davidson, Waiting upon God  ; J. H. Jowett, Thirsting for the Springs , 167; Illingworth, Div. Immanence; Westcott, Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles  ; Hatch and Redpath, Concordance to the Lxx Septuagint .

James Donald.

References

  1. ↑ Walk from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament
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