Difference between revisions of "Hammurabi"

<p> ''''' ḥam ''''' - ''''' oo ''''' - ''''' ra´bē̇ ''''' : </p> <p> 1. Etymology of His Name, with Reference to Amraphel; His Dynasty </p> <p> 2. The Years Following His Accession </p> <p> 3. Military Operations and Further [[Pious]] Works </p> <p> Inauguration of His Image </p> <p> 4. The Capture of Rim-Sin </p> <p> 5. Various Works, and An Expedition to [[Mesopotamia]] </p> <p> 6. His Final Years </p> <p> 7. No [[Record]] of His Expedition to [[Palestine]] </p> <p> 8. The Period When It May Have Taken Place </p> <p> 9. Hammurabi's [[Greatness]] as A R uler </p> 1. Etymology of His Name with Reference to Amraphel; His Dynasty <p> The name of the celebrated warrior, builder, and lawgiver, who ruled over [[Babylonia]] about 2000 bc. In accordance with the suggestion of the late Professor Eb. Schrader, he is almost universally identified with the Amraphel of &nbsp;Genesis 14:1 , etc. (which see). ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' was apparently not of Babylonian origin, the so-called "Dynasty of Babylon," to which he belonged, having probably come from the West. The commonest form of the name is as above, but ''''' H̬amu ''''' ( ''''' m ''''' )- ''''' rabi ''''' (with mimmation) is also found. The reading with initial "b" in the second element is confirmed by the Babylonian rendering of the name as <i> ''''' Kı̂mta ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' rapaštum ''''' </i> , "my family is widespread," or the like, showing that <i> ''''' rabi ''''' </i> was regarded as coming from <i> ''''' rabû ''''' </i> , "to be great." A late letter-tablet, however (see <i> PSBA </i> , May, 1901, p. 191), gives the form <i> ''''' Ammurapi ''''' </i> , showing that the initial is not really "kh", and that the "b" of the second element had changed to "p" (compare <i> ''''' Tiglath ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' pil ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' eser ''''' </i> for <i> ''''' Tukulti ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' abil ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' ešar ''''' </i> , etc.). Amraphel (for <i> ''''' AmArapel ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' Amrabel ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' Amrabe ''''' </i> ) would therefore seem to be due to Assyrian influence, but the final "l" is difficult to explain. Professor F. Hommel has pointed out, that the Babylonian rendering, "my family is widespread," is simply due to the scribes, the first element being the name of the Arabic deity <i> ''''' ‛Am ''''' </i> , making <i> ''''' ‛Ammu ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' rabi ''''' </i> , "Am is great." Admitting this, it would seem to be certain that ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's dynasty was that designated [[Arabian]] by Berosus. Its founder was apparently <i> ''''' Sumu ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' âbi ''''' </i> , and ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' was the fifth in descent from him. ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' ' ''''' s ''''' father, ''''' [[Sin]] ''''' - ''''' mubaliṭ ''''' , and his grandfather, Abil-Sin, are the only rulers of the dynasty which have Babylonian names, all the others being apparently Arabic. </p> 2. The Years Following His Accession <p> [[Concerning]] ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's early life nothing is recorded, but since he reigned at least 43 years, he must have been young when he came to the throne. His accession was apparently marked by some improvement in the administration of the laws, wherein, as the date-list says, he "established righteousness." After this, the earlier years of his reign were devoted to such peaceful pursuits as constructing the shrines and images of the gods, and in his 6th year he built the wall of the city of Laz. In his 7th year he took Unug (Erech) and Isin - two of the principal cities of Babylonia, implying that the Dynasty of Babylon had not held sway in all the states. </p> 3. Military Operations and Further Pious Works <p> Inauguration of His Image </p> <p> While interesting himself in the all-important work of digging canals, he found time to turn his attention to the land of ''''' Yamutbālu ''''' (8th year), and in his 10th he possibly conquered, or received the homage of, the city and people (or the army) of Malgia or ''''' Malgâ ''''' . Next year the city Rabiku was taken by a certain ''''' Ibik ''''' - ''''' Iškur ''''' , and also, seemingly, a place called ''''' Šalibu ''''' . The inauguration of the throne of ''''' Zēr ''''' - ''''' panitu m ''''' , and the setting up, seemingly, of some kind of royal monument, followed, and was succeeded by other religious duties - indeed, work of this nature would seem to have occupied him every year until his 21st, when he built the fortress or fortification of the city Bazu. His 22nd year is described as that of his own image as king of righteousness; and the question naturally arises, whether this was the date when he erected the great stele found at [[Susa]] in Elam, inscribed with his Code of Laws, which is now in the Louvre. Next year he seems to have fortified the city of Sippar, where, it is supposed, this monument was originally erected. </p> <p> 4. The Capture of ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' </p> <p> Pious works again occupied him until his 30th year, when the army of [[Elam]] is referred to, possibly indicating warlike operations, which paved the way for the great campaign of his 31st year, when, "with the help of [[Anu]] and Enlil," he captured ''''' Yamut ''''' - ''''' bālu ''''' and King ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' , the well-known ruler of Larsa. In his 32nd year he destroyed the army of ''''' Ašnunna ''''' or ''''' Ešnunnak ''''' . </p> 5. Various Works, and an Expedition to Mesopotamia <p> After these victories, ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' would seem to have been at peace, and in his 33year he dug the canal <i> ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' nuhuš ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' niši ''''' </i> , " ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' the abundance of the people," bringing to the fields of his subjects fertility, "according to the wish of Enlila." The restoration of the great temple at [[Erech]] came next, and was followed by the erection of a fortress, "high like a mountain," on the banks of the Tigris. He also built the fortification of Rabiku on the bank of the Tigris, implying preparations for hostilities, and it was possibly on account of this that the next year he made supplication to ''''' Tašmêtum ''''' , the spouse of Nebo. The year following (his 37th), "by the command of Anu and Enlila," the fortifications of Maur and Malka were destroyed, after which the country enjoyed a twelve-month of peace. In all probability, however, this was to prepare for the expedition of his 39th year, when he subjugated Turukku, ''''' Kagmû ''''' and Subartu, a part of Mesopotamia. The length of this year-date implies that the expedition was regarded as being of importance. </p> 6. His Final Years <p> Untroubled by foreign affairs, the chief work of ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' during his 40th year was the digging of the canal ''''' Tišit ''''' - ''''' Enlila ''''' , at Sippar, following this up by the restoration of the temple Ê-mete-ursag and a splendid temple-tower dedicated to Zagaga and ''''' Ištar ''''' . The defenses of his country were apparently his last thought, for his 43year, which seemingly terminated his reign and his life, was devoted to strengthening the fortifications of Sippar, a work recorded at greater length in several cylinder-inscriptions found on the site. </p> 7. No Record of an Expedition to Palestine <p> Unfortunately none of the documents referring to his reign makes mention of his attack, in company with the armies of Chedorlaomer, Tidal and Arioch, upon the rebel-kings of [[Sodom]] and Gomorrah. This naturally throws doubt on the identification of ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' with the Amraphel of &nbsp; [[Genesis]] 14:1 . It must be remembered, however, that we do not possess a complete history either of his life or his rule. That he was a contemporary of Arioch seems undoubted, and if this be the case, Chedorlaomer and Tidal were contemporaries too. Various reasons might be adduced for the absence of references to the campaign in question - his pride may have precluded him from having a year named after an expedition - no matter how satisfactory it may have been - carried out for another power - his suzerain; or the allied armies may have suffered so severely from attacks similar to that delivered by Abraham, that the campaign became an altogether unsuitable one to date by. </p> 8. The Period when It May Have Taken Place <p> If [[Eri-Aku]] was, as Thureau-Dangin has suggested, the brother of ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' , king of Larsa (Elassar), he must have preceded him on the throne, and, in that case, the expedition against the kings of the Plain took place before ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's 30th year, when he claims to have defeated ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' . As the date of ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' 's accession is doubtful, the date of Eri-Aku's (Arioch's) death is equally so, but it possibly took place about 5 years before ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' 's defeat. The expedition in question must therefore have been undertaken during the first 25 years of ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's reign. As Amraphel is called <i> king </i> of Shinar (Babylonia), the period preceding ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's accession ought probably to be excluded. </p> 9. ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's Greatness as a Ruler <p> Of all the kings of early Babylonia so far known, ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' would seem to have been one of the greatest, and the country made good progress under his rule. His conflicts with Elam suggest that Babylonia had become strong enough to resist that warlike state, and his title of <i> ''''' adda ''''' </i> or "father" of Martu (= ''''' Amurrū ''''' , the Amorites) and of ''''' Yamutbālu ''''' on the East implies not only that he maintained the country's influence, but also that, during his reign, it was no longer subject to Elam. ''''' Rı̂m ''''' - ''''' Sin ''''' and the state of Larsa, however, were not conquered until the time of Samsu-iluna, ''''' H̬ammurabi ''''' 's son. It is noteworthy that his Code of Laws (see 3, above) not only determined legal rights and responsibilities, but also fixed the rates of wages, thus obviating many difficulties. See Amraphel; [[Arioch]]; [[Chedorlaomer]]; [[Tidal]] , etc. </p>