Difference between revisions of "Botany"

<p> '''(1):''' (a. & n.) The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant. </p> <p> '''(2):''' (a. & n.) A book which treats of the science of botany. </p>

<p> the science that treats of the vegetable kingdom. The only trace of a systematic classification on this subject in the [[Scriptures]] is found in the account of the creation (&nbsp;Genesis 1:11-12), where the following distinctions are made: </p> <p> '''1.''' DE'SHIE, '''''דֶּשֶׁאּ''''' "grass," i.e. the first shoots of ''Herbage;'' </p> <p> '''2.''' '''''עֵשֶׂבּ''''' ;l,l "herb," i.e. green or ''Tenderplants;'' </p> <p> '''3.''' '''''עֵוֹ''''' , "tree," i.e. ''Woody'' shrubs and trees. </p> <p> These divisions correspond in general to the obvious ones of grassy, herbaceous, and arborescent forms of vegetable growth, the two former comprising annuals and those destitute of a firm stem. [[Solomon]] is said to have written, or, at least, discoursed on botanical productions ranging "from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that springeth out of the wall" (&nbsp;1 Kings 4:33); but of his treatise or effusions nothing is now extant or further alluded to, if indeed this be any thing more than a hyperbolical mode of representing his general compass of knowledge (comp. Josephus, ''Ant. 8:'' 2, 5) according to the then unscientific standard. (See [[Science]]). A large number and considerable variety, however, of trees and plants are more or less referred to in the Bible, but of many of these there exist very slight means of identifying the exact species according to modern botanical systems. The following is a list of all the individuals of the vegetable kingdom of scriptural occurrence, in the alphabetical order of their Hebrew or Greek names, with their probable modern equivalents, and renderings in the Authorized English Version. See these last each in its proper place in this work. </p> <p> Abattichim', Melon, " melons." </p> <p> Abivonch', Caper-plant, " desire." </p> <p> Achu', Sedge, "flag," etc. </p> <p> Adash', Lentil, "lentil." </p> <p> Agam', Reed, " reed." </p> <p> Agmon', Reed, " burush," etc. </p> <p> Agrielaios, Oleaster, "wild olive." </p> <p> Ahalim' and Ahaloth', Aloe, "aloes." </p> <p> Akantha, Bramble, " thorn." </p> <p> Alaummim' or Almnggimn', Sandal-tree, "almug - trees," </p> <p> Allah' or Allon', Terebinth, "oak," etc. [etc. Ale, Aloe, " aloes." </p> <p> Ansthon, Dill, " anise." </p> <p> Apsinthos, Wormwood, "wormwood." </p> <p> Arabim', Osier, willows." </p> <p> Ashur', Cedar (?), "Ashurites." </p> <p> Bation, Palm, "branch." </p> <p> Basam', Besam', orBe'seni, Balsam, " spice." </p> <p> Batos, Bramble, "bush," etc. </p> <p> Bekaim', Gum-tree, "mulberry." </p> <p> Berosh' or Beroth', Cypress, "fir." </p> <p> Be'tsel, Onion, "onion.", </p> <p> Beiishim', Poison-berry, " wild grapes." </p> <p> Bikkurah', Early Fig, "first ripe," etc. </p> <p> Bo'ser, [[Unripe]] Grape, "sour grapes." </p> <p> Boshah', Weed, cockle." </p> <p> Botnim', Pistachio, "nuts." </p> <p> Bussos or But., Linen, "fine linen." </p> <p> Chabatstse'leth, [[Meadow]] Saffron, " rose." </p> <p> Challamuth, Purslain, " egg." </p> <p> Charey- Yonim', Kale, "doves' dung." </p> <p> Chartsan', [[Sour]] Grape, "kernels." </p> <p> Charul', Bramble, "nettle." </p> <p> Chatsir', Greens, "leeks." </p> <p> Che'dek, Mad-apple, "thorn," "brier." </p> <p> Chelbenah', Galbanum, "galbanum." </p> <p> Chittah' and Chintin', Wheat, " wheat." </p> <p> Cho'ich, Thorn, "thorn." </p> <p> Chor and Chur, Linen, "linen." </p> <p> Dardar', Weed, "thistle." </p> <p> Dochan', Millet, " millet." </p> <p> Dudaim', Love-apple, " mandrake." </p> <p> Ebbeh', Papyrus, " swift." </p> <p> Elah' or Elonm' Terebinth (?) "oak." </p> <p> Elaia, Olive, olive" </p> <p> E'rez, Cedar, "cedar." </p> <p> E'shel, Tamarisk, " grove," etc. </p> <p> Ets-She'men, Olive, "oil-tree." </p> <p> Ezob', Hyssop, "hyssop." </p> <p> Gad, Coriander, coriander." </p> <p> Go'me, Papyrus, "rush," etc. </p> <p> Go'pher, Cypress, " gopher." </p> <p> Hadas', Myrtle, "myrtle." </p> <p> Hedussmon, Mint, "mint." </p> <p> Hobni', Ebony, " ebony." </p> <p> Hussopos, Hyssop, " hyssop." </p> <p> Kalldmos, Reed, "reed," etc. </p> <p> Kali', [[Roasted]] grains, "parched corn." </p> <p> Kalielaios, Olive, "good olive." </p> <p> Kamon', Cummin, " cummin." </p> <p> Kaneh', Cane, " reed," etc. </p> <p> Karkom', Saffron, " saffron." </p> <p> Karpas', [[Cotton]] (?), " green." </p> <p> Ka'yits, Fig, L summer." </p> <p> Keration, Carob, " husk." </p> <p> Ke'tsach, Fennel-flower, " fitches." </p> <p> Ketsiyah', Cassia, " cassia." Kikayon', Castor-plant, "gourd." </p> <p> Kimmmosh' or Kimosh', Thistle, "nettle." </p> <p> Kinamon' and Kinamon- Cinnamon, "cinnamon." </p> <p> Kippah', Palm, "branch." </p> <p> Kishshu', Cucumber, "cucumber." </p> <p> Ko'pher, Cyprus-flower, "pitch," etc. </p> <p> Kots, Thorn, "thorn," "brier." </p> <p> Krinon, Lily, " lily." </p> <p> Krithe, Barley, "barley." </p> <p> Kumna on, Cummin, "cummin." </p> <p> Kusse'meth, Spelt, "rye," etc. </p> <p> Libdnos and Libonah', Frankincense, "frankincense." </p> <p> Libneh', Poplar, "'poplar." </p> <p> Linon, Flax, " linen." </p> <p> Lot, Ladanum, "myrrh." </p> <p> Luz, Almond, "hazel." </p> <p> Maliuach, Sea Purslain, "mallows." </p> <p> Man and Manna, Manna, "Manna." </p> <p> Mor, Myrrh, "myrrh." </p> <p> Nardos, Spikenard, " spikenard." </p> <p> Nataph', Aromatics, "stacte." </p> <p> Olunthos, Unripe Fig. untimely figs." </p> <p> O'ren, [[Pine]] (?), "ash." </p> <p> Pag, Unripe Fig, "green figs." </p> <p> Pakuoth', Wild Cucumber," wild gourd." </p> <p> Pegacnon, Rue, "rue." </p> <p> Pe'sheth or Pishtah', Flax, "flax." </p> <p> Phoinix, Palm, " palm." </p> <p> Pol, Bean, "beans." </p> <p> Rimmon', Pomegranate, " pomegranate." </p> <p> Rosh, Poppy (?), "gall," etc. </p> <p> Ro'them, Spanish Broom, "juniper." </p> <p> Sallon' or Sillon', Prickle, "thorn," "brier." </p> <p> Seneh', Bramble, "bush." </p> <p> Sefirah', Barley, "barley." </p> <p> Shaked', Almond, "almond." </p> <p> Shamir', Prier, "brier." </p> <p> Sha'yith, Thorn, " thorn." </p> <p> Shesh, Linen, " fine linen," etc. </p> <p> Shittah' or Shittim', Acacia, "shittah," etc. </p> <p> Shoshan', Shushanl' etc., Lily, "lily." </p> <p> Shum, Garlic, " garlic." </p> <p> Sindpi, Mustard, "mustard." </p> <p> Sir, Thorn, "thorn." </p> <p> Sirpad', Nettle, "brier." </p> <p> Sitos, Grain, wheat," Icorn." </p> <p> Skolops, Brier,."thorn." </p> <p> Smurna, Mhyrrh, "myrr." </p> <p> Sorek', Grape, " vine." </p> <p> Staphule, Grape, " bunch." </p> <p> Sukd or Sukon, Fig, "fig." </p> <p> Sukomoria, Sycamore, "sycamore." </p> <p> Suph, Sea-weed, "weed," etc. </p> <p> Tamar' or Timmorah', Palm, "palm." </p> <p> Tappu'ech, [[Apple]] (?), apple." </p> <p> Teidnah', Plantain, "fig." </p> <p> Tedisshsur', Cedar, "box." </p> <p> Thuia, [[Citron]] (?), "thyine." </p> <p> Tidhar', Holm (?), "pine." </p> <p> Tirzah, Hex (?) "cypress." </p> <p> Tribolos, Caltrop, "brier." </p> <p> Tsaphtsaphah', Willow, "willow." </p> <p> Tse'lim', Lotus, " shady." </p> <p> Tsimmuk', Raisins, "raisins." </p> <p> Tsinnim' or Tsininim', Prickly shrubs, "thorns." </p> <p> Tsori', Balm, "balm." </p> <p> Za'yite, Olive, "olive." </p> <p> Ze'phehi, Pitch, "pitch." </p> <p> Zizazia, Darnel, "tares." </p> <p> See Ursini Arboretum Biblicum (Norimberg, 1685, 12mo); Hiller, Hierophyticon (Traj. ad Rhen. 1725, 4to); Forskal, Flora AEgyptiaco- Arabica (Hauniae, 1775, 4to); Celsius, Hierobotanicum (Upsal, 1745, 2 vols. 8vo); Russell, Nat. Hist. of Aleppo (Lond. 1714, 2 vols. 4to); Bruce, Travels (vol. 3:Edinb. 1805, 4to); Kitto, Phys. Hist. of Palest. (vol. ii, Lond. 1843, 8vo); Osborre, Plants of the Holy Land (Phila. 1860, 4to)i Calcott, Script. Herbal (Lond. 1842, 8vo); Rosenmuller, Bib. [[Botany]] (tr. from the German. Edinb. 1846, 12mo); Smith, Bible Plants (Lond. 1878, 12mo). (See Plant); (See [[Tree]]); (See [[Fruit]]); (See [[Flower]]); (See [[Natural History]]). </p>