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== Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words <ref name="term_76447" /> == | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words <ref name="term_76447" /> == | ||
<p> '''A. Nouns.''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> (שָׁלֹם, Strong'S #7965), “peace; completeness; welfare; health.” The root is a common Semitic root with the meaning “peace” in Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic. </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> is a very important term in the Old Testament and has maintained its place in Mishnaic, rabbinic, and modern Hebrew. In [[Israel]] today, people greet the newcomer and each other with the words <em> mah shlomka </em> , (“what is your peace,” “how are you doing,”) and they ask about the “peace” (“well-being”) of one’s family. The use of <em> shâlôm </em> is frequent (237 times) and varied in its semantic range. The first two occurrences in [[Genesis]] already indicate the changes in meaning: “And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace [ <em> shâlôm </em> in the sense of “in tranquility,” “at ease,” “unconcerned”]; thou shalt be buried in a good old age” (Gen. 15:15); and “that thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away in peace [ <em> shâlôm </em> with the meaning of “unharmed” and “unhurt”] …” (Gen. 26:29). Yet, both uses are essentially the same, as they express the root meaning of “to be whole.” The phrase |ish shelomi(“friend of my peace”) in Ps. 41:9, “Yea, mine own familiar friend [literally, “friend of my peace”], in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me” (cf. Jer. 20:10), signifies a state in which one can feel at ease, comfortable with someone. The relationship is one of harmony and wholeness, which is the opposite of the state of strife and war: “I am for peace: but when I speak, they are for war” (Ps. 120:7). <em> Shâlôm </em> as a harmonious state of the soul and mind encourages the development of the faculties and powers. The state of being at ease is experienced both externally and internally. In Hebrew it finds expression in the phrase <em> beshâlôm </em> (“in peace”): “I will both lay me down in peace [ <em> beshâlôm </em> ], and sleep: for thou, Lord, only makest me dwell in safety” (Ps. 4:8). </p> <p> Closely associated to the above is the meaning “welfare,” specifically personal “welfare” or “health.” This meaning is found in questions: “And [[Joab]] said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took [[Amasa]] by the beard with the right hand to kiss him” (2 Sam. 20:9), or in the prepositional phrase <em> leshâlôm </em> with the verb “to ask”: “And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive?” (Gen. 43:27). </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> also signifies “peace,” indicative of a prosperous relationship between two or more parties. <em> Shâlôm </em> in this sense finds expression in speech: “Their tongue is as an arrow shot out; it speaketh deceit: one speaketh peaceably [literally, “in peace”] to his neighbor with his mouth, but in heart he layeth his wait” (Jer. 9:8); in diplomacy: “Howbeit [[Sisera]] fled away on his feet to the tent of [[Jael]] the wife of [[Heber]] the Kenite: for there was peace between [[Jabin]] the king of [[Hazor]] and the house of Heber the Kenite” (Judg. 4:17); and in warfare: “… If it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee” (Deut. 20:11). </p> <p> Isaiah prophesied concerning the “prince of peace” (Isa. 9:6), whose kingdom was to introduce a government of “peace” (Isa. 9:7). Ezekiel spoke about the new covenant as one of “peace”: “Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be an everlasting covenant with them: and I will place them, and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore” (Ezek. 37:26). Psalm 122 is one of those great psalms in celebration of and in prayer for the “peace of Jerusalem”: “Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee” (Ps. 122:6). In benedictions God’s peace was granted to His people: “… Peace shall be upon Israel” (Ps. 125:5). </p> <p> The [[Septuagint]] gives the following translations: <em> eirene </em> (“peace; welfare; health”); <em> eirenikos </em> (“peaceable; peaceful”); <em> soteria </em> (“deliverance; preservation; salvation”); and <em> hugiainein </em> (“be in good health; sound”). </p> <p> Another related noun is <em> shelem </em> which occurs 87 times, and means “peace offering”: “And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the Lord” (Exod. 24:5). </p> <p> '''B. Verbs. ''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlam </em> (שָׁלֵם, Strong'S #7999), “to be complete, be sound.” This verb occurs 103 times. The word signifies “to be complete” in 1 Kings 9:25: “So he finished the house.” Another verb, <em> shâlam </em> , means “to make peace”: “When a man’s ways please the Lord, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him” (Prov. 16:7). </p> <p> '''C. Adjective. ''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlêm </em> (שָׁלֵם, Strong'S #8003), “complete; perfect.” This word is found in Gen. 15:16 with the meaning of not quite “complete”: “But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for the iniquity of the [[Amorites]] is not yet full.” The word means “perfect” in Deut. 25:15. </p> | <p> '''A. Nouns.''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> ( '''''שָׁלֹם''''' , Strong'S #7965), “peace; completeness; welfare; health.” The root is a common Semitic root with the meaning “peace” in Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic. </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> is a very important term in the Old Testament and has maintained its place in Mishnaic, rabbinic, and modern Hebrew. In [[Israel]] today, people greet the newcomer and each other with the words <em> mah shlomka </em> , (“what is your peace,” “how are you doing,”) and they ask about the “peace” (“well-being”) of one’s family. The use of <em> shâlôm </em> is frequent (237 times) and varied in its semantic range. The first two occurrences in [[Genesis]] already indicate the changes in meaning: “And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace [ <em> shâlôm </em> in the sense of “in tranquility,” “at ease,” “unconcerned”]; thou shalt be buried in a good old age” (Gen. 15:15); and “that thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away in peace [ <em> shâlôm </em> with the meaning of “unharmed” and “unhurt”] …” (Gen. 26:29). Yet, both uses are essentially the same, as they express the root meaning of “to be whole.” The phrase |ish shelomi(“friend of my peace”) in Ps. 41:9, “Yea, mine own familiar friend [literally, “friend of my peace”], in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me” (cf. Jer. 20:10), signifies a state in which one can feel at ease, comfortable with someone. The relationship is one of harmony and wholeness, which is the opposite of the state of strife and war: “I am for peace: but when I speak, they are for war” (Ps. 120:7). <em> Shâlôm </em> as a harmonious state of the soul and mind encourages the development of the faculties and powers. The state of being at ease is experienced both externally and internally. In Hebrew it finds expression in the phrase <em> beshâlôm </em> (“in peace”): “I will both lay me down in peace [ <em> beshâlôm </em> ], and sleep: for thou, Lord, only makest me dwell in safety” (Ps. 4:8). </p> <p> Closely associated to the above is the meaning “welfare,” specifically personal “welfare” or “health.” This meaning is found in questions: “And [[Joab]] said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took [[Amasa]] by the beard with the right hand to kiss him” (2 Sam. 20:9), or in the prepositional phrase <em> leshâlôm </em> with the verb “to ask”: “And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive?” (Gen. 43:27). </p> <p> <em> Shâlôm </em> also signifies “peace,” indicative of a prosperous relationship between two or more parties. <em> Shâlôm </em> in this sense finds expression in speech: “Their tongue is as an arrow shot out; it speaketh deceit: one speaketh peaceably [literally, “in peace”] to his neighbor with his mouth, but in heart he layeth his wait” (Jer. 9:8); in diplomacy: “Howbeit [[Sisera]] fled away on his feet to the tent of [[Jael]] the wife of [[Heber]] the Kenite: for there was peace between [[Jabin]] the king of [[Hazor]] and the house of Heber the Kenite” (Judg. 4:17); and in warfare: “… If it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee” (Deut. 20:11). </p> <p> Isaiah prophesied concerning the “prince of peace” (Isa. 9:6), whose kingdom was to introduce a government of “peace” (Isa. 9:7). Ezekiel spoke about the new covenant as one of “peace”: “Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be an everlasting covenant with them: and I will place them, and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore” (Ezek. 37:26). Psalm 122 is one of those great psalms in celebration of and in prayer for the “peace of Jerusalem”: “Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee” (Ps. 122:6). In benedictions God’s peace was granted to His people: “… Peace shall be upon Israel” (Ps. 125:5). </p> <p> The [[Septuagint]] gives the following translations: <em> eirene </em> (“peace; welfare; health”); <em> eirenikos </em> (“peaceable; peaceful”); <em> soteria </em> (“deliverance; preservation; salvation”); and <em> hugiainein </em> (“be in good health; sound”). </p> <p> Another related noun is <em> shelem </em> which occurs 87 times, and means “peace offering”: “And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the Lord” (Exod. 24:5). </p> <p> '''B. Verbs. ''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlam </em> ( '''''שָׁלֵם''''' , Strong'S #7999), “to be complete, be sound.” This verb occurs 103 times. The word signifies “to be complete” in 1 Kings 9:25: “So he finished the house.” Another verb, <em> shâlam </em> , means “to make peace”: “When a man’s ways please the Lord, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him” (Prov. 16:7). </p> <p> '''C. Adjective. ''' </p> <p> <em> Shâlêm </em> ( '''''שָׁלֵם''''' , Strong'S #8003), “complete; perfect.” This word is found in Gen. 15:16 with the meaning of not quite “complete”: “But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for the iniquity of the [[Amorites]] is not yet full.” The word means “perfect” in Deut. 25:15. </p> | ||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_53517" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_53517" /> == | ||
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== Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_78771" /> == | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_78771" /> == | ||
<div> '''1: | <div> '''1: '''''Σιγάω''''' ''' (Strong'S #4601 — Verb — sigao — see-gah'-o ) </div> <p> signifies (a), used intransitively, "to be silent" (from sige, "silence"), translated "to hold one's peace," in Luke 9:36; 18:39; 20:26; Acts 12:17; 15:13 (in Acts 15:12 , "kept silence;" similarly rendered in 1—Corinthians 14:28,30 , AV, "hold his peace," 1—Corinthians 14:34 ); (b) used transitively, "to keep secret;" in the Passive Voice, "to be kept secret," Romans 16:25 , RV, "hath been kept in silence." See [[Secret]] , Silence. </p> <div> '''2: '''''Σιωπάω''''' ''' (Strong'S #4623 — Verb — siopao — see-o-pah'-o ) </div> <p> "to be silent or still, to keep silence" (from siope, "silence"), is translated "to hold one's peace," in Matthew 20:31; 26:63; Mark 3:4; 9:34; 10:48; 14:61; Luke 19:40; Acts 18:9; in the Lord's command to the sea, in Mark 4:39 , it is translated "peace" (for the next word "be still" see No. 4); in Luke 1:20 , RV, "thou shalt be silent" (AV, "dumb"). See [[Dumb]] , B. </p> <div> '''3: '''''Ἡσυχάζω''''' ''' (Strong'S #2270 — Verb — hesuchazo — hay-soo-khad'-zo ) </div> <p> signifies "to be still;" it is used of "holding one's peace," being "silent," Luke 14:4; Acts 11:18; 21:14 , "we ceased." See [[Cease]] , A, No. 3, [[Quiet]] </p> <div> '''4: '''''Φιμόω''''' ''' (Strong'S #5392 — Verb — phimoo — fee-mo'-o ) </div> <p> "to muzzle," is used metaphorically in the Passive Voice, in Mark 1:25; Luke 4:35 , "hold thy peace;" in Mark 4:39 , "be still." See Muzzle. </p> | ||
== Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48497" /> == | == Hawker's Poor Man's Concordance And Dictionary <ref name="term_48497" /> == | ||
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== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_68247" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_68247" /> == | ||
<p> This term is used to express the present attitude and testimony of God toward man consequent on the declaration of God's righteousness in the death of Christ. The state of man which was obnoxious to the holiness of God by reason of sin has been removed in the cross. Hence the believer is justified by faith, and has peace (peace of conscience) with God through the Lord Jesus Christ. Romans 5:1 . Christ made peace through the blood of the cross, Colossians 1:20 and to the Christian God is 'the God of peace,' and the Lord Jesus is 'the Lord of peace.' He also <i> is </i> peace between believers, having on the cross broken down the barrier between Jew and Gentile. Ephesians 2:14,15 . </p> <p> When the Lord Jesus left the earth He left to the disciples peace, and said, "My peace I give unto you." Peace is also spoken of as the state of heart in which a believer is kept in regard of circumstances. The record in the O.T. is, "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace (peace, peace, <i> margin </i> ) whose mind is stayed on thee, because he trusteth in thee." Isaiah 26:3 . The Christian makes his requests known unto God, and the peace of God that passeth all understanding keeps his heart and mind through Christ Jesus (peace of heart). Philippians 4:6,7 . Blessed privilege! and what a contrast to "There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked." Isaiah 57:21 The Lord Jesus will, in the future, among His other titles, be hailed as [[Prince]] | <p> This term is used to express the present attitude and testimony of God toward man consequent on the declaration of God's righteousness in the death of Christ. The state of man which was obnoxious to the holiness of God by reason of sin has been removed in the cross. Hence the believer is justified by faith, and has peace (peace of conscience) with God through the Lord Jesus Christ. Romans 5:1 . Christ made peace through the blood of the cross, Colossians 1:20 and to the Christian God is 'the God of peace,' and the Lord Jesus is 'the Lord of peace.' He also <i> is </i> peace between believers, having on the cross broken down the barrier between Jew and Gentile. Ephesians 2:14,15 . </p> <p> When the Lord Jesus left the earth He left to the disciples peace, and said, "My peace I give unto you." Peace is also spoken of as the state of heart in which a believer is kept in regard of circumstances. The record in the O.T. is, "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace (peace, peace, <i> margin </i> ) whose mind is stayed on thee, because he trusteth in thee." Isaiah 26:3 . The Christian makes his requests known unto God, and the peace of God that passeth all understanding keeps his heart and mind through Christ Jesus (peace of heart). Philippians 4:6,7 . Blessed privilege! and what a contrast to "There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked." Isaiah 57:21 The Lord Jesus will, in the future, among His other titles, be hailed as [[Prince Of]] PEACE. Isaiah 9:6 . </p> | ||
== Charles Buck Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_20317" /> == | == Charles Buck Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_20317" /> == | ||
<p> That state of mind in which persons are exposed to no open violence to interrupt their tranquillity. </p> <p> 1. Social peace is mutual agreement one with another, whereby we forbear injuring one another, Psalms 34:14 . Psalms 132:1-18 : </p> <p> 2. [[Ecclesiastical]] peace is freedom from contentions, and rest from persecutions, Isaiah 11:13 . Isaiah 32:17 . Revelation 12:14 . </p> <p> 3. Spiritual peace is deliverance from sin, by which we were at enmity with God, Romans 5:1; the result of which is peace, in the conscience, Hebrews 10:1-39 . This peace is the gift of God through Jesus Christ, 2 Thessalonians 3:16 . It is a blessing of great importance, Psalms 119:165 . It is denominated perfect, Isaiah 26:3 . inexpressible, Philippians 4:7 . permanent, Job 34:22 . John 16:22 . eternal, Isaiah 57:2 . Hebrews 4:9 . </p> <p> See | <p> That state of mind in which persons are exposed to no open violence to interrupt their tranquillity. </p> <p> 1. Social peace is mutual agreement one with another, whereby we forbear injuring one another, Psalms 34:14 . Psalms 132:1-18 : </p> <p> 2. [[Ecclesiastical]] peace is freedom from contentions, and rest from persecutions, Isaiah 11:13 . Isaiah 32:17 . Revelation 12:14 . </p> <p> 3. Spiritual peace is deliverance from sin, by which we were at enmity with God, Romans 5:1; the result of which is peace, in the conscience, Hebrews 10:1-39 . This peace is the gift of God through Jesus Christ, 2 Thessalonians 3:16 . It is a blessing of great importance, Psalms 119:165 . It is denominated perfect, Isaiah 26:3 . inexpressible, Philippians 4:7 . permanent, Job 34:22 . John 16:22 . eternal, Isaiah 57:2 . Hebrews 4:9 . </p> <p> See [[Happiness]] </p> | ||
== King James Dictionary <ref name="term_62192" /> == | == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_62192" /> == | ||
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== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_7085" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_7085" /> == | ||
<p> ''''' pēs ''''' ( שׁלום , <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> ; εἰρήνη , <i> ''''' eirḗne ''''' </i> ): </p> 1. In the Old Testament: <p> Is a condition of freedom from disturbance, whether outwardly, as of a nation from war or enemies, or inwardly, within the soul. The Hebrew word is <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> (both adjective and substantive), meaning, primarily, "soundness," "health," but coming also to signify "prosperity," well-being in general, all good in relation to both man and God. In early times, to a people harassed by foes, peace was the primary blessing. In Psalm 122:7 , we have "peace" and "prosperity," and in Psalm 35:27; Psalm 73:3 , <i> '''''shālōm''''' </i> is translated "prosperity." In 2 Samuel 11:7 the King James Version, David asked of [[Uriah]] "how Joab did" (margin "of the peace of Joab"), "and how the people did (the Revised Version (British and American) "fared," literally, "of the peace of the people"), and how the war prospered" (literally, "and of the peace (welfare) of the war"). </p> <p> (1) <i> ''''' Shālōm ''''' </i> was the common friendly greeting, used in asking after the health of anyone; also in farewells ( Genesis 29:6 , "Is it well with him?" ("Is there <i> peace </i> to him?"); Genesis 43:23 , "Peace be to you"; Genesis 43:27 , "He asked them of their welfare (of their <i> peace </i> )"; Judges 6:23 , "Yahweh said unto him, Peace be unto thee"; Judges 18:15 (the King James Version "saluted him," margin "Hebrew asked him of peace," the Revised Version (British and American) "of his welfare"); Judges 19:20 , etc.). See also [[Greeting]] . (2) Peace from enemies (implying prosperity) was the great desire of the nation and was the gift of God to the people if they walked in His ways ( Leviticus 26:6; Numbers 6:26 , "Yahweh lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace"; Psalm 29:11; Isaiah 26:12 , etc.). To "die in peace" was greatly to be desired ( Genesis 15:15; 1 Kings 2:6; 2 Chronicles 34:28 , etc.). (3) [[Inward]] peace was the portion of the righteous who trusted in God ( Job 22:21 , "Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace ( <i> '''''shālōm''''' </i> )"; Psalm 4:8; Psalm 85:8 , "He will speak peace unto his people, and to his saints"; Psalm 119:165; Proverbs 3:2 , Proverbs 3:17; Isaiah 26:3 , "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace (Hebrew "peace, peace"), whose mind is stayed on thee; because he trusteth in thee"; Malachi 2:5 ); also outward peace ( Job 5:23 , Job 5:24; Proverbs 16:7 , etc.). (4) Peace was to be sought and followed by the righteous ( Psalm 34:14 , "Seek peace, and pursue it"; Zechariah 8:16 , Zechariah 8:19 , "Love truth and peace"). (5) Peace should be a prominent feature of the Messianic times ( Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 9:6 , "Prince of Peace"; Isaiah 11:6; Ezekiel 34:25; Micah 4:2-4; Zechariah 9:10 ). </p> <p> In the New Testament, where <i> ''''' eirēnē ''''' </i> has much the same meaning and usage as <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> (for which it is employed in the Septuagint; compare Luke 19:42 , the Revised Version (British and American) "If thou hadst known ... the things which belong unto peace"), we have still the expectation of "peace" through the coming of the Christ ( Luke 1:74 , Luke 1:79; Luke 12:51 ) and also its fulfillment in the higher spiritual sense. </p> 2. In the New Testament: <p> (1) The gospel in Christ is a message of peace from God to men ( Luke 2:14; Acts 10:36 , "preaching ... peace by Jesus Christ"). It is "peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ," in Romans 5:1; the King James Version Romans 10:15; peace between Jew and Gentile ( Ephesians 2:14 , Ephesians 2:15 ); an essential element in the spiritual kingdom of God ( Romans 14:17 ). (2) It is to be cherished and followed by Christians. Jesus exhorted His disciples, "Have salt in yourselves, and be at peace one with another" ( Mark 9:50 ); Paul exhorts, "Live in peace: and the God of love and peace shall be with you" ( 2 Corinthians 13:11; compare Romans 12:18; 1 Corinthians 7:15 ). (3) God is therefore "the God of peace," the Author and [[Giver]] of all good ("peace" including every blessing) very frequently (e.g. Romans 15:33; Romans 16:20; 2 Thessalonians 3:16 , etc., "the Lord of peace"). "Peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ" is a common apostolic wish or salutation (compare 1 Corinthians 1:3; 2 Corinthians 1:2 , etc.). (4) We have also "peace" as a greeting ( Matthew 10:13; Luke 10:5 ); "a son of peace" ( Luke 10:6 ) is one worthy of it, in sympathy with it; the Lord's own greeting to His disciples was "Peace be unto you" ( Luke 24:36; John 20:19 , John 20:21 , John 20:26 ), and ere He left them He gave them specially His blessing of "Peace" ( John 14:27 ); we have also frequently "Go in peace" ( Mark 5:34; Luke 7:50 ). In Luke 19:38 , we have "peace in heaven" (in the acclamation of Jesus on His Messianic entry of Jerusalem). (5) The peace that Christ brought is primarily spiritual peace from and with God, peace in the heart, peace as the disposition or spirit. He said that He did not come "to send peace on the earth, but a sword," referring to the searching nature of His call and the divisions and clearances it would create. But, of course, the spirit of the gospel and of the Christian is one of peace, and it is a Christian duty to seek to bring war and strife everywhere to an end. This is represented as the ultimate result of the gospel and Spirit of Christ; universal and permanent peace can come only as that Spirit rules in men's hearts. </p> <p> "Peace" in the sense of silence, to hold one's peace, etc., is in the Old Testament generally the translation of <i> ''''' ḥārash ''''' </i> , "to be still, or silent" ( Genesis 24:21; Genesis 34:5; Job 11:3 ); also of <i> '''''ḥāshāh''''' </i> , "to hush," "to be silent" ( 2 Kings 2:3 , 2 Kings 2:5; Psalm 39:2 ), and of other words. In Job 29:10 ("The nobles held their peace," the King James Version), it is <i> '''''ḳōl''''' </i> , "voice." </p> <p> In the New Testament we have <i> ''''' siōpáō ''''' </i> , "to be silent," "to cease speaking" ( Matthew 20:31; Matthew 26:63; Acts 18:9 , etc.); <i> '''''sigáō''''' </i> , "to be silent," "not to speak" ( Luke 20:26; Acts 12:17 ); <i> '''''hēsucházo''''' </i> , "to be quiet" ( Luke 14:4; Acts 11:18 ); <i> '''''phimóō''''' </i> , "to muzzle or gag" ( Mark 1:25; Luke 4:35 ). </p> <p> In [[Apocrypha]] <i> ''''' eirēnē ''''' </i> is frequent, mostly in the sense of peace from war or strife ( [[Tobit]] 13:14; Judith 3:1; Sirach 13:18; 1 [[Maccabees]] 5:54; 6:49; 2 Maccabees 14:6 , <i> ''''' eustátheia ''''' </i> = "tranquillity"). </p> <p> The Revised Version (British and American) has "peace" for "tongue" ( Esther 7:4; Job 6:24; Amos 6:10; Habakkuk 1:13 ); "at peace with me" for "perfect" ( Isaiah 42:19 , margin "made perfect" or "recompensed"); "security" instead of "peaceably" and "peace" ( Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:21 , Daniel 11:24 ); "came in peace to the city," for "came to Shalem, a city" ( Genesis 33:18 ); "it was for my peace" instead of "for peace" ( Isaiah 38:17 ); "when they are in peace," for "and that which should have been for their welfare" ( Psalm 69:22 ). </p> | <p> ''''' pēs ''''' ( שׁלום , <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> ; εἰρήνη , <i> ''''' eirḗne ''''' </i> ): </p> 1. In the Old Testament: <p> Is a condition of freedom from disturbance, whether outwardly, as of a nation from war or enemies, or inwardly, within the soul. The Hebrew word is <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> (both adjective and substantive), meaning, primarily, "soundness," "health," but coming also to signify "prosperity," well-being in general, all good in relation to both man and God. In early times, to a people harassed by foes, peace was the primary blessing. In Psalm 122:7 , we have "peace" and "prosperity," and in Psalm 35:27; Psalm 73:3 , <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> is translated "prosperity." In 2 Samuel 11:7 the King James Version, David asked of [[Uriah]] "how Joab did" (margin "of the peace of Joab"), "and how the people did (the Revised Version (British and American) "fared," literally, "of the peace of the people"), and how the war prospered" (literally, "and of the peace (welfare) of the war"). </p> <p> (1) <i> ''''' Shālōm ''''' </i> was the common friendly greeting, used in asking after the health of anyone; also in farewells ( Genesis 29:6 , "Is it well with him?" ("Is there <i> peace </i> to him?"); Genesis 43:23 , "Peace be to you"; Genesis 43:27 , "He asked them of their welfare (of their <i> peace </i> )"; Judges 6:23 , "Yahweh said unto him, Peace be unto thee"; Judges 18:15 (the King James Version "saluted him," margin "Hebrew asked him of peace," the Revised Version (British and American) "of his welfare"); Judges 19:20 , etc.). See also [[Greeting]] . (2) Peace from enemies (implying prosperity) was the great desire of the nation and was the gift of God to the people if they walked in His ways ( Leviticus 26:6; Numbers 6:26 , "Yahweh lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace"; Psalm 29:11; Isaiah 26:12 , etc.). To "die in peace" was greatly to be desired ( Genesis 15:15; 1 Kings 2:6; 2 Chronicles 34:28 , etc.). (3) [[Inward]] peace was the portion of the righteous who trusted in God ( Job 22:21 , "Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace ( <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> )"; Psalm 4:8; Psalm 85:8 , "He will speak peace unto his people, and to his saints"; Psalm 119:165; Proverbs 3:2 , Proverbs 3:17; Isaiah 26:3 , "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace (Hebrew "peace, peace"), whose mind is stayed on thee; because he trusteth in thee"; Malachi 2:5 ); also outward peace ( Job 5:23 , Job 5:24; Proverbs 16:7 , etc.). (4) Peace was to be sought and followed by the righteous ( Psalm 34:14 , "Seek peace, and pursue it"; Zechariah 8:16 , Zechariah 8:19 , "Love truth and peace"). (5) Peace should be a prominent feature of the Messianic times ( Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 9:6 , "Prince of Peace"; Isaiah 11:6; Ezekiel 34:25; Micah 4:2-4; Zechariah 9:10 ). </p> <p> In the New Testament, where <i> ''''' eirēnē ''''' </i> has much the same meaning and usage as <i> ''''' shālōm ''''' </i> (for which it is employed in the Septuagint; compare Luke 19:42 , the Revised Version (British and American) "If thou hadst known ... the things which belong unto peace"), we have still the expectation of "peace" through the coming of the Christ ( Luke 1:74 , Luke 1:79; Luke 12:51 ) and also its fulfillment in the higher spiritual sense. </p> 2. In the New Testament: <p> (1) The gospel in Christ is a message of peace from God to men ( Luke 2:14; Acts 10:36 , "preaching ... peace by Jesus Christ"). It is "peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ," in Romans 5:1; the King James Version Romans 10:15; peace between Jew and Gentile ( Ephesians 2:14 , Ephesians 2:15 ); an essential element in the spiritual kingdom of God ( Romans 14:17 ). (2) It is to be cherished and followed by Christians. Jesus exhorted His disciples, "Have salt in yourselves, and be at peace one with another" ( Mark 9:50 ); Paul exhorts, "Live in peace: and the God of love and peace shall be with you" ( 2 Corinthians 13:11; compare Romans 12:18; 1 Corinthians 7:15 ). (3) God is therefore "the God of peace," the Author and [[Giver]] of all good ("peace" including every blessing) very frequently (e.g. Romans 15:33; Romans 16:20; 2 Thessalonians 3:16 , etc., "the Lord of peace"). "Peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ" is a common apostolic wish or salutation (compare 1 Corinthians 1:3; 2 Corinthians 1:2 , etc.). (4) We have also "peace" as a greeting ( Matthew 10:13; Luke 10:5 ); "a son of peace" ( Luke 10:6 ) is one worthy of it, in sympathy with it; the Lord's own greeting to His disciples was "Peace be unto you" ( Luke 24:36; John 20:19 , John 20:21 , John 20:26 ), and ere He left them He gave them specially His blessing of "Peace" ( John 14:27 ); we have also frequently "Go in peace" ( Mark 5:34; Luke 7:50 ). In Luke 19:38 , we have "peace in heaven" (in the acclamation of Jesus on His Messianic entry of Jerusalem). (5) The peace that Christ brought is primarily spiritual peace from and with God, peace in the heart, peace as the disposition or spirit. He said that He did not come "to send peace on the earth, but a sword," referring to the searching nature of His call and the divisions and clearances it would create. But, of course, the spirit of the gospel and of the Christian is one of peace, and it is a Christian duty to seek to bring war and strife everywhere to an end. This is represented as the ultimate result of the gospel and Spirit of Christ; universal and permanent peace can come only as that Spirit rules in men's hearts. </p> <p> "Peace" in the sense of silence, to hold one's peace, etc., is in the Old Testament generally the translation of <i> ''''' ḥārash ''''' </i> , "to be still, or silent" ( Genesis 24:21; Genesis 34:5; Job 11:3 ); also of <i> ''''' ḥāshāh ''''' </i> , "to hush," "to be silent" ( 2 Kings 2:3 , 2 Kings 2:5; Psalm 39:2 ), and of other words. In Job 29:10 ("The nobles held their peace," the King James Version), it is <i> ''''' ḳōl ''''' </i> , "voice." </p> <p> In the New Testament we have <i> ''''' siōpáō ''''' </i> , "to be silent," "to cease speaking" ( Matthew 20:31; Matthew 26:63; Acts 18:9 , etc.); <i> ''''' sigáō ''''' </i> , "to be silent," "not to speak" ( Luke 20:26; Acts 12:17 ); <i> ''''' hēsucházo ''''' </i> , "to be quiet" ( Luke 14:4; Acts 11:18 ); <i> ''''' phimóō ''''' </i> , "to muzzle or gag" ( Mark 1:25; Luke 4:35 ). </p> <p> In [[Apocrypha]] <i> ''''' eirēnē ''''' </i> is frequent, mostly in the sense of peace from war or strife ( [[Tobit]] 13:14; Judith 3:1; Sirach 13:18; 1 [[Maccabees]] 5:54; 6:49; 2 Maccabees 14:6 , <i> ''''' eustátheia ''''' </i> = "tranquillity"). </p> <p> The Revised Version (British and American) has "peace" for "tongue" ( Esther 7:4; Job 6:24; Amos 6:10; Habakkuk 1:13 ); "at peace with me" for "perfect" ( Isaiah 42:19 , margin "made perfect" or "recompensed"); "security" instead of "peaceably" and "peace" ( Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:21 , Daniel 11:24 ); "came in peace to the city," for "came to Shalem, a city" ( Genesis 33:18 ); "it was for my peace" instead of "for peace" ( Isaiah 38:17 ); "when they are in peace," for "and that which should have been for their welfare" ( Psalm 69:22 ). </p> | ||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_54949" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_54949" /> == | ||
<p> The Hebrew word שָׁלוֹב, ''Shalom,'' usually translated ''Peace,'' means, properly, ''Health, Prosperity, Welfare.'' It is the same as the ''Salam'' of the modern Arabs, and is in like manner used in salutations (q.v.). The Greek | <p> The Hebrew word '''''שָׁלוֹב''''' , ''Shalom,'' usually translated ''Peace,'' means, properly, ''Health, Prosperity, Welfare.'' It is the same as the ''Salam'' of the modern Arabs, and is in like manner used in salutations (q.v.). The Greek '''''Εἰρήνη''''' from having been frequently used as a rendering of the Heb. word, naturally passed over in the same sense into the N.T. </p> <p> Accordingly "peace" is a word used in Scripture in different senses. [[Generally]] it denotes quiet and tranquillity, public or private; but often prosperity and happiness of life; as to "go in peace;" to "die in peace;" "God give you peace;" "Peace be within this house;" "Pray for the peace of Jerusalem." Paul in the titles of his [[Epistles]] generally wishes grace and peace to the faithful, to whom he writes. Our [[Savior]] recommends to his disciples to have peace with all men, and with each other. God promises his people to water them as with a river of peace ( Isaiah 66:12), and to make with them a covenant of peace ( Ezekiel 34:25). </p> <p> Peace, properly, is that state of mind in which persons are exposed to no open violence to interrupt their tranquillity. </p> <p> '''1.''' ''Social'' peace is mutual agreement one with another, whereby we forbear injuring one another ( Psalms 34:14; Psalms 132). </p> <p> '''2.''' [[Ecclesiastical]] peace is freedom from contentions, and rest from persecutions ( Isaiah 11:13; Isaiah 32:17; Revelation 12:14). </p> <p> '''3.''' [[Spiritual]] peace is deliverance from sin, by which we were at enmity with God ( Romans 5:1); the result is peace in the conscience ( Hebrews 10:22). This peace is the gift of God through Jesus Christ ( 2 Thessalonians 3:16). It is a blessing of great importance ( Psalms 119:165). It is denominated perfect ( Isaiah 26:3); inexpressible ( Philippians 4:7); permanent ( Job 34:29; John 16:22); eternal ( Isaiah 57:2; Hebrews 4:9). (See Happiness). </p> | ||
==References == | ==References == | ||
