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Difference between revisions of "Book Of Numbers"
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== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52973" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52973" /> == | ||
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== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_67921" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_67921" /> == | ||
<p> This is so-called because of the numbering of the Israelites, twice given in detail: Numbers 1 and Numbers 26 . The book way be summarised under four divisions. </p> <p> 1. The arrangements for the departure of the people from Sinai; Numbers 1 Numbers 9 </p> <p> 2. The journey from Sinai to the borders of Canaan; Numbers 10 Numbers 14 . </p> <p> 3. Laws and a few events during the thirty-eight years' journeyings; Numbers 15 Numbers 19 . </p> <p> 4. The events of the last year, with a list of all the halting places from Egypt; Numbers 20 Numbers 36 . As a whole the book may be said to give the service and walk of the people, their trials and testings under responsibility: typical of the spiritual service and walk of [[Christians]] now in the wilderness. In the [[Hebrew]] the title of the book is "In the Wilderness." </p> <p> The book opens with the numbering of the people, and then the arrangement of the tribes around the tabernacle. Each tribe had an individual place and interest before the Lord: type of God's saints being acknowledged and their place appointed in reference to His testimony. There were twelve tribes besides the Levites, who were reserved for the service of the tent of testimony, and would be located round the court. All were placed as appointed, and each was to pitch his tent near the standard to which he belonged. See | <p> This is so-called because of the numbering of the Israelites, twice given in detail: Numbers 1 and Numbers 26 . The book way be summarised under four divisions. </p> <p> 1. The arrangements for the departure of the people from Sinai; Numbers 1 Numbers 9 </p> <p> 2. The journey from Sinai to the borders of Canaan; Numbers 10 Numbers 14 . </p> <p> 3. Laws and a few events during the thirty-eight years' journeyings; Numbers 15 Numbers 19 . </p> <p> 4. The events of the last year, with a list of all the halting places from Egypt; Numbers 20 Numbers 36 . As a whole the book may be said to give the service and walk of the people, their trials and testings under responsibility: typical of the spiritual service and walk of [[Christians]] now in the wilderness. In the [[Hebrew]] the title of the book is "In the Wilderness." </p> <p> The book opens with the numbering of the people, and then the arrangement of the tribes around the tabernacle. Each tribe had an individual place and interest before the Lord: type of God's saints being acknowledged and their place appointed in reference to His testimony. There were twelve tribes besides the Levites, who were reserved for the service of the tent of testimony, and would be located round the court. All were placed as appointed, and each was to pitch his tent near the standard to which he belonged. See CAMP. </p> <p> Numbers 3 : The Levites were to be offered to God in lieu of the firstborn, all of whom God took to Himself when He smote the firstborn of the Egyptians. As the number of the firstborn exceeded that of the Levites, the residue were redeemed: a type of the saints looked at as firstborn ones, and as redeemed, being wholly claimed as God's, and given to Aaron (that is to Christ), to serve in God's house, over which He is set as Lord. The Levites were arranged by their families, and the service of each was definitely assigned. The servant ever has his particular service from God, to be exercised under responsibility to the Lord, and he is in no way left to choose for himself as to his service. </p> <p> Numbers 4 gives instruction as to the moving of the tabernacle and the care to be taken. When journeying the sacred things of the tabernacle in general were to be covered with skins, to preserve from defilement, over a covering of blue: typical of the heavenly character of the assembly as the vessel of the testimony of Christ in the wilderness, in separation from evil. The brazen altar was covered with purple; the table of showbread was covered with scarlet (Israel's glory), and the ark alone had blue on the outside (Christ exhibiting the heavenly). </p> <p> In Numbers 5 laws are given as to the removing out of the camp all lepers, etc.; as to restitution in all cases of trespass; and as to the trial of jealousy (Israel in result became unfaithful in her relations with Jehovah). </p> <p> Numbers 6 : The law of the NAZARITES, <i> q.v. </i> This peculiar separation to [[Jehovah]] is followed by instructions to Aaron and his sons as to the manner of blessing the people, the words they were to use being given, closing with "They shall put my name upon the children of Israel; and I will bless them." When unfaithfulness is complete, any witness of the position of God's people can be maintained only through chosen vessels, in absolute separation to God from natural interests, proprieties of life, and human springs of joy. Such is the testimony of God at such a time. Samson, Samuel, etc., are examples. </p> <p> Numbers 7 : Here are given the offerings of the princes at the dedication of the tabernacle and of the altar, each tribe having its appointed day. When Moses entered into the tabernacle he heard "one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubim:" cf. Exodus 29:42 . He had access to the mercy-seat and received his directions from thence, while the place of approach for the people was at the brazen altar. </p> <p> Numbers 8; Numbers 9 : Instructions were given as to the lighting of the lamps. (The light of the glory of Jehovah was in Israel; Isaiah 60:1 shows that it will be made good in the kingdom.) The offering up of the Levites as a sacrifice (cf. Romans 15:16 ), and the age and time of their service are prescribed. Before [[Israel]] started on their journey from Sinai, they were to keep the passover, the memorial of their redemption from Egypt. Those that were ceremonially unclean were graciously provided for by being allowed to keep it on another day. Then instructions were given as to their movements, depending on the cloud that covered the tabernacle. They were to proceed only when the cloud moved, thus they were to be guided by Jehovah. Whether it were a day, or a month, or a year, that the cloud rested, they were to move only at the command of the Lord: a striking type of the guidance which God accords now. </p> <p> This ends the firstdivision of the book. </p> <p> Numbers 10 : Details are given as to the use of the silver trumpets for summoning the people, and the tribes commence their journey. This was on the twentieth day of the second month of the second year. They went three days' journey. Moses begged of Hobab his father-in-law to go with them to be 'instead of eyes;' but he refused. This was well; for they might have depended on him instead of upon God, who had provided the cloud of glory to guide them. The pillar of cloud was above, and the ark went before them. The Lord was invoked at starting: "Rise up, Lord, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee." And at resting: "Return, [[O]] Lord, unto the many thousands of Israel." </p> <p> Numbers 11 : The people began their murmurings, and the fire of the Lord broke in among them. Then they despised the manna and turned back to the things of Egypt. Moses' heart failed him; the burden was greater than he could bear, and he asked God to kill him. Then God bade him appoint seventy men, to be elders of the people, and officers over them, on whom He put of Moses' spirit. God gave the people quails, but His anger was kindled and He smote them with a great slaughter. </p> <p> Numbers 12 : Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses, the meekest of men; the Lord vindicated Moses and smote Miriam with leprosy, but at the intercession of Moses it was removed from her, though she was shut out of the camp seven days. It was sin against God in His apostle, and was a type of God's people Israel, who, though occupying a privileged place, deny the rights of Christ to act in grace toward those who have no such place. </p> <p> Numbers 13; Num.14: detail the searching of the land by the spies, and the consequences of their want of faith. [[Forgetting]] God, and judging from their own standpoint, the spies (except Caleb and Joshua) gave an evil report of the land. The whole congregation exclaimed, "Would God that we had died in this wilderness," and proposed to return into Egypt. At the intercession of Moses, God graciously said that He would pardon the people, but that all the earth should be filled with the glory of Jehovah. Their failure under responsibility was now completely manifested, and God decreed that all of twenty years old and upwards should die in the wilderness, save Caleb and Joshua, and that their little ones should be brought into the land. In further rebellion they said they would go up into the land, but they were smitten by the Amalekites and Canaanites. This is the beginning of their wandering in the wilderness. </p> <p> Numbers 15 Numbers 19 the third division of the book show that God had in no way deviated from His purpose, and give some of the laws of the offerings when they should come into the land of their dwellings. See OFFERINGS. Then is recorded the rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, that which is spoken of in the N.T. as the gainsaying of Core. It was the assumption of the priesthood by the Levites and rebellion against the anointing of God. See KORAH. </p> <p> By the budding of Aaron's rod God bore witness as to whom He had chosen for the priesthood, and He gave instructions as to the responsibility and the portions of the priests and Levites; the people were not to draw nigh the tabernacle. See AARONIC PRIESTHOOD, and LEVITES. Then is given the law of the Red Heifer, a provision for defilement in the wilderness. See HEIFER. </p> <p> Numbers 20 : opens with the Israelites at Kadesh, the place from whence the spies had been sent thirty-eight years previously. Here Miriam dies and is buried. The people murmur against Moses because they have no water. He is told to <i> speak </i> to the rock, with the rod of priestly grace in his hand, but he <i> smites </i> the rock as with his own rod of judgement, and calls the people rebels: for this failure he is forbidden to lead the people into Canaan. The lawgiver did not rise to the grace of God. See MOSES. From here they had to make a long detour to the Akaba Gulf of the Red Sea because the [[Edomites]] would not suffer them to pass through their land. Aaron dies in Mount Hor, and is succeeded by Eleazar. </p> <p> Numbers 21 : [[Arad]] and the [[Canaanites]] are smitten. The further journeying led the people again to murmur, and God sent among them fiery serpents. On the prayer of the people for the removal, of the serpents, Moses made by divine directions a [[Serpent]] OF [[Brass]] ( <i> q.v. </i> ) and put it on a pole, and whosoever looked (having been bitten) <i> lived. </i> After skirting the east of the land of Edom, the Israelites encountered the Amorites, who, refusing to let them pass, were smitten by Moses, and [[Heshbon]] was taken. The Israelites smote also [[Og]] the king of Bashan, and took his land. </p> <p> Numbers 22 Numbers 25 give the history of [[Balak]] hiring [[Balaam]] the prophet to curse Israel. In spite of Israel's failure in walk, the Lord turned the attempt to curse them into the pronouncing of blessings. Balaam saw in his successive visions the elect people of God, and announced their <i> sanctification </i> ( Numbers 23:8-10 ); <i> justification </i> ( Numbers 23:19-24 ); <i> acceptance </i> <i> and consequent blessing </i> ( Numbers 24:5-9 ); the rise of a [[Star]] out of Jacob, and the destruction of the hereditary enemies of Israel. ( Numbers 24:17-24 .) The evil advice of Balaam, however, led the children of Israel into sin by allying themselves with the daughters of Moab, and so falling into idolatry. The zeal of Phinehas, who in a signal case executed judgement, is commended of God. </p> <p> Numbers 26; Numbers 27 : The people are again numbered, with a view to inheriting the land, but all the men of war included in the first numbering, save Caleb and Joshua, had died. Details are given as to the distribution of the inheritance. Moses, being told of his approaching death, pleads with God to appoint a leader for the people, and Joshua is put in that place. </p> <p> Numbers 28 Numbers 30 : Directions are given as to the whole system of regularly instituted offerings, and as to ratification or otherwise of vows. </p> <p> Numbers 31 : The [[Midianites]] are smitten, among whom Balaam is slain: special directions are given as to the division of the spoil. </p> <p> Numbers 32 : Moses accedes to the request of the Reubenites and [[Gadites]] to have their possession on the east of the Jordan, provided in the first instance they go armed before their brethren over Jordan: type of Christians stopping short of the purpose of God in regard to them through refusing to accept death with Christ. </p> <p> Numbers 33 Numbers 36 : The various stations are recorded at which the Israelites had halted in their journeyings. Details follow as to the borders of the promised land; the forty-eight cities for the Levites; and the cities of refuge. The book closes with instruction as to the inheritance of daughters, so that the position belonging to each tribe should remain as allotted; ending with the words, "These are the commandments and the judgements which the Lord commanded by the hand of Moses unto the children of Israel in the plains of [[Moab]] by Jordan near Jericho." Here, close to the land, Moses rehearsed to them all their evil ways, but spoke with certainty of their possessing the land, and named those who should aid in dividing it. God was about to fulfil to the children of Israel His promise made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in grace, which abounded over all their sin, and has abounded toward His people ever since. </p> <p> In conclusion, a few words may be added on the spiritual import of the Book of Numbers. It literally considers the children of Israel in two aspects: first, in view of the wilderness; and secondly, in view of possessing the promised land. The link between the two numberings is Caleb and Joshua, the representatives of faith. The book is the obverse of Exodus, in which we have the actings of <i> God </i> His redemption of the people; His resources for them in the wilderness; the declaration of His will; and the setting up among them of the tabernacle all this was God's side. On the other hand, we have in Numbers the side of <i> the people </i> they are taken into consideration, and hence their perversities and God's chastisements are prominent. These lead, in their spiritual significance, to the conclusion that the means necessary to conduct a people through the wilderness are the water of purification ( Numbers 19 ), and priestly ministration ( Numbers 20 ): Christ in death and Christ risen; the red heifer, and the budding rod. This part closes in Numbers 20 . </p> <p> Then after the death of Aaron the high priest, which is the proper end of responsibility and its testing, we have a second part of the book, in which are seen the means by which the elect of God are brought to light, namely, the brazen serpent, and the springing well the acceptance of the cross, and the power of the Spirit. In this part of Numbers there is but little reference to priesthood. We have following this the prophesies of Balaam, which speak of the elect people of God. The people are then numbered in view of possessing the land of promise, and Joshua succeeds Moses as leader. He is, what Moses was not, the type of a risen Christ. </p> <p> In spiritual experiences the second part of the book runs concurrently with the first, for while in the type Israel did not come to the brazen serpent until they had been thirty-eight years in the wilderness, Christians <i> begin </i> their spiritual course with the cross, which is the antitype of the brazen serpent. John 3:14,15 . The state of man in the flesh has been condemned in the cross, and the [[Christian]] begins in the Spirit; and in that way is able to appreciate the water of purification and priestly refreshment, while finding that no good dwells in the flesh. </p> | ||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_42720" /> == | == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_42720" /> == | ||
<i> Numeri </i> <i> Arithmoi </i> Numbers 1:19 Numbers 1:45 Numbers 2:33 Numbers 3:42 Numbers 4:49 Numbers 26:4 <i> Bemidhbar </i> <p> Numbers 1:1-10:10 What happened at Sinai; </p> <p> Numbers 10:11-20:13 What happened in the wilderness; and </p> <p> Numbers 20:14-36:13 What happened from Kadesh to Moab. </p> <p> Contents It seems most productive to consider the contents of the book in the light of the three questions asked above. The following should illuminate this. </p> <p> Outline </p> <p> | <i> Numeri </i> <i> Arithmoi </i> Numbers 1:19 Numbers 1:45 Numbers 2:33 Numbers 3:42 Numbers 4:49 Numbers 26:4 <i> Bemidhbar </i> <p> Numbers 1:1-10:10 What happened at Sinai; </p> <p> Numbers 10:11-20:13 What happened in the wilderness; and </p> <p> Numbers 20:14-36:13 What happened from Kadesh to Moab. </p> <p> Contents It seems most productive to consider the contents of the book in the light of the three questions asked above. The following should illuminate this. </p> <p> Outline </p> <p> I. Who are the People of God? </p> <p> A. Those who are ready to defend the camp through military means ( Numbers 1:1; Numbers 26:1 ); </p> <p> B. Those who dwell in a camp with provision for God's presence in their midst ( Numbers 2:1 ); </p> <p> C. Those who participate in a religious system under the authority of the [[Aaronite]] priesthood and ministry of the Levites ( Numbers 3:1; Numbers 4:1 ); </p> <p> D. Those who uphold the laws of ritual purity to keep the camp from becoming physically or morally contaminated or are willing to undertake appropriate rituals to restore wholeness ( Numbers 5:1; Numbers 6:1; Numbers 19:1 ); </p> <p> E. Those who furnish the tabernacle of God's presence with appropriate furnishings and utensils ( Numbers 7-8 ); </p> <p> F. Those who worship according to sacred rituals established by God ( Numbers 9:1; Numbers 28-30 ); </p> <p> G. Those who are willing to migrate according to God's instructions ( Numbers 10:1 ); </p> <p> H. Those who depend upon the priesthood to mediate the awesome presence of God ( Numbers 18:1 ); </p> <p> I. Those who recognize that secular authority is dependent on religious authority ( Numbers 27:1 ); </p> <p> J. Those who have an allegiance to justice beyond the idea of a family-blood feud ( Numbers 35:1 ). </p> <p> II. Who is in charge of the People of God? </p> <p> A. Moses is prime authority under God's direction and through God's intervention in vindicating him after rebellions ( Numbers 11-12; Numbers 14:1; Numbers 16:1 ); </p> <p> B. Aaron is a prime spiritual authority due to God's active support ( Numbers 17:1 ); </p> <p> C. Even Moses and Aaron are inadequate without God's support ( Numbers 20:1 ); </p> <p> D. God Himself is final authority ( Numbers 21:1 ); </p> <p> E. God will guide the priesthood in directing Israel away from apostasy and toward Him ( Numbers 25:1 ). </p> <p> III. What are the People of God to accomplish? </p> <p> A. They are to examine and investigate the land of promise ( Numbers 13-14 ); </p> <p> B. They are to be victorious over God's enemies through ritualized “holy war” ( Numbers 21:1 ); </p> <p> C. They are to recognize that no rival religious authority can spoil God's plan regarding the land of promise ( Numbers 22-24 ); </p> <p> D. They are to keep the land of promise within the tribes and people it was promised to (in spite of extraordinary circumstances) ( Numbers 27:1 ); </p> <p> E. They are to provide for “bonus” land beyond the initial promise ( Numbers 32:1 ); </p> <p> F. They are to provide for keeping the land of promise secure ( Numbers 36:1 ). </p> <p> In this way, the reader is able to see that every aspect of life during the wilderness wandering was permeated with the centrality of God. Under God's instructions Israel conscripted an army; God's presence radiated both a sense of awe and well-being in the center of the camp; God's promise of a landed inheritance gave them a goal to strive for and an identity; and God was the ultimate authority and spoke both indirectly through His human representatives and directly through His miraculous power. The rebellion narratives ( Numbers 11:1-12:16; Numbers 14:1; Numbers 16:1; Numbers 17:1; Numbers 20:1; Numbers 21:4-9; and Numbers 25:1-18 ), as well as the account of Balaam the wizard (22–24), serve to show how God's plan and provision cannot be thwarted by any rival possibility or power. Israel needed to stay on God's side to find success. See [[Aaron]]; Balaam; Eleazer; [[Joshua]]; [[Moses]]; [[Pentateuch]]; [[Holy]] War; [[Sacred]] Calendar; [[Tabernacle]]; Tribal Confederation. </p> <p> Johnny L. Wilson </p> | ||
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18900" /> == | == Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18900" /> == | ||
<p> Readers of Numbers should bear in mind that they are reading only part of a larger book. The ‘five books of Moses’ (or Pentateuch) originally were one book, the division into five volumes being purely for convenience. Numbers has greater significance once the reader sees it as part of this larger work. (Concerning the authorship and purpose of this larger work see [[Pentateuch.) | <p> Readers of Numbers should bear in mind that they are reading only part of a larger book. The ‘five books of Moses’ (or Pentateuch) originally were one book, the division into five volumes being purely for convenience. Numbers has greater significance once the reader sees it as part of this larger work. (Concerning the authorship and purpose of this larger work see [[Pentateuch]] .) </p> <p> '''Significance of Numbers''' </p> <p> In fulfilment of his promises to Abraham, God had made Abraham’s descendants into a nation, saved them from Egypt and was now taking them to their new homeland, Canaan. The person he had given them as their leader was Moses ( Genesis 12:2; Genesis 15:18-21; Exodus 3:10-12; Exodus 6:4-8; for map and other details see [[Moses]] ). </p> <p> After three months’ journey, God settled the people temporarily at Mt Sinai. There he established his covenant with them and gave them laws to govern their lives as his people. At the point where Numbers begins, Israel had been at Sinai almost one year ( Exodus 19:1; Numbers 1:1). </p> <p> During their time at Sinai, the people had received much instruction in religious, moral and social matters (Exodus 20; Exodus 21; Exodus 22; Exodus 23; Exodus 24). They had also built the tabernacle (Exodus 25; Exodus 26; Exodus 27; Exodus 28; Exodus 29; Exodus 30; Exodus 31; Exodus 32; Exodus 33; Exodus 34; Exodus 35; Exodus 36; Exodus 37; Exodus 38; Exodus 39; Exodus 40), established a priesthood and a sacrificial system (Leviticus 1; Leviticus 2; Leviticus 3; Leviticus 4; Leviticus 5; Leviticus 6; Leviticus 7; Leviticus 8; Leviticus 9; Leviticus 10), and begun to regulate their national life according to the laws God had laid down (Leviticus 11; Leviticus 12; Leviticus 13; Leviticus 14; Leviticus 15; Leviticus 16; Leviticus 17; Leviticus 18; Leviticus 19; Leviticus 20; Leviticus 21; Leviticus 22; Leviticus 23; Leviticus 24; Leviticus 25; Leviticus 26; Leviticus 27). The people were now preparing themselves to depart from Sinai and head for Canaan (Numbers 1; Numbers 2; Numbers 3; Numbers 4; Numbers 5; Numbers 6; Numbers 7; Numbers 8; Numbers 9; Numbers 10). </p> <p> The book of Numbers opens with Moses about to conduct a census so that he could prepare an army for the conquest of Canaan. The journey to Canaan should have taken only a few weeks, but instead it took almost forty years. The reason for the delay was the people’s rebellion against God. Out of fear and distrust they refused to enter Canaan, with the result that God left them in the wilderness till all that adult generation had died and a new generation had grown up. At the end of Numbers, almost forty years after its beginning, Moses took another census, this time to organize the new generation for the conquest of Canaan. The book of Numbers takes its name (in the Greek, Latin and English versions) from these two census. </p> <p> Since the two census represent only a small part of the book, the Hebrew title ‘In the Wilderness’ gives a better indication of the book’s contents. Most of the book is concerned with the journey from Sinai to the borders of Canaan, and much of this journey was through wilderness country. There are very few details of the wasted years of ‘wanderings’ in the wilderness ( Numbers 32:13). </p> <p> '''Contents of the book''' </p> <p> To begin with, Moses conducted a military census (1:1-54). He also set out arrangements for camping and marching (2:1-34), paying particular attention to the Levites, whose duty was to transport, erect and look after the tabernacle (3:1-4:49). After giving additional religious and civil laws (5:1-6:27), Moses accepted offerings from Israel’s leaders for the use of the Levites, and then dedicated the Levites to God’s service (7:1-8:26). Israel kept the Passover and awaited God’s sign for them to break camp and set off (9:1-10:10). </p> <p> The procession moved off (10:11-36), but soon the people became complaining and they criticized Moses (11:1-12:16). [[Worse]] still, they refused to go into Canaan when they heard of the opposition that lay ahead. In so doing, they rebelled against God and consequently condemned themselves to die in the wilderness (13:1-14:45). </p> <p> God impressed upon the people the necessity for obedience in all circumstances (15:1-41). Soon, however, there was another rebellion when a group of leaders challenged the authority of Moses and Aaron. They were destroyed in a dramatic divine punishment (16:1-17:13). In view of these rebellions, God gave further laws and regulations (18:1-19:22). Moses and Aaron lost patience with the complaining people, but their rash behaviour brought judgment upon themselves (20:1-13). </p> <p> After being forced to detour around the land of Edom (20:14-21:20), the Israelites conquered all the [[Amorite]] territory east of Jordan and set up camp on the [[Plains]] of Moab in preparation for the attack on Canaan (21:21-22:1). Attempts by the king of Moab to destroy the Israelites were unsuccessful, though the Israelites almost destroyed themselves through their immoral behaviour with neighbouring peoples (22:2-25:18). </p> <p> Moses conducted a new census (26:1-27:23) and gave further laws and regulations (28:1-30:16). In a military victory over the troublesome Midianites, the Israelites gained some welcome profits (31:1-54). As the time approached for the Israelites’ attack on Canaan, Moses set out plans for the division of the land that they were to occupy. This included the land already conquered east of Jordan and the land yet to be conquered in Canaan itself (32:1-36:13). </p> | ||
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32883" /> == | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32883" /> == | ||
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== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_6570" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_6570" /> == | ||
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== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_53315" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_53315" /> == | ||
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== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_77247" /> == | == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_77247" /> == | ||
