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== | == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55782" /> == | ||
[[ | <p> (ἔχθρα) </p> <p> Human life is disquieted and embittered by enmities, active and passive. 1 Men are enemies of God in their mind (τῇ διανοίᾳ) by their wicked works ( Colossians 1:21). This is not to be taken in a passive sense, which would imply that they are hateful to God ( <i> invisos Deo </i> , says Meyer, <i> ad loc </i> .). Their enmity is active. The carnal mind (φρόνημα), caring only for the gratification of the senses, is hostility to (εἰς) God ( Romans 8:7). The friendship (φιλία, which implies ‘loving’ as well as ‘being loved’) of the world, which loves its own ( John 15:19), is enmity with God ( James 4:4, [[Vulgate]] <i> inimica est dei </i> ). Some who prefers [[Christianity]] are sadly called enemies of the Cross ( Philippians 3:18); and a man may so habitually pursue low ends as to become an enemy of all righteousness ( Acts 13:10). It is the work of Christ to subdue this active inward enmity to God and goodness, and thus to undo the work of the [[Enemy]] who has sown the seeds of evil in the human heart ( Matthew 13:28). While sinners are reconciled to God, it is nowhere said in the [[Nt]] that God, as if He were hostile, needs to be reconciled to sinners. It is the mind of man, not the mind of God, which must undergo a change, that a reunion may be effected’ [[(J.]] [[B.]] Lightfoot, <i> Col </i> . 3, 1879, p. 159). </p> <p> (2) The enmity of Jew and [[Gentile]] was notorious. After smouldering for centuries, it finally burst into the flames of the <i> Bellum Judaicum </i> . The contempt of Greek for barbarian was equally pronounced. Christ came to end these and all similar racial antipathies. By His Cross He ‘abolished’ and ‘slew’ the enmity ( Ephesians 2:15-16), creating a new manhood which is neither Jewish, Greek, nor Roman, but comprehensive, cosmopolitan, catholic, fulfilling the highest classical ideal of human fellowship-‘humani nihil a me alienum puto’ (Terence, <i> Heaut. </i> [[I.]] i. 25)-all because it is Christian. </p> <p> (3) The Christian, however, cannot help having enemies. Just because he is not of the world, the world hates him ( John 15:18 ff.). But the spirit of Christ that is in him constrains him to feed his enemy when hungry, give him drink when thirsty ( Romans 12:20), and so endeavour to change him into a friend. </p> <p> (4) Every preacher, because he is bound to be a moralist and reformer, runs a special risk of being mistaken for an enemy. Truth, though spoken in love, may arouse hatred: ὤστε ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν; ( Galatians 4:16). Yet a moment’s thought would make it clear that the aim is not to hurt but to heal, and the surgeon who skilfully uses the knife is ever counted a benefactor. </p> <p> (5) The courageous faith of the early Church assumed that Christ would put all His enemies under His feet ( 1 Corinthians 15:25; cf. Hebrews 1:13; Hebrews 10:13), <i> i.e. </i> that every form of evil, moral and physical alike, would finally be subdued. ‘The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death’ ( 1 Corinthians 15:26). </p> <p> (6) [[A]] single passage seems, <i> prima facie </i> , to imply that men may sometimes be enemies of God <i> sensu passivo </i> . To the Romans St. Paul says of the Jews, ‘They are enemies for your sake’ ( Romans 11:28). They are <i> treated </i> as enemies in order that salvation may come to the Gentiles. But the enmity is far from being absolute; they are all the time ‘beloved’ (ἀγαπητοὶ διὰ τοὺς πατέρας, Romans 11:28). </p> <p> James Strahan. </p> | ||
== | == Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words <ref name="term_77585" /> == | ||
< | <div> '''1: ἔχθρα ''' (Strong'S #2189 Noun [[Feminine]] echthra ekh'-thrah ) </div> <p> from the adjective echthros (see [[Enemy)]] is rendered "enmity" in Luke 23:12; Romans 8:7; Ephesians 2:15,16; James 4:4; "enmities," Galatians 5:20 , Rv , for [[Av,]] "hatred." It is the opposite of agape, "love." </p> | ||
== King James Dictionary <ref name="term_59909" /> == | == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_59909" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> [[En'Mity,]] n. </p> 1. The quality of being an enemy the opposite of friendship will hatred unfriendly dispositions malevolence. It expresses more than aversion and less than malice,and differs from displeasure in denoting a fixed or rooted hatred, whereas displeasure is more transient. <p> [[I]] will put enmity between thee and the woman. Genesis 3 </p> <p> The carnal mind is enmity against God. Romans 8 . </p> 2. [[A]] state of opposition. <p> The friendship of the world is enmity with God. James 4 . </p> | ||
== | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31367" /> == | ||
Genesis 3:15 James 4:4 1 John 2:15,16 Romans 8:7 Ephesians 2:15,16 | |||
== Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_116735" /> == | == Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_116735" /> == | ||
<p> (1): | <p> '''(1):''' ''' (''' n.) The quality of being an enemy; hostile or unfriendly disposition. </p> <p> '''(2):''' ''' (''' n.) [[A]] state of opposition; hostility. </p> | ||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_38983" /> == | |||
<p> "opposition; very bitter, deep-rooted, irreconcilable hatred and variance. Such a constant enmity there is between the followers of Christ and Satan; nay, there is some such enmity between mankind and some serpents ( Genesis 3:15). [[Friendship]] with this world, in its wicked members and lusts, is ''enmity with God'' — is opposed to the love of him, and amounts to an actual exerting of ourselves to dishonor and abuse him ( James 4:4; 1 John 2:15-16). The carnal mind, or minding of fleshly and sinful things, is ''enmnity against God'' — is opposed to his nature and will in the highest degree, and, though it may be removed, cannot be reconciled to him, nor he to it ( Romans 8:7-8). The ceremonial law is called ''enmity:'' it marked God's enmity against sin by demanding atonement for it; it occasioned men's enmity against God by its burdensome services, and was an accidental source of standing variance between [[Jews]] and Gentiles: or perhaps the ''enmity'' here meant is the state of variance between God and men, whereby he justly loathed and hated them as sinful, and condemned them to punishment; and they wickedly hated him for his holy excellence, retributive justice, and sovereign goodness: both are slain and abolished by the death of Christ ( Ephesians 2:15-16)." </p> | |||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_3410" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_3410" /> == | ||
<p> '''''en´mi''''' -'''''ti''''' ( איבה , <i> ''''''ēbhāh''''' </i> ; ἔχθρα , <i> '''''échthra''''' </i> ): "Enmity" (hate) occurs as the translation of <i> ''''''ēbhāh''''' </i> in | <p> '''''en´mi''''' -'''''ti''''' ( איבה , <i> ''''''ēbhāh''''' </i> ; ἔχθρα , <i> '''''échthra''''' </i> ): "Enmity" (hate) occurs as the translation of <i> ''''''ēbhāh''''' </i> in Genesis 3:15 , [["I]] will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed," and in Numbers 35:21 , Numbers 35:22 , where the absence of enmity on the part of the man-slayer modifies the judgment to be passed on him. </p> <p> In the New [[Testament]] "enmity" is the translation of <i> '''''echthra''''' </i> ̌ : Luke 23:12; Romans 8:7 , "The mind of the flesh is enmity against God." James 4:4 , "The friendship of the world is enmity with God" (because "the world" is preferred to God); in Ephesians 2:15 , Ephesians 2:16 , Christ is said to have "abolished in his flesh the enmity," by His cross to have "slain the enmity," that is, the opposition between Jew and Gentile , creating in Himself "one new man, (so) making peace." See also [[Abolish]]; [[Hate]] . </p> | ||
==References == | ==References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_55782"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/enmity Enmity from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_77585"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/vine-s-expository-dictionary-of-nt-words/enmity Enmity from Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_59909"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/enmity Enmity from King James Dictionary]</ref> | <ref name="term_59909"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/enmity Enmity from King James Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_31367"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/enmity Enmity from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_116735"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/enmity Enmity from Webster's Dictionary]</ref> | <ref name="term_116735"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/enmity Enmity from Webster's Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_38983"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/enmity Enmity from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_3410"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/enmity Enmity from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | <ref name="term_3410"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/enmity Enmity from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> |