Difference between revisions of "Censer"

<p> <b> 1. </b> The writer of Hebrews mentions the ‘golden &nbsp;θυμιατήριον’ first among the pieces of furniture which belonged to the [[Holy]] of Holies (&nbsp;Hebrews 9:4). He had in view &nbsp;Exodus 30:1-10, which is generally regarded as one of the latest strata of P. His words raise a question as to the meaning of the word &nbsp;θυμιατήριον, and another as to the position of the article so named, both of which questions have been the subject of much controversy. (1) Authorized Version&nbsp; and Revised Version&nbsp; , following the Vulgate-‘aureum habens thuribulum’-render &nbsp;θυμιατήριον by ‘censer’; but Revised Version margin and American Revised Version&nbsp; , like [[Clement]] Alex., Calvin, and most modern scholars, translate it as ‘altar of incense.’ Etymologically the word-a neut. adj.-may mean anything employed in the burning of incense, whether a censer <i> in </i> which, or an altar <i> upon </i> which, the act is performed. When &nbsp;θυμιατήριον occurs in the Septuagint&nbsp; -&nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19, &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11, &nbsp;4 [[Maccabees]] 7:11 -it no doubt means ‘censer,’ being a translation of &nbsp;מִקִטֶרָת, while the altar of incense is &nbsp;τὸ θυσιαστήριον θυμιάματος (or -&nbsp;των) in &nbsp;Exodus 30:1; &nbsp;Exodus 30:27, &nbsp;Leviticus 4:7, &nbsp;1 Chronicles 6:49, etc. But it is also certain that &nbsp;θυμιατήριον became the usual [[Hellenistic]] name for the altar of incense, and [[Philo]] ( <i> Quis rer. div. haer </i> . 46, <i> Vit. Mos </i> . iii. 7), [[Josephus]] ( <i> Ant </i> . iii. vi. 8, viii. 2, 3, <i> Bellum Judaicum (Josephus) </i> &nbsp; v. v. 5), and the versions of [[Symmachus]] and [[Theodotion]] use the word with this meaning in &nbsp;Exodus 30:1. Unless the writer of Hebrews follows the same usage, he entirely ignores the altar of incense in his description of the furniture of the tabernacle, which is scarcely credible. (2) <i> Prima facie </i> , the author of Hebrews has fallen into error in naming this altar among the furnishings of the most holy place. He may be supposed to have been misled ( <i> a </i> ) by the ambiguous instructions regarding it given in &nbsp;Exodus 30:6 : ‘thou shall put it before the veil that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy-scat that is over the testimony’; ( <i> b </i> ) by its designation as &nbsp;ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων in &nbsp;Exodus 30:10; and ( <i> c </i> ) especially by the fact that in &nbsp;Exodus 25:23-40; &nbsp;Exodus 26:35, only the candlestick and the table are mentioned as standing in the holy place. Such a mistake on the part of the writer, whose acquaintance with the ritual practice of [[Judaism]] was second-hand, would not prove him the <i> Monstrum von Unwissenheit </i> that Delitzsch suggests. Still, it is not certain that he was really wrong. He does not say that the Holy of Holies <i> contained </i> the &nbsp;θυμιατήριον (contrast &nbsp;ἐν ᾗ in &nbsp;Hebrews 9:3), but that it <i> had </i> (&nbsp;ἔχουσα) such an altar. [[Evidently]] he was thinking, not of the local position of the altar, but of its intimate relation to the ministry of the inner sanctuary on the Day of Atonement. </p> <p> <b> 2. </b> In &nbsp;Revelation 8:3; &nbsp;Revelation 8:5, &nbsp;λινβανωτός, which is strictly ‘frankincense,’ the gum exuding from the &nbsp;λίβανος, is used instead of &nbsp;λιβανωτίς (or -&nbsp;τρίς) for ‘censer,’ corresponding to the &nbsp;πυρεῖον (&nbsp;πύριον) or &nbsp;θυίσκη (‘fire pan’) of the Septuagint&nbsp; . In the prophetic symbolism this censer holds (1) the lire which burns the incense that is added to the prayers of the saints, and (2) the fire, or hot ashes, of God’s vengeance, which are cast upon a hostile and impenitent world. See Incense. </p> <p> Literature.-Thayer Grimm’s Gr.-Eng. Lexicon of the NT, tr. Thayer&nbsp; , <i> s.v. </i> &nbsp;θυμιατήριον; Schürer, <i> History of the [[Jewish]] People (Eng. tr. of GJV).] </i> &nbsp; ii. i. 295; T. Zahn, <i> Introd. to NT </i> , Eng. translation&nbsp; , 1909, ii. 363; H. B. Swete, <i> [[Apocalypse]] of St. John </i> 2, 1907, p. 108; <i> Expository Times </i> &nbsp; i. [1889-90] 74, ii. [1890-91] 18; see also article&nbsp; ‘Censer’ in <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the [[Bible]] (5 vols) </i> &nbsp; and Literature there cited. </p> <p> James Strahan. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Censer. There are two [[Hebrew]] words so translated, mahhtah and miktereth; the latter occurring only in the later books. &nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19; &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11. It was a vessel or metal fire-pan to take up coals on which the incense could be placed. It was portable, and probably had a long handle. Censers are described among the furniture of the altar—the brazen altar," not the altar of incense. &nbsp;Numbers 4:14; and a special charge is given for the use of the censer on the day of atonement. &nbsp;Leviticus 16:12. Probably those of the ordinary kind were of brass or copper, comp. &nbsp;Exodus 27:3; but the [[Jews]] suppose that the one used by the high priest was of gold; and this supposition is to a certain extent corroborated by the fact that Aaron is bidden to use some particular censer—the definite article being prefixed to the word. &nbsp;Leviticus 16:12; &nbsp;Numbers 16:46. Korah and his company had censers, &nbsp;Numbers 16:6; &nbsp;Numbers 16:17; &nbsp;Numbers 16:37-39; but they were doubtless of the common sort. Solomon made golden censers. &nbsp;1 Kings 7:50; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:22. A golden censer is mentioned in the New Testament. &nbsp;Hebrews 9:4. It is questioned, however, whether the golden altar is not rather meant. The R. V. frequently reads "fire-pans" for censers. The Greek word rendered "censer" in &nbsp;Revelation 8:3; &nbsp;Revelation 8:5, is derived from frankincense, implying that frankincense was burnt therein. The "vials," 5:8, have been thought to mean similar vessels. </p>

<div> &nbsp;1: Θυμιατήριον &nbsp;(Strong'S #2369 — Noun Neuter — thumiaterion — thoo-mee-as-tay'-ree-on ) </div> <p> "a vessel for burning incense" (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19; &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11 ), is found in &nbsp;Hebrews 9:4 . </p> <div> &nbsp;2: Λιβανωτός &nbsp;(Strong'S #3031 — Noun Masculine — libanotos — lib-an-o-tos' ) </div> <p> denotes "frankincense," the gum of the libanos, "the frankincense tree;" in a secondary sense, "a vessel in which to burn incense," &nbsp;Revelation 8:3,5 . </p>

<p> A vessel in which fire and incense were carried, in certain parts of the Hebrew worship. Little is known of its form. The censer for the daily offering was at first made of copper, &nbsp;Numbers 16:39 . That used on the great Day of Atonement, (and perhaps others also,) was made of pure gold, &nbsp;1 Kings 7:50 &nbsp; Hebrews 9:4 . In the daily offering, the censer was filled with coals from the perpetual fire, and placed on the altar of incense, where the incense was thrown upon the coals, &nbsp;Exodus 30:1,7-10 . On the day of atonement, in the Holy of Holies, the censer must have been held in the hand, and probably by a handle, &nbsp;Leviticus 16:12,13 . </p> <p> There are two Hebrew words, which are translated censer in our English Bibles. The one signifies strictly fire-pan. The other signifies incense-pan, a vessel for burning incense; but we do not know its exact shape. </p> <p> The censers of the [[Egyptians]] had long handles, like a human arm and hand, upon the palm of which the incense-cup stood. Those of the [[Greeks]] and Romans had chains, by which they were carried, like those now used in the Romish service. </p> <p> In the New Testament, where the twenty-four elders are said to have golden "vials" full of odors, &nbsp;Revelation 5:8 , the meaning is vessels of incense, censers, not vials in the present sense of the word. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Censer. A small portable vessel of metal fitted to receive burning coals from the altar, and on which the incense for burning was sprinkled. &nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19; &nbsp;Luke 1:9. The only distinct precepts regarding the use of the censer are found in &nbsp;Leviticus 16:12, and in &nbsp;Numbers 4:14. Solomon prepared "censers of pure gold" as part of the [[Temple]] furniture. &nbsp;1 Kings 7:50; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:22. The word rendered "censer" in &nbsp;Hebrews 9:4 probably means the &nbsp;"Altar of Incense". </p>

<p> a vessel in which incense was presented in the Temple, being used by the Jews in the daily offering of incense, and yearly on the Day of Atonement, when the high-priest entered the Holy of Holies (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19; &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11; &nbsp;Sirach 1:9). On the latter occasion the priest filled the censer with live coals from the sacred fire on the altar of burnt-offering, and bore it into the sanctuary, where he threw upon the burning coals the "sweet incense beaten small" which he had brought in his hand (&nbsp;Leviticus 16:12-13). In this case the incense was burnt while the high- priest held the censer in his hand; but in the daily offering the censer in which the live coals were brought from the altar of burnt-offering was set down upon the altar of incense. This alone would suggest the probability of some difference of shape between the censers used on these occasions. The daily censers must have had a base or stand to admit of their being placed on the golden altar, while those employed on the Day of Atonement were probably furnished with a handle. In fact, there are different names for these vessels. Those in daily use were called &nbsp;מַקְטֶרֶת &nbsp;(mikte&nbsp;´ reth, occurs only in &nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19; &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11), from &nbsp;מַקְטָר, incense; whereas that used on the Day of Atonement is distinguished by the title of &nbsp;מִחְתָּה(machtah&nbsp;´, something to take fire &nbsp;with), or &nbsp;coal-pan (often "fire- pan" in the English version). We learn also that the daily censers were of brass (&nbsp;Numbers 16:39) (according to the [[Mishna]] &nbsp;Tamid, 5:5, in the second temple, also of silver), whereas the yearly one was of gold (Josephus, &nbsp;Ant. 14:4, 4). </p> <p> The latter is also said to have had a handle (Mishna, &nbsp;Yoma, 4:4), which, indeed, as being held by the priest while the incense was burning, it seems to have required. It is conjectured that this distinction is alluded to in &nbsp;Revelation 5:8; &nbsp;Revelation 8:3, where the angel is - represented with a golden "censer" (&nbsp;λιβανωτός, from &nbsp;λίβανος, incense), and the twenty-four elders each with a golden "vial" (&nbsp;φιάλη ). In the Apocrypha, silver (&nbsp;1 [[Esdras]] 2:13) as well as golden (&nbsp;1 Maccabees 1:22) "censers" (&nbsp;θυϊ v &nbsp;σκη ) are similarly referred to. Paul, in &nbsp;Hebrews 9:4, speaks of the golden "censer" as a thing which belonged to the Tabernacle, but the Greek word &nbsp;θυμιατήριον, which there occurs, may signify "altar of incense" (see Bleek, &nbsp;Comment. p. 488; Meyer, &nbsp;Bibeldeut. p. 7 sq.; Mynster, in the &nbsp;Stud. u. Krit. 1829; 2:342 sq.). </p> <p> The latter of the above Hebrew words seems used generally for any instrument to seize or hold burning coals, or to receive ashes, etc. such as the appendages of the brazen altar and golden candlestick mentioned in &nbsp;Exodus 25:38; &nbsp;Exodus 37:23 (in which senses it seems rendered in the Sept. by &nbsp;ἐπαρυστρίς, &nbsp;έπαρυτῆρ, or perhaps &nbsp;ὑπόθεμα )&nbsp;. It, however, generally bears the limited meaning which properly belongs to the former word, viz. a small portable vessel of metal, on which the incense was sprinkled by the priest to whose office this exclusively belonged (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:18; &nbsp;Luke 1:9). Thus "Korah and his company" were bidden to take "censers," with which, in emulation of Aaron and his sons, they had perhaps provided themselves (comp. &nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11); and [[Moses]] tells Aaron to take &nbsp;"the censer" (not &nbsp;a, as in the A. V.), i.e. that of the sanctuary or that of the high-priest, to stay the plague by atonement. The only distinct precepts regarding the use of the censer are found in &nbsp;Numbers 4:14, where among the vessels of the golden altar, i.e. of incense, censers" are reckoned; and in &nbsp;Leviticus 16:12, where we find that the high-priest was to carry it (here also it is "the," not "a censer," that he is ordered to "take") into the most holy place within the vail, where the "incense" was to be " put on the fire," i.e. on the coals in the censer, "before the Lord." This must have been on the Day of Atonement, for then only was that place entered. Solomon prepared "censers of pure gold" as part of the same furniture (&nbsp;1 Kings 7:50; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 4:22). Possibly their general use may be explained by the imagery of &nbsp;Revelation 8:3-4, and may have been to take up coals from the brazen altar, and convey the incense while burning to the "golden altar," or "altar of incense," on which it was to be offered morning and evening (&nbsp;Exodus 30:7-8). So Uzziah, when he was intending "to burn incense upon the altar of incense," took "a censer in his hand" (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:16; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19). (See [[Altar]]). </p> <p> These intimations help us to conclude that the Jewish censers were unlike those of the classical ancients, with which the sculptures of [[Greece]] and Rome have made us familiar, as well as those (with perforated lids, and swung by chains) which are used in the Church of Rome. It is observable that in all cases the Egyptian priests had their costly incense made up into small round pellets, which they projected successively from between their finger and thumb into the censer at such a distance that the operation must have required a peculiar knack, such as could have been: acquired only by much practice. As the incense used by the Jews was made up into a kind of paste, it was probably employed in the same manner. See Sonneschmid, De Thymiaterio sanctissimi (Viteb. 1723); Deyling, Observv. 2:565 sq.; J. G. Michaelis, in the Mus. Brem. 2:6 sq., and in Ugolini Thesaur. 11; Wentz, in the Nova Biblioth. Brem. 5:337 sq.; Zeibich, De thuribulo aureo (Gerl. 1768); Kocher, id. (Jen. 1769); Braun. &nbsp;Selecta aura, p. 208 sq.; Rogal, De thuribulis (Regiom. 1724; also in Ugolini Thes. 11). (See [[Incense]]). </p> <p> in [[Roman]] [[Catholic]] worship. (See [[Thurible]]). </p>

<p> '''''sen´sẽr''''' : In the King James Version censer is used as a translation of two Hebrew words, namely, &nbsp;מחתּה , <i> '''''maḥtāh''''' </i> , and &nbsp;מקטרת , <i> '''''miḳṭereth''''' </i> ̌ . The former word is generally rendered "censer," sometimes "firepan," and in three cases (&nbsp;Exodus 25:38; &nbsp;Exodus 37:23; &nbsp;Numbers 4:9 ) "snuffdish" It denoted a bowl-shaped vessel used for different purposes, namely, (1) a censer, in which incense was burnt (&nbsp;Leviticus 10:1 ); (2) a firepan, made of bronze, used in connection with the altar of burnt offering (&nbsp;Exodus 27:3 ); (3) a snuffdish, i.e. a receptacle to hold pieces of burnt lamp-wick removed by the tongs or snuffers (&nbsp;Exodus 25:38 ). Probably in all these cases the same kind of vessel was meant, namely, a bowl-shaped utensil with a handle, not unlike a saucepan. The other Hebrew word (derived from the same root as the word for "incense") denoted a vessel for conveying incense (&nbsp;Ezekiel 8:11; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 26:19 ). The Greek word &nbsp;θυμιατήριον , <i> '''''thumiatḗrion''''' </i> , by which the [[Septuagint]] rendered <i> '''''miḳṭereth''''' </i> , is used also in &nbsp;Hebrews 9:4 , where the King James Version gives "censer," but the American Standard Revised Version is probably more correct, namely, "altar of incense" (see [[Commentaries]] under the word). Compare also &nbsp;Revelation 8:3 , &nbsp;Revelation 8:1 , where &nbsp;λιβανωτός , <i> '''''libanōtós''''' </i> , properly the adjective of "frankincense," is translated "censer." </p>