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Difference between revisions of "Clement"

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== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55473" /> ==
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55473" /> ==
<p> [[Mention]] is made of [[Clement]] in &nbsp;Philippians 4:3 as one of St. Paul’s fellow-workers. If &nbsp;μετὰ καὶ Κλήμεντος is connected with &nbsp;συλλαμβάνου, Clement was urged to help in the work of reconciling [[Euodia]] and Syntyche. But it is better to connect the phrase with &nbsp;συνήθλησαν, so including Clement among those with whom these women and St. Paul ‘laboured in the gospel’; <i> i.e. </i> he had been conspicuous in [[Christian]] work in Philippi. But the reference does not suggest that he was in [[Philippi]] when St. Paul wrote; it is too oblique for that. Would he not have been asked to use his good offices to effect a reconciliation? Two things are possible: ( <i> a </i> ) he may be dead, though his memory is fragrant (the reference to other ‘fellow-workers whose names are in the book of life’ is not inconsistent with this suggestion); ( <i> b </i> ) he may be with St. Paul, one of the band who gathered about him in his imprisonment and through whom the [[Apostle]] carried on his work. In that case Clement was in Rome, and one of the arguments against identifying him with Clement, bishop of Rome, who wrote the Letter to the Church of Corinth, would disappear. The difficulty of date is, however, serious, though not insuperable. If Clement were a promising convert from Philippi, who after serving there with marked success became a pupil and companion of St. Paul, he could not very well have been less than 35 or 40 years of age when Phil was written from Rome about a.d. 60. If this Clement is to be identified with [[Clemens]] Romanus, he must have lived to extreme old age. The identification, first made by Origen, cannot be proved; it is even precarious; but Kennedy goes too far when he calls it ‘absurd’ ( <i> Expositor’s Greek [[Testament]] </i> &nbsp; , ‘Philippians,’ <i> ad loc </i> .). </p> <p> The name is a common one. </p> <p> Literature.-J. B. Lightfoot, <i> Philippians </i> 4, 1878 (esp. note on p. 168ff.); H. A. A. Kennedy, <i> Expositor’s Greek Testament </i> &nbsp; , ‘Philippians,’ 1903; article&nbsp; on ‘Clement’ in <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the [[Bible]] (5 vols) </i> &nbsp; ; E. B. Redlich, <i> St. Paul and his Companions </i> , 1913, p. 223. </p> <p> J. E. Roberts. </p>
<p> [[Mention]] is made of [[Clement]] in &nbsp;Philippians 4:3 as one of St. Paul’s fellow-workers. If μετὰ καὶ Κλήμεντος is connected with συλλαμβάνου, Clement was urged to help in the work of reconciling [[Euodia]] and Syntyche. But it is better to connect the phrase with συνήθλησαν, so including Clement among those with whom these women and St. Paul ‘laboured in the gospel’; <i> i.e. </i> he had been conspicuous in [[Christian]] work in Philippi. But the reference does not suggest that he was in [[Philippi]] when St. Paul wrote; it is too oblique for that. Would he not have been asked to use his good offices to effect a reconciliation? Two things are possible: ( <i> a </i> ) he may be dead, though his memory is fragrant (the reference to other ‘fellow-workers whose names are in the book of life’ is not inconsistent with this suggestion); ( <i> b </i> ) he may be with St. Paul, one of the band who gathered about him in his imprisonment and through whom the [[Apostle]] carried on his work. In that case Clement was in Rome, and one of the arguments against identifying him with Clement, bishop of Rome, who wrote the Letter to the Church of Corinth, would disappear. The difficulty of date is, however, serious, though not insuperable. If Clement were a promising convert from Philippi, who after serving there with marked success became a pupil and companion of St. Paul, he could not very well have been less than 35 or 40 years of age when Phil was written from Rome about a.d. 60. If this Clement is to be identified with [[Clemens]] Romanus, he must have lived to extreme old age. The identification, first made by Origen, cannot be proved; it is even precarious; but Kennedy goes too far when he calls it ‘absurd’ ( <i> Expositor’s Greek [[Testament]] </i> , ‘Philippians,’ <i> ad loc </i> .). </p> <p> The name is a common one. </p> <p> Literature.-J. B. Lightfoot, <i> Philippians </i> 4, 1878 (esp. note on p. 168ff.); H. A. A. Kennedy, <i> Expositor’s Greek Testament </i> , ‘Philippians,’ 1903; articleon ‘Clement’ in <i> Hasting's Dictionary of the [[Bible]] (5 vols) </i> ; E. B. Redlich, <i> St. Paul and his Companions </i> , 1913, p. 223. </p> <p> J. E. Roberts. </p>
          
          
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_65535" /> ==
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_65535" /> ==
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== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72001" /> ==
== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72001" /> ==
<p> &nbsp;Clem'ent. &nbsp;(mild, merciful). &nbsp;Philemon 4:3. A fellow laborer of St. Paul, when he was at Philippi, (A.D. 57). It was generally believed, in the ancient Church, that this Clement was identical with the bishop of Rome who, afterwards, became so celebrated. </p>
<p> '''Clem'ent.''' (mild, merciful). &nbsp;Philemon 4:3. A fellow laborer of St. Paul, when he was at Philippi, (A.D. 57). It was generally believed, in the ancient Church, that this Clement was identical with the bishop of Rome who, afterwards, became so celebrated. </p>
          
          
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_50167" /> ==
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_50167" /> ==
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== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_70866" /> ==
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_70866" /> ==
<p> Clement, the name of 14 Popes: </p> <p> Clement I., [[Pope]] from 91 to 100; one of the Apostolic Fathers; wrote an Epistle to the Church of Corinth, with references to the Canonical books. </p> <p> Clement II., Pope from 1046 to 1047. </p> <p> Clement III., Pope from 1187 to 1191. </p> <p> Clement IV., Pope from 1265 to 1268. </p> <p> Clement V., [[Bertrand]] de Goth, Pope from 1305 to 1314; transferred the seat of the [[Papacy]] to Avignon, and abolished the Order of the Knights Templars. </p> <p> Clement VI. Pope from 1342 to 1352; resided at Avignon. </p> <p> Clement VII., Giulio de Medici, Pope from 1523 to 1534; celebrated for his quarrels with [[Charles]] V. and Henry VIII., was made prisoner in Rome by the [[Constable]] of Bourbon; refused to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII., and brought about the schism of [[England]] from the [[Holy]] See. </p> <p> Clement VIII., Pope from 1592 to 1605; a patron of Tasso's; readmitted Henry IV. to the Church and the [[Jesuits]] to France. </p> <p> Clement IX., Pope from 1667 to 1669. </p> <p> Clement X., Pope from 1670 to 1676. </p> <p> Clement XI., Pope from 1700 to 1721; as Francesco [[Albani]] opposed the Jansenists; issued the bull [[Unigenitus]] against them; supported the Pretender and the claims of the Stuarts. </p> <p> Clement XII., Pope from 1738 to 1740. </p> <p> Clement XIII., Pope from 1758 to 1769. </p> <p> Clement XIV., Pope from 1769 to 1774, Ganganelli, an able, liberal-minded, kind-hearted, and upright man; abolished the Order of the Jesuits out of regard to the peace of the Church; his death occurred not without suspicions of foul-play. </p>
<p> Clement, the name of 14 Popes: </p> <p> Clement I., [[Pope]] from 91 to 100; one of the Apostolic Fathers; wrote an Epistle to the Church of Corinth, with references to the Canonical books. </p> <p> Clement II., Pope from 1046 to 1047. </p> <p> Clement III., Pope from 1187 to 1191. </p> <p> Clement IV., Pope from 1265 to 1268. </p> <p> Clement V., [[Bertrand]] de Goth, Pope from 1305 to 1314; transferred the seat of the [[Papacy]] to Avignon, and abolished the Order of the Knights Templars. </p> <p> Clement VI. Pope from 1342 to 1352; resided at Avignon. </p> <p> Clement VII., Giulio de Medici, Pope from 1523 to 1534; celebrated for his quarrels with [[Charles]] V. and Henry VIII., was made prisoner in Rome by the [[Constable]] of Bourbon; refused to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII., and brought about the schism of [[England]] from the Holy See. </p> <p> Clement VIII., Pope from 1592 to 1605; a patron of Tasso's; readmitted Henry IV. to the Church and the [[Jesuits]] to France. </p> <p> Clement IX., Pope from 1667 to 1669. </p> <p> Clement X., Pope from 1670 to 1676. </p> <p> Clement XI., Pope from 1700 to 1721; as Francesco [[Albani]] opposed the Jansenists; issued the bull [[Unigenitus]] against them; supported the Pretender and the claims of the Stuarts. </p> <p> Clement XII., Pope from 1738 to 1740. </p> <p> Clement XIII., Pope from 1758 to 1769. </p> <p> Clement XIV., Pope from 1769 to 1774, Ganganelli, an able, liberal-minded, kind-hearted, and upright man; abolished the Order of the Jesuits out of regard to the peace of the Church; his death occurred not without suspicions of foul-play. </p>
          
          
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_33039" /> ==
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_33039" /> ==
<p> (&nbsp;Κλήμης for Lat. &nbsp;clemens, merciful)&nbsp;, a person (apparently a Christian of Philippi) mentioned by Paul (&nbsp;Philippians 4:3) as one whose name was in the book of life (q.v.), A.D. 57. This Clement was, by the ancient Church, identified with the bishop of Rome of the same name (Eusebius &nbsp;Hist. &nbsp;Ecclesiastes 3:4; &nbsp;Constitut. Apost. 7, 46, Origen, vol. 1, p. 262, ed. Lommatzsch; and Jerome, &nbsp;Scriptor. Eccl. p. 176, a); and that opinion has naturally been followed by Roman [[Catholic]] expositors. It cannot now be proved incorrect; and, in fact, it is not improbable in itself. There are essays on his life, identity, and character as a teacher, by [[Feuerlein]] (Altorf, 1728), Freudenberger (Lips. 1755), Frommann (Cobl. 1768), Roudinini (Romans 1606). (See [[Clement Of Rome]]). </p>
<p> (Κλήμης for Lat. clemens, merciful), a person (apparently a Christian of Philippi) mentioned by Paul (&nbsp;Philippians 4:3) as one whose name was in the book of life (q.v.), A.D. 57. This Clement was, by the ancient Church, identified with the bishop of Rome of the same name (Eusebius Hist. &nbsp;Ecclesiastes 3:4; Constitut. Apost. 7, 46, Origen, vol. 1, p. 262, ed. Lommatzsch; and Jerome, Scriptor. Eccl. p. 176, a); and that opinion has naturally been followed by Roman [[Catholic]] expositors. It cannot now be proved incorrect; and, in fact, it is not improbable in itself. There are essays on his life, identity, and character as a teacher, by [[Feuerlein]] (Altorf, 1728), Freudenberger (Lips. 1755), Frommann (Cobl. 1768), Roudinini (Romans 1606). (See [[Clement Of Rome]]). </p>
          
          
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2485" /> ==
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2485" /> ==
<p> '''''klem´ent''''' (&nbsp; Κλήμης , <i> '''''Klḗmēs''''' </i> , "mild"): A fellow-worker with Paul at Philippi, mentioned with especial commendation in &nbsp;Philippians 4:3 . The name being common, no inference can be drawn from this statement as to any identity with the author of the Epistle to the Corinthians published under this name, who was also the third bishop of Rome. The truth of this supposition ("it cannot be called a tradition," Donaldson, <i> The [[Apostolical]] [[Fathers]] </i> , 120), although found in Origen, Eusebius, [[Epiphanius]] and Jerome, can neither be proved nor disproved. Even Roman Catholic authorities dispute it (article "Clement," <i> Catholic Cyclopaedia </i> , IV, 13). The remoteness between the two in time and place is against it; "a wholly uncritical view" (Cruttwell, <i> Literary History of Early [[Christianity]] </i> , 31). </p>
<p> '''''klem´ent''''' ( Κλήμης , <i> '''''Klḗmēs''''' </i> , "mild"): A fellow-worker with Paul at Philippi, mentioned with especial commendation in &nbsp;Philippians 4:3 . The name being common, no inference can be drawn from this statement as to any identity with the author of the Epistle to the Corinthians published under this name, who was also the third bishop of Rome. The truth of this supposition ("it cannot be called a tradition," Donaldson, <i> The [[Apostolical]] [[Fathers]] </i> , 120), although found in Origen, Eusebius, [[Epiphanius]] and Jerome, can neither be proved nor disproved. Even Roman Catholic authorities dispute it (article "Clement," <i> Catholic Cyclopaedia </i> , IV, 13). The remoteness between the two in time and place is against it; "a wholly uncritical view" (Cruttwell, <i> Literary History of Early [[Christianity]] </i> , 31). </p>
          
          
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15338" /> ==
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15338" /> ==
<p> Clement, a person mentioned by Paul , as one whose name was in the book of life. For the meaning of this phrase, see Book of Life. This Clement was, by the ancient church, identified with the bishop of Rome of the same name; and that opinion has naturally been followed by Roman Catholic expositors. It cannot now be proved incorrect; but the suspicion exists that the case here may be as with many other names in the New Testament, which have been assigned to celebrated persons of a later period. Clement is said to have lived to the third year of the emperor [[Trajan]] (A.D. 100), when he suffered martyrdom. </p>
<p> Clement, a person mentioned by Paul , as one whose name was in the book of life. For the meaning of this phrase, see Book of Life. This Clement was, by the ancient church, identified with the bishop of Rome of the same name; and that opinion has naturally been followed by Roman Catholic expositors. It cannot now be proved incorrect; but the suspicion exists that the case here may be as with many other names in the New Testament, which have been assigned to celebrated persons of a later period. Clement is said to have lived to the third year of the emperor Trajan (A.D. 100), when he suffered martyrdom. </p>
          
          
==References ==
==References ==