Difference between revisions of "Juniper"

== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_73375" /> ==

<p> Juniper. 1 Kings 19:4-5; Job 30:4; Psalms 120:4. A sort of broom, Genista monosperma, Genista raetam of Forskal, answering to the Arabic rethem. It is very abundant in the desert of Sinai, and affords shade and protection, in both heat and storm, to travellers. The rethem is a leguminous plant, and bears a white flower. It is found also in Spain. It is an erect shrub, with no main trunk, but many wand-like, slender branches, and is sometimes twelve feet high. Its use is very great in stopping the sand. - Editor). </p>

== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_52000" /> ==

<p> <strong> JUNIPER </strong> ( <em> rôthem </em> ) is undoubtedly the Arab. [Note: Arabic.] <em> ratam </em> , a species of broom very common in desert places in [[Palestine]] and Sinai. This broom ( <em> Retama retem </em> ) is in many such places the only possible shade; it sometimes attains a height of 7 to 8 feet ( 1 Kings 19:5 ). The root is still burned to furnish charcoal ( Psalms 120:4 ). In Job 30:4 mention is made of the roots being cut up for food. As they are bitter and nauseous and contain very little nourishment, this vividly pictures the severity of the famine in the wilderness. </p> <p> E. W. G. Masterman. </p>

== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_67042" /> ==

<p> <i> rothem. </i> This is supposed to refer, not to the juniper (see HEATH), but to the Arabic <i> ratam, </i> the <i> Retama raetam, </i> a 'broom' that grows twelve feet high, under which a person could sit for shelter. 1 Kings 19:4,5 . In Job 30:4 reference is made to its roots being used for food by the poor. Its roots were also burnt for charcoal, and Psalm 120:4 says that sharp arrows of the mighty with coals of juniper were to be applied to a false tongue. </p>

== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70286" /> ==

<p> Juniper. Unquestionably, the original intends the rçlem (Rçtama r¿tam), a shrub of the broom family, attaining a height of about 12 feet. Under its shade travellers are glad to creep on a sultry day for a noontime nap, and thus Elijah lay and slept after his long journey. 1 Kings 19:4-5. </p>

== Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_197974" /> ==

<p> 1 Kings 19:4 (c) This is a tree which probably represents a defeated spirit, a disappointed life, and a depressed soul. We should always have an axe handy to cut down the juniper tree. </p> <p> Job 30:4 (c) This indicates that these disappointed and depressed people were feeding on their miseries. </p>

== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16410" /> ==

<p> Is found in the English Bible, 1 Kings 19:4,5; Job 30:4; Psalm 120:4 . The [[Hebrew]] word, however, signifies the plant Genista, or Spanish broom, which is common in the desert regions of Arabia, and has yellowish blossoms and a bitter root. </p>

== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32296" /> ==

1 Kings 19:4,5Psalm 120:4Job 30:4Numbers 33:18 <p> "The Bedawin of [[Sinai]] still burn this very plant into a charcoal which throws out the most intense heat." </p>

== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_41661" /> ==

1 Kings 19:4Job 30:4 Psalm 120:4[[Broom Tree]]

<p> ''''' jōō´ni ''''' - ''''' pẽr ''''' ( רתם , <i> ''''' rōthem ''''' </i> ; ῥαθμέν , <i> ''''' rhathmén ''''' </i> , 1 Kings 19:4 f, margin "broom"; Psalm 120:4 , m "broom"; Job 30:4 translated "broom"): This is quite certainly the Arabic <i> '''''ratam''''' </i> ( <i> '''''Retama''''' </i> <i> '''''retem''''' </i> , Natural Order, <i> '''''Leguminosae''''' </i> ), a variety of broom which is one of the most characteristic shrubs of the deserts of Southern Palestine and southward to Egypt. Though the shade it affords is but scanty, in the absence of other shrubs it is frequently used by desert travelers as a refuge from the sun's scorching rays (compare 1 Kings 19:4 ). The root yields good charcoal, giving out much heat (Psalm 120:4 ). For people to be reduced to chew it for nourishment betokens the lowest depth of starvation (Job 30:4 ). Indeed so hopeless is this root as a source of food that many commentators believe that the accepted text is in error, and by altering a single letter, substituting the Hebrew letter, cheth, ח for he ה , they get a reading, which has been adopted in the Revised Version margin, "to warm them" instead of "their meat," which certainly is much more probable. </p>

<ref name="term_73375"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/juniper Juniper from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_52000"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/juniper Juniper from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>

<ref name="term_67042"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/juniper Juniper from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_61085"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/juniper Juniper from King James Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_70286"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/juniper Juniper from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>

<ref name="term_197974"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/wilson-s-dictionary-of-bible-types/juniper Juniper from Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types]</ref>

<ref name="term_16410"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/juniper Juniper from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_32296"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/juniper Juniper from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_41661"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/juniper Juniper from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>