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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35740" /> == | == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35740" /> == | ||
<p> (See ESTHER.) [[Son]] of [[Hammedatha]] "the Agagite," probably of [[Amalekite]] origin (Numbers 24:7; Numbers 24:20; 1 Samuel 15:8). The [[Amalekites]] had from the first pursued [[Israel]] with unrelenting spite (Exodus 17:16, margin; Deuteronomy 25:17-19), and were consequently all but exterminated by Israel (1 Samuel 15:8; 1 Samuel 30:17; 2 Samuel 8:12; 1 Chronicles 4:43). A survivor of such a race would instinctively hate Israel and every Jew. Elevated by one of those sudden turns which are frequent in despotic states where all depends on the whim of the autocrat, he showed that jealousy of any omission of respect which is characteristic of upstarts. </p> <p> These two motives account for his monstrous scheme of revenge whereby he intended to exterminate a whole nation for the affront of omission of respect on the part of the one individual, Mordecai. God's retributive judgment and overruling providence are remarkably illustrated; his wicked plot backfired on himself; the honours which he designed for himself he, in spite of himself, heaped on the man whom he so scornfully hated; and the gallows on which he meant to hang [[Mordecai]] was that on which he was hanged himself (Psalms 7:15-16). </p> | <p> (See ESTHER.) [[Son]] of [[Hammedatha]] "the Agagite," probably of [[Amalekite]] origin (Numbers 24:7; Numbers 24:20; 1 Samuel 15:8). The [[Amalekites]] had from the first pursued [[Israel]] with unrelenting spite (Exodus 17:16, margin; Deuteronomy 25:17-19), and were consequently all but exterminated by Israel (1 Samuel 15:8; 1 Samuel 30:17; 2 Samuel 8:12; 1 Chronicles 4:43). A survivor of such a race would instinctively hate Israel and every Jew. Elevated by one of those sudden turns which are frequent in despotic states where all depends on the whim of the autocrat, he showed that jealousy of any omission of respect which is characteristic of upstarts. </p> <p> These two motives account for his monstrous scheme of revenge whereby he intended to exterminate a whole nation for the affront of omission of respect on the part of the one individual, Mordecai. God's retributive judgment and overruling providence are remarkably illustrated; his wicked plot backfired on himself; the honours which he designed for himself he, in spite of himself, heaped on the man whom he so scornfully hated; and the gallows on which he meant to hang [[Mordecai]] was that on which he was hanged himself (Psalms 7:15-16). </p> | ||
== | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66669" /> == | ||
Esther 3:1[[ | <p> The chief minister of [[Ahasuerus]] in the time of Esther. He was called 'the Agagite,' which associated him with the Amalekites, a people that had attacked [[Israel]] maliciously. [[Perpetual]] warfare had been pronounced against them by [[Jehovah]] and this accounts for Mordecai's refusal to pay [[Haman]] reverence, which so wounded his pride and aroused his anger that he plotted to destroy not only [[Mordecai]] but all the [[Jews]] that were in the king's dominions. His offer of the immense sum of 10,000 talents of silver ought to have shown the king that he had some sinister end in view. [[Lots]] were drawn to get a propitious day for their destruction. Not wishing however to wait for that distant day, he thought he would get rid of Mordecai at once by hanging him, and prepared a gallows for the purpose, intending in the morning to ask for his life. But God, who was watching over all, caused that the king on that very night should be reminded of Mordecai's services, which resulted in Haman being compelled to take his intended victim through the city on the king's horse, and proclaim <i> him </i> as the man whom the king delighted to honour. Then Esther pleaded for her life, and the salvation of her people, pointing out Haman as the one who had plotted their destruction; and he was hanged on the very gallows he had prepared for Mordecai: cf. Proverbs 26:27 . The ten sons of Haman lost their lives also. Thus [[God]] watched over His people in their captivity and made the device of their enemy to fall upon his own head, as it will be with Satan. Esther 3 - 9. </p> | ||
== Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80810" /> == | |||
<p> son of Hammedatha, the Amalekite, of the race of Agag; or, according to other copies, son of Hamadath the [[Bugean]] or Gogean, that is, of the race of Gog; or it may be read, [[Haman]] the son of Hamadath, which Haman was Bagua or Bagoas, eunuch, that is, officer to the king of Persia. We have no proof of Haman's being an Amalekite; but Esther 3:1 , reads of the race of Agag. In the apocryphal Greek, Esther 9:24 , and the Latin, Esther 16:10, he is called a Macedonian, <em> animo et gente Macedo. </em> King Ahasuerus, having taken him into favour, promoted him above all the princes of his court, who bent the knee to him (probably prostrated themselves wholly before him, as to a deity) when he entered the palace: this [[Mordecai]] the [[Jew]] declined, for which slight, Haman plotted the extirpation of the whole [[Jewish]] nation; which was providentially prevented. He was hanged on a gibbet fifty cubits high, which he had prepared for Mordecai; his house was given to [[Queen]] Esther; and his employments to Mordecai. His ten sons were likewise executed. See ESTHER . </p> | |||
== | == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16247" /> == | ||
<p> A favorite of Ashasuerus, king of Persia. In order to revenge himself upon [[Mordecai]] the Jew, he plotted the extermination of all the [[Jews]] in the kingdom; but in the providence of [[God]] he as thwarted by Esther, fell into disgrace with the king, and wrought his own ruin and the upbuilding of the Jews. He is called an Agaite; and as [[Agag]] was a common name of the [[Amalekite]] kings, the Jews believe he was of that race. This would help to explain his malice against the Jews. See [[Amalekites]] . [[Similar]] wholesale slaughters are still plotted in Asia, and the whole narrative is confirmed and illustrated by the descriptions of eastern life furnished by modern travellers in the same region. The death of [[Haman]] took place about 485 B. C. His eventful history shows that pride goes before destruction; that the providence of God directs all things; that his people are safe in the midst of perils; and that his foes must perish. </p> | |||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51591" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51591" /> == | ||
<p> <strong> HAMAN </strong> (Ad. Est 12:6, 16:10, 17 <strong> [[Aman]] </strong> ), the son of Hammedatha, appears in the Bk. of Est. as the enemy of the Jews, and the chief minister of Ahasuerus. On his plot against the [[Jews]] and its frustration by Esther see art. Esther. </p> <p> In later times, at the [[Feast]] of Purim, it seems to have been customary to hang an effigy of Haman; but as the gibbet was sometimes made in the form of a cross, riots between Jews and [[Christians]] were the result, and a warning against insults to the [[Christian]] faith was issued by the emperor Theodosius ii. ( <em> Cod. Theod </em> . xvi. viii. 18; cf. 21). </p> | <p> <strong> HAMAN </strong> (Ad. Est 12:6, 16:10, 17 <strong> [[Aman]] </strong> ), the son of Hammedatha, appears in the Bk. of Est. as the enemy of the Jews, and the chief minister of Ahasuerus. On his plot against the [[Jews]] and its frustration by Esther see art. Esther. </p> <p> In later times, at the [[Feast]] of Purim, it seems to have been customary to hang an effigy of Haman; but as the gibbet was sometimes made in the form of a cross, riots between Jews and [[Christians]] were the result, and a warning against insults to the [[Christian]] faith was issued by the emperor Theodosius ii. ( <em> Cod. Theod </em> . xvi. viii. 18; cf. 21). </p> | ||
== | == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72901" /> == | ||
<p> The chief minister of | <p> Ha'man. (magnificent). The chief minister or vizier, of King Ahasuerus. Esther 3:1. (B.C. 473). After the failure of his attempt to cut off all the [[Jews]] in the [[Persian]] empire, he was hanged on the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. The [[Targum]] and [[Josephus]] interpret the inscription of him - the [[Agagite]] - as signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent. The Jews hiss whenever his name is mentioned, on the Day of Purim. </p> | ||
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70179" /> == | == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70179" /> == | ||
<p> [[Haman]] (hâ'man), celebrated. [[Prime]] minister of Ahasuerus, the [[Persian]] monarch. Esther 3:1. His pride was hurt because Mordecai, the Jew, refused to how and do him reverence. Esther 3:2. He was executed on the very gallows he had prepared for Mordecai. Esther 7:10. The Jews, on the mention of his name on the day of Purim, hiss. </p> | <p> [[Haman]] (hâ'man), celebrated. [[Prime]] minister of Ahasuerus, the [[Persian]] monarch. Esther 3:1. His pride was hurt because Mordecai, the Jew, refused to how and do him reverence. Esther 3:2. He was executed on the very gallows he had prepared for Mordecai. Esther 7:10. The Jews, on the mention of his name on the day of Purim, hiss. </p> | ||
== | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31909" /> == | ||
Esther 3:1Esther 7:10[[Esther]] | |||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_40886" /> == | |||
Esther 3:1[[Esther]] | |||
== | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_42751" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> (Heb. Haman', הָמָן , perh. from the Pers. homam, magnificent, or the Sanscr. heman, the planet Mercury; Sept. Ἀμάν ), a favorite and chief minister or vizier of the king of Persia, whose history is involved in chat of Estherand [[Mordecai]] (Esther 3:1 sq.), B.C. 473. (See [[Ahasuerus]]). He is called an Agagite; and as [[Agag]] was a kind of title of the kings of the Amalekites, (See [[Agag]]), it is supposed that [[Haman]] was descended from the royal family of that nation (see Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 20). He or his parents probably found their way to [[Persia]] as captives or hostages; and that the foreign origin of Haman was no bar to his advancement at court is a circumstance quite in union with the most ancient and still subsisting usages of the East. Joseph, Daniel, and Mordecai afford other examples of the same kind. After the failure of his attempt to cut off all the [[Jews]] in the [[Persian]] empire, he was hanged on the gallows which he had erected for Mordecai. Most probably he is the same [[Aman]] who is mentioned as the oppressor of [[Achiacharus]] (Tobit 14:10). The [[Targum]] and [[Josephus]] (Ant. 11, 6, 5) interpret the description of him the [[Agagite]] as signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent; but he is called a [[Macedonian]] by the Sept. in Esther 9:24 (comp. 3:1), and a Persian by Sulpicius Severus. Prideaux (Connexion, anno 453) commutes the sum which he offered to pay into the royal treasury at more than £2,000,000 sterling. Modern Jews are said to be in the habit of designating any [[Christian]] enemy by his name (Eisenmenger, Ent. Jud. 1, 721). The circumstantial details of the height which he attained, and of his sudden downfall, afford, like all the rest of the book of Esther, a most faithful picture of the customs of an Oriental court and government, and furnish invaluable materials for a comparison between the regal usages of ancient and modern times. (See Kitto's [[Daily]] [[Bible]] Illust. ad loc.). (See [[Book Of Esther]]). </p> | ||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4600" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4600" /> == | ||
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== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15797" /> == | == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15797" /> == | ||
<p> Ha´man, a name of the planet Mercury; a favorite of the king of Persia, whose history is involved in that of Esther and Mordecai. He is called an Agagite; and as [[Agag]] was a kind of title of the kings of the [[Amalekites]] [AGAG], it is supposed that [[Haman]] was descended from the royal family of that nation. He or his parents probably found their way to [[Persia]] as captives or hostages; and that the foreign origin of Haman was no bar to his advancement at court, is a circumstance quite in union with the most ancient and still subsisting usages of the East. Joseph, Daniel, and [[Mordecai]] afford other examples of the same kind. </p> <p> It is unnecessary to repeat the particulars of a story so well known as that of Haman. The circumstantial details of the height which he attained and of his sudden downfall, afford, like all the rest of the book of Esther, a most faithful picture of the customs of an Oriental court and government, and furnish invaluable materials for a comparison between the regal usages of ancient and modern times. The result of such a comparison will excite surprise by the closeness of the resemblance; for there is not a single fact in the history of Haman which might not occur at the present day, and which, indeed, is not of frequent occurrence in different combinations. The death of Haman appears to have taken place about the year B.C. 510. </p> | <p> Ha´man, a name of the planet Mercury; a favorite of the king of Persia, whose history is involved in that of Esther and Mordecai. He is called an Agagite; and as [[Agag]] was a kind of title of the kings of the [[Amalekites]] [AGAG], it is supposed that [[Haman]] was descended from the royal family of that nation. He or his parents probably found their way to [[Persia]] as captives or hostages; and that the foreign origin of Haman was no bar to his advancement at court, is a circumstance quite in union with the most ancient and still subsisting usages of the East. Joseph, Daniel, and [[Mordecai]] afford other examples of the same kind. </p> <p> It is unnecessary to repeat the particulars of a story so well known as that of Haman. The circumstantial details of the height which he attained and of his sudden downfall, afford, like all the rest of the book of Esther, a most faithful picture of the customs of an Oriental court and government, and furnish invaluable materials for a comparison between the regal usages of ancient and modern times. The result of such a comparison will excite surprise by the closeness of the resemblance; for there is not a single fact in the history of Haman which might not occur at the present day, and which, indeed, is not of frequent occurrence in different combinations. The death of Haman appears to have taken place about the year B.C. 510. </p> | ||
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_74197" /> == | == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_74197" /> == | ||
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<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_35740"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_66669"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_80810"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/watson-s-biblical-theological-dictionary/haman Haman from Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_16247"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_51591"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/haman Haman from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | <ref name="term_51591"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/haman Haman from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_72901"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_70179"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/haman Haman from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | <ref name="term_70179"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/haman Haman from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_31909"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_40886"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/haman Haman from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref> | |||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_42751"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/haman Haman from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_4600"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/haman Haman from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | <ref name="term_4600"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/haman Haman from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_15797"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/haman Haman from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref> | <ref name="term_15797"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/haman Haman from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_74197"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/haman Haman from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref> | <ref name="term_74197"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/haman Haman from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
