Difference between revisions of "Hard; Hardiness; Harddiness; Hardly"

<p> ''''' hard ''''' , ''''' har´di ''''' - ''''' nes ''''' , ''''' hard´nes ''''' , ''''' hard´li ''''' ( קשׁה , <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> , פלא , <i> ''''' pālā' ''''' </i> ; σκληρός , <i> ''''' sklērós ''''' </i> ) : The senses in which hard is used may be distinguished as: </p> <p> (1) "Firm," "stiff," opposite to soft: &nbsp;Job 41:24 , <i> ''''' yācaḳ ''''' </i> , "to be firm," "his heart ... as hard as a piece of the nether millstone," the Revised Version (British and American) "firm"; &nbsp;Ezekiel 3:7 , <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> , "sharp," "hard of heart"; <i> ''''' ḥāzāḳ ''''' </i> , "firm," "As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead"; &nbsp;Jeremiah 5:3 , "They have made their faces harder than a rock"; &nbsp;Proverbs 21:29 , <i> ''''' ‛āzaz ''''' </i> , "to make strong," "hard," "impudent," "a wicked man hardeneth his face"; &nbsp;Proverbs 13:15 probably belongs here also where <i> ''''' 'ēthān ''''' </i> is translated "hard": "The way of the transgressor is hard," the English Revised Version "The way of the treacherous is rugged"; the [[Hebrew]] word means, "lasting," "firm," poet. "rocks" (the earth's foundations, &nbsp;Micah 6:2 ), and the meaning seems to be, not that the way (path) of transgressors, or the treacherous (Delitzsch has "uncultivated"), is hard (rocky) to them, but that <i> their </i> way, or mode of acting, is <i> hard </i> , unsympathetic, unkind, "destitute of feeling in things which, as we say, would soften a stone" (Delitzsch on passage); also &nbsp;Matthew 25:24 , <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> , "stiff," "thou art a hard man"; The Wisdom of [[Solomon]] 11:4, <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> , "hard stone," the Revised Version (British and American) "flinty rock," margin "the steep rock." </p> <p> (2) "Sore," "trying," "painful," <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Exodus 1:14 , "hard service"; Deuteronomy, &nbsp;Deuteronomy 26:6; &nbsp;2 Samuel 3:39; &nbsp;Psalm 60:3; &nbsp;Isaiah 14:3 ); <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> "to have it hard" (&nbsp;Genesis 35:16 , &nbsp;Genesis 35:17; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 15:18 ); <i> ''''' ‛āthāḳ ''''' </i> , "stiff" (&nbsp;Psalm 94:4 the King James Version, "They utter and speak hard things"); <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> (&nbsp;John 6:60 , "This is a hard saying" - hard to accept, hard in its nature; &nbsp;Acts 9:5 the King James Version; &nbsp; Acts 26:14; &nbsp;Judges 1:15 , "hard speeches"; The Wisdom of Solomon 19:13). </p> <p> (3) "Heavy," "pressing hard," <i> ''''' kābhēdh ''''' </i> , "weighty" (&nbsp; Ezekiel 3:5 , &nbsp;Ezekiel 3:6 , "a people of a strange speech and of a hard language," the Revised Version margin (Hebrew) "deep of lip and heavy of tongue"); <i> ''''' ṣāmakh ''''' </i> , "to lay" (&nbsp;Psalm 88:7 , "Thy wrath lieth hard upon me"). </p> <p> (4) "Difficult," "hard to do," "know," etc., <i> ''''' pālā' ''''' </i> , "difficult to be done" (&nbsp; [[Genesis]] 18:14 , "Is anything too hard for Yahweh?"; &nbsp;Jeremiah 32:17 , &nbsp;Jeremiah 32:27; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 17:8; &nbsp;2 Samuel 13:2 ); <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Exodus 18:26 , "hard causes"); <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 1:17; &nbsp;2 Kings 2:10 ); <i> ''''' ḥı̄dhāh ''''' </i> , "something twisted," "involved," "an enigma"; compare &nbsp;Judges 14:14 (&nbsp; 1 Kings 10:1; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 9:1 , "to prove Solomon with hard questions"); <i> ''''' 'ăhı̄dhān ''''' </i> , [[Aramaic]] (&nbsp;Daniel 5:12 ); <i> ''''' dúskolos ''''' </i> , literally, "difficult about food," "hard to please," hence, "difficult to accomplish" (&nbsp;Mark 10:24 , "How hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God"); <i> ''''' dusnóētos ''''' </i> , "hard to be understood" (&nbsp;Hebrews 5:11; &nbsp;2 Peter 3:16; compare [[Ecclesiasticus]] 3:21, "things too hard for thee," <i> ''''' chalepós ''''' </i> ). </p> <p> (5) "Close," or "near to" (hard by), <i> ''''' nāghash ''''' </i> , "to come nigh" (&nbsp; Judges 9:52 , the American Standard Revised Version "near"); <i> ''''' dābhāḳ ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' dābhēḳ ''''' </i> , "to follow hard after" (&nbsp;Judges 20:45; &nbsp;Psalm 63:8 , etc.); <i> ''''' 'ēcel ''''' </i> , "near" (&nbsp;1 Kings 21:1 ); <i> ''''' le'ummath ''''' </i> , "over against" (&nbsp;Leviticus 3:9 ); <i> ''''' ‛adh ''''' </i> , "to" "even to" (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 19:4 , the King James Version "hard by," the Revised Version (British and American) "even to"). </p> <p> Hardiness occurs in &nbsp; [[Judith]] 16:10 <i> ''''' thrásos ''''' </i> , the Revised Version (British and American) "boldness." </p> <p> [[Hardness]] is the translation of <i> ''''' mūcāḳ ''''' </i> , "something poured out," "dust wetted," "running into clods" (&nbsp; Job 38:38 ), the Revised Version (British and American) "runneth into a mass"; "hardness of heart" occurs in the Gospels; in &nbsp;Mark 3:5 , it is <i> ''''' pō̇rōsis ''''' </i> , "hardness," "callousness"; &nbsp;Matthew 19:8; &nbsp;Mark 10:5; &nbsp;Mark 16:14 , <i> ''''' sklērokardia ''''' </i> , "dryness," "stiffness of heart"; compare Ecclesiasticus 16:10; in &nbsp;Romans 2:5 , it is <i> ''''' sklērótēs ''''' </i> ; in &nbsp;2 Timothy 2:3 the King James Version we have, "Endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ," the Revised Version (British and American) "Suffer hardship with me" (corrected text), margin "Take thy part in suffering hardship" ( <i> ''''' kakopathéō ''''' </i> , "to suffer evil"). </p> <p> [[Hardly]] occurs in the Old [[Testament]] (&nbsp; Exodus 13:15 ), "Pharaoh would hardly let us go," <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> , literally, "hardened to let us go," the Revised Version margin "hardened himself against letting us go"; "hardly bestead" (&nbsp;Isaiah 8:21 ) is the translation of <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> , the American Standard Revised Version "sore distressed." In the New Testament "hardly" is the translation of <i> ''''' duskólōs ''''' </i> , "hard to please," "difficult," meaning not <i> scarcely </i> or <i> barely </i> , but <i> with difficulty </i> (&nbsp; Matthew 19:23 , "A rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven," the Revised Version (British and American) "it is hard for"; &nbsp;Mark 10:23; &nbsp;Luke 18:24 , "how hardly" ("with what difficulty")); of <i> ''''' mógis ''''' </i> , "with labor," "pain," "trouble" (&nbsp;Luke 9:39 , "hardly departeth from him" ("painfully")); of <i> ''''' mólis ''''' </i> "with toil and fatigue" (&nbsp;Acts 27:8 , the Revised Version (British and American) "with difficulty"; The Wisdom of Solomon 9:16, "Hardly do we guess aright at things that are upon earth"; Ecclesiasticus 26:29, "A merchant shall hardly keep himself from wrong doing"; 29:6, "He shall hardly receive the half," in each instance the word is <i> ''''' mólis ''''' </i> , but in the last two instances we seem to see the transition to "scarcely"; compare also &nbsp;Exodus 13:15 ). </p> <p> The Revised Version has "too hard" for "hidden" (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 30:11 , margin "wonderful"); "hardness" for "boldness" (of face) (&nbsp;Ecclesiastes 8:1 ); for "sorrow" (&nbsp;Lamentations 3:65 ); "deal hardly with me" for "make yourselves strong to me" (&nbsp;Job 19:3 ); omits "It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks" (&nbsp;Acts 9:5 , corrected text); "hardship" for "trouble" (&nbsp;2 Timothy 2:9 ). </p>

<p> ''''' hard ''''' , ''''' har´di ''''' - ''''' nes ''''' , ''''' hard´nes ''''' , ''''' hard´li ''''' ( קשׁה , <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> , פלא , <i> ''''' pālā' ''''' </i> ; σκληρός , <i> ''''' sklērós ''''' </i> ) : The senses in which hard is used may be distinguished as: </p> <p> (1) "Firm," "stiff," opposite to soft: &nbsp;Job 41:24 , <i> ''''' yācaḳ ''''' </i> , "to be firm," "his heart ... as hard as a piece of the nether millstone," the Revised Version (British and American) "firm"; &nbsp;Ezekiel 3:7 , <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> , "sharp," "hard of heart"; <i> ''''' ḥāzāḳ ''''' </i> , "firm," "As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead"; &nbsp;Jeremiah 5:3 , "They have made their faces harder than a rock"; &nbsp;Proverbs 21:29 , <i> ''''' ‛āzaz ''''' </i> , "to make strong," "hard," "impudent," "a wicked man hardeneth his face"; &nbsp;Proverbs 13:15 probably belongs here also where <i> ''''' 'ēthān ''''' </i> is translated "hard": "The way of the transgressor is hard," the English Revised Version "The way of the treacherous is rugged"; the [[Hebrew]] word means, "lasting," "firm," poet. "rocks" (the earth's foundations, &nbsp;Micah 6:2 ), and the meaning seems to be, not that the way (path) of transgressors, or the treacherous (Delitzsch has "uncultivated"), is hard (rocky) to them, but that <i> their </i> way, or mode of acting, is <i> hard </i> , unsympathetic, unkind, "destitute of feeling in things which, as we say, would soften a stone" (Delitzsch on passage); also &nbsp;Matthew 25:24 , <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> , "stiff," "thou art a hard man"; The Wisdom of [[Solomon]] 11:4, <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> , "hard stone," the Revised Version (British and American) "flinty rock," margin "the steep rock." </p> <p> (2) "Sore," "trying," "painful," <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Exodus 1:14 , "hard service"; Deuteronomy, &nbsp;Deuteronomy 26:6; &nbsp;2 Samuel 3:39; &nbsp;Psalm 60:3; &nbsp;Isaiah 14:3 ); <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> "to have it hard" (&nbsp;Genesis 35:16 , &nbsp;Genesis 35:17; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 15:18 ); <i> ''''' ‛āthāḳ ''''' </i> , "stiff" (&nbsp;Psalm 94:4 the King James Version, "They utter and speak hard things"); <i> ''''' sklēros ''''' </i> (&nbsp;John 6:60 , "This is a hard saying" - hard to accept, hard in its nature; &nbsp;Acts 9:5 the King James Version; &nbsp; Acts 26:14; &nbsp;Judges 1:15 , "hard speeches"; The Wisdom of Solomon 19:13). </p> <p> (3) "Heavy," "pressing hard," <i> ''''' kābhēdh ''''' </i> , "weighty" (&nbsp; Ezekiel 3:5 , &nbsp;Ezekiel 3:6 , "a people of a strange speech and of a hard language," the Revised Version margin (Hebrew) "deep of lip and heavy of tongue"); <i> ''''' ṣāmakh ''''' </i> , "to lay" (&nbsp;Psalm 88:7 , "Thy wrath lieth hard upon me"). </p> <p> (4) "Difficult," "hard to do," "know," etc., <i> ''''' pālā' ''''' </i> , "difficult to be done" (&nbsp; [[Genesis]] 18:14 , "Is anything too hard for Yahweh?"; &nbsp;Jeremiah 32:17 , &nbsp;Jeremiah 32:27; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 17:8; &nbsp;2 Samuel 13:2 ); <i> ''''' ḳāsheh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Exodus 18:26 , "hard causes"); <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 1:17; &nbsp;2 Kings 2:10 ); <i> ''''' ḥı̄dhāh ''''' </i> , "something twisted," "involved," "an enigma"; compare &nbsp;Judges 14:14 (&nbsp; 1 Kings 10:1; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 9:1 , "to prove Solomon with hard questions"); <i> ''''' 'ăhı̄dhān ''''' </i> , [[Aramaic]] (&nbsp;Daniel 5:12 ); <i> ''''' dúskolos ''''' </i> , literally, "difficult about food," "hard to please," hence, "difficult to accomplish" (&nbsp;Mark 10:24 , "How hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God"); <i> ''''' dusnóētos ''''' </i> , "hard to be understood" (&nbsp;Hebrews 5:11; &nbsp;2 Peter 3:16; compare [[Ecclesiasticus]] 3:21, "things too hard for thee," <i> ''''' chalepós ''''' </i> ). </p> <p> (5) "Close," or "near to" (hard by), <i> ''''' nāghash ''''' </i> , "to come nigh" (&nbsp; Judges 9:52 , the American Standard Revised Version "near"); <i> ''''' dābhāḳ ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' dābhēḳ ''''' </i> , "to follow hard after" (&nbsp;Judges 20:45; &nbsp;Psalm 63:8 , etc.); <i> ''''' 'ēcel ''''' </i> , "near" (&nbsp;1 Kings 21:1 ); <i> ''''' le'ummath ''''' </i> , "over against" (&nbsp;Leviticus 3:9 ); <i> ''''' ‛adh ''''' </i> , "to" "even to" (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 19:4 , the King James Version "hard by," the Revised Version (British and American) "even to"). </p> <p> Hardiness occurs in &nbsp; [[Judith]] 16:10 <i> ''''' thrásos ''''' </i> , the Revised Version (British and American) "boldness." </p> <p> [[Hardness]] is the translation of <i> ''''' mūcāḳ ''''' </i> , "something poured out," "dust wetted," "running into clods" (&nbsp; Job 38:38 ), the Revised Version (British and American) "runneth into a mass"; "hardness of heart" occurs in the Gospels; in &nbsp;Mark 3:5 , it is <i> ''''' pō̇rōsis ''''' </i> , "hardness," "callousness"; &nbsp;Matthew 19:8; &nbsp;Mark 10:5; &nbsp;Mark 16:14 , <i> ''''' sklērokardia ''''' </i> , "dryness," "stiffness of heart"; compare Ecclesiasticus 16:10; in &nbsp;Romans 2:5 , it is <i> ''''' sklērótēs ''''' </i> ; in &nbsp;2 Timothy 2:3 the King James Version we have, "Endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ," the Revised Version (British and American) "Suffer hardship with me" (corrected text), margin "Take thy part in suffering hardship" ( <i> ''''' kakopathéō ''''' </i> , "to suffer evil"). </p> <p> [[Hardly]] occurs in the Old [[Testament]] (&nbsp; Exodus 13:15 ), "Pharaoh would hardly let us go," <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> , literally, "hardened to let us go," the Revised Version margin "hardened himself against letting us go"; "hardly bestead" (&nbsp;Isaiah 8:21 ) is the translation of <i> ''''' ḳāshāh ''''' </i> , the American Standard Revised Version "sore distressed." In the New Testament "hardly" is the translation of <i> ''''' duskólōs ''''' </i> , "hard to please," "difficult," meaning not <i> scarcely </i> or <i> barely </i> , but <i> with difficulty </i> (&nbsp; Matthew 19:23 , "A rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven," the Revised Version (British and American) "it is hard for"; &nbsp;Mark 10:23; &nbsp;Luke 18:24 , "how hardly" ("with what difficulty")); of <i> ''''' mógis ''''' </i> , "with labor," "pain," "trouble" (&nbsp;Luke 9:39 , "hardly departeth from him" ("painfully")); of <i> ''''' mólis ''''' </i> "with toil and fatigue" (&nbsp;Acts 27:8 , the Revised Version (British and American) "with difficulty"; The Wisdom of Solomon 9:16, "Hardly do we guess aright at things that are upon earth"; Ecclesiasticus 26:29, "A merchant shall hardly keep himself from wrong doing"; 29:6, "He shall hardly receive the half," in each instance the word is <i> ''''' mólis ''''' </i> , but in the last two instances we seem to see the transition to "scarcely"; compare also &nbsp;Exodus 13:15 ). </p> <p> The Revised Version has "too hard" for "hidden" (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 30:11 , margin "wonderful"); "hardness" for "boldness" (of face) (&nbsp;Ecclesiastes 8:1 ); for "sorrow" (&nbsp;Lamentations 3:65 ); "deal hardly with me" for "make yourselves strong to me" (&nbsp;Job 19:3 ); omits "It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks" (&nbsp;Acts 9:5 , corrected text); "hardship" for "trouble" (&nbsp;2 Timothy 2:9 ). </p>

<ref name="term_4560"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/hard;+hardiness;+harddiness;+hardly Hard; Hardiness; Harddiness; Hardly from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>

<ref name="term_4560"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/hard;+hardiness;+harddiness;+hardly Hard; Hardiness; Harddiness; Hardly from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>

</references>

</references>