Difference between revisions of "Crown"

<p> <strong> [[Crown]] </strong> </p> <p> 1. In the OT . The word represents several Heb. terms with distinct meanings. (1) <em> zçr </em> , properly an edge or border, with the suggestion of a twisted or wreathed appearance. It occurs only in [[Ex]] (&nbsp; Exodus 25:11 and frequently). It is always of gold, and in the furniture of the [[Tabernacle]] surrounds the ark, the table of shew-bread and its border, the altar of incense. RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] gives as alternative renderings ‘rim,’ ‘moulding.’ Its purpose seems to have been ornamental merely. (2) <em> nçzer </em> , properly ‘mark of separation or consecration’ (fr. <em> nâzar </em> ‘to separate, consecrate’; whence <em> nâzir </em> = ‘Nazirite’). Originally it was no more than a fillet to confine hair that was worn long [[(W. R]]  Smith, <em> RS </em> <em> [Note: S [[Religion]] of the Semites.] </em> 2 p. 483). It is used of the crown set upon the forehead of the high priest (&nbsp; Exodus 29:6 etc.) a plate of pure gold with the engraving ‘Holy to J″ [Note: Jahweh.] ’ (&nbsp; Exodus 39:30 , cf. &nbsp; Leviticus 8:9 ), and also of the crown worn by Heb. kings (&nbsp; 2 Samuel 1:10 , &nbsp; 2 Kings 11:12 ). In both cases it was the symbol of consecration. (3) <em> kether </em> , similar in meaning to (2) but without the idea of consecration, is used in Est. (&nbsp; Esther 1:11; &nbsp; Esther 2:17; &nbsp; Esther 6:8 ) to denote the <strong> diadem </strong> of a [[Persian]] king or queen. (4) <em> ’atârah </em> , the word that is most frequent and of the most general significance. It is applied to the crown worn by kings, whether [[Jewish]] (&nbsp; 2 Samuel 12:30 etc.) or foreign (&nbsp; 1 Chronicles 20:2 , &nbsp; Esther 8:15 [cf. &nbsp; Esther 6:8 ]), to the wreath worn at banquets (&nbsp; Isaiah 28:1; &nbsp; Isaiah 28:3 , &nbsp; Ezekiel 23:42 ); but also in a fig. sense, as when, <em> e.g. </em> a virtuous woman is called her husband’s crown (&nbsp; Proverbs 12:4 ), a hoary head the crown of old age (&nbsp; Proverbs 16:31 ), the Lord of hosts the crown of His people (&nbsp; Isaiah 28:5 ). (5) <em> qodhqôdh </em> is the crown or top of the head, as in the expression ‘from the sole of his foot even unto his crown’ (&nbsp; Job 2:7 ); cf. &nbsp; [[Genesis]] 49:26 , &nbsp; Deuteronomy 33:20 etc. The vb. ‘to crown’ is comparatively rare in the OT: <em> ‘âtar </em> (corresponding to (4) above) is found in &nbsp; Psalms 8:5; &nbsp; Psalms 65:11; &nbsp; Psalms 103:4 , &nbsp; Song of [[Solomon]] 3:11 , &nbsp; Isaiah 23:8; <em> kathar </em> (corresp. to (3)) in &nbsp; Proverbs 14:18; <em> nâzar </em> (corresponding to (2)) in &nbsp; Nahum 3:17 . </p> <p> <strong> 2. In the NT </strong> . In AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘crown’ represents two Gr. words: (1) <em> stephanos </em> (whence <em> stephanoô </em> , ‘to crown’), (2) <em> diadema </em> ; the former being the badge of merit or victory, the latter (found only in &nbsp; Revelation 12:3; &nbsp; Revelation 13:1; &nbsp; Revelation 19:12 ) the mark of royalty. This distinction, though not strictly observed in LXX [Note: Septuagint.] , is properly maintained in RV [Note: Revised Version.] , where (2) is in each case rendered ‘diadem.’ The <em> stephanos </em> (properly ‘wreath’ = Lat. <em> corona </em> ) was the <strong> garland </strong> given as a prize to the victors in the games (&nbsp; 1 Corinthians 9:25; cf. &nbsp; 2 Timothy 2:5 ). It is the word applied to our Lord’s ‘crown of thorns’ (&nbsp; Matthew 27:29 , &nbsp; Mark 15:17 , &nbsp; John 19:2; &nbsp; John 19:5 ). It is used figuratively of the ‘crown of righteousness’ (&nbsp; 2 Timothy 4:8 ), ‘of life’ (&nbsp; James 1:12 , &nbsp; Revelation 2:10 ), ‘of glory’ (&nbsp; 1 Peter 5:4 ). St. Paul applies it to his converts as being his joy and reward (&nbsp; Philippians 4:1 , &nbsp; 1 Thessalonians 2:19 ); and in Rev. it is employed in various symbolical connexions (&nbsp; Revelation 4:4; &nbsp; Revelation 4:10; &nbsp; Revelation 6:2; &nbsp; Revelation 9:7; &nbsp; Revelation 12:1; &nbsp; Revelation 14:14 ). </p> <p> [[J. C]]  Lambert. </p>

<p> A band encircling the head by way of honor; the royal badge of kings; the sacerdotal badge of priests; the prize winner's badge of victory. The Greek '''''Diadeema''''' , "diadem" which KJV less fitly translated "crown" in &nbsp;Revelation 12:3; &nbsp;Revelation 19:12. is restricted to Christ the King of kings; Satan wears it only as usurping Christ's right (&nbsp;Revelation 13:1). [[Stephanos]] is once applied to His golden "crown" (&nbsp;Revelation 14:14), which refers to Him viewed as a victor, the image being from the wreaths of conquerors in contests. This is also the sense of "crown" in the reward promised to believers who overcome the world, the flesh, and Satan; the "incorruptible crown" (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 9:25); "crown of righteousness," for righteousness will be its own reward (&nbsp;Revelation 22:11; &nbsp;Exodus 39:30; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:8). </p> <p> "Crown of life" (&nbsp;James 1:12; &nbsp;Revelation 2:10; &nbsp;Revelation 3:11), "crown of glory that fadeth not away" as the withering garlands of wild olive, ivy, or parsley, given to the victors in the Isthmian and other games (&nbsp;1 Peter 5:4). The priests' miter was a linen crown or fillet. The '''''Mitsnepheth''''' or linen tiara of the high priest was preeminent in splendor (&nbsp;Leviticus 8:9). A "blue (the color of heaven) lace" fillet was underneath, and the golden plate graven with "Holiness to the Lord" on the front of the miter (&nbsp;Exodus 28:36-38; &nbsp;Exodus 28:40). In &nbsp;Ezekiel 21:26, "remove the diadem ( '''''Mitsnepheth''''' ), and take off the crown" ( ''''''Atarah''''' ), i.e. remove the miter, the last Jewish king Zedekiah's priestly emblem, as representing the priestly people. </p> <p> The "miter" elsewhere is always used of the high priest; but the anointed king partook of the priestly character, from whence his "diadem" is so-called (&nbsp;Exodus 19:6; &nbsp;Exodus 28:4; &nbsp;Zechariah 3:5); also the crown, the emblem of the kingdom; until they be restored and united in the [[Mediator]] [[Messiah]] (&nbsp;Psalms 110:2; &nbsp;Psalms 110:4; &nbsp;Zechariah 6:13). Gold was the chief material of the king's crown (&nbsp;Psalms 21:3); compare &nbsp;2 Samuel 12:30, the Ammonites' crown, with its precious stones, was worth (rather than "weighed") a talent of gold. Those feasting at banquets wore "crowns" or wreaths. Compare &nbsp;Isaiah 28:1; &nbsp;Isaiah 28:5; "woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorious beauty is a fading flower"; Samaria, Ephraim's capital on the brow of a hill, is the proud crown of his drunkards; it shall perish as the flower crown on his drunkard's brow soon "fades"; but "the Lord of hosts (in striking contrast) shall be for a crown of glory and for a diadem ( '''''Tsephirah''''' ), splendid head-dress) of beauty unto the residue (the remnant left after consuming judgments) of His people." </p> <p> The [[Jews]] boast of three crowns: the law, the priesthood, the kingly crown. [[Better]] than all, a good name. So "crown" is used figuratively (&nbsp;Proverbs 12:4; &nbsp;Proverbs 14:24; &nbsp;Proverbs 17:6; &nbsp;1 Thessalonians 2:19). "Crown" is used in the sense of the projecting rim round the top of an altar or a table (&nbsp;Exodus 25:25; &nbsp;Exodus 30:4; &nbsp;Exodus 37:27). Christ's "crown of thorns" has been supposed to have been made of the '''''Ramnus Nabeca''''' (Hasselquist) or the '''''Lycium Spinosum''''' , probably the latter (Sieber). To mock rather than to pain Him was the soldiers' object, and they took whatever came to their hand first. The dark green was a parody of the triumphal ivy wreath. </p>

<div> '''A — 1: '''''Στέφανος''''' ''' (Strong'S #4735 — Noun Masculine — stephanos — stef'-an-os ) </div> <p> primarily, "that which surrounds, as a wall or crowd" (from stepho, "to encircle"), denotes (a) "the victor's crown," the symbol of triumph in the games or some such contest; hence, by metonymy, a reward or prize; (b) "a token of public honor" for distinguished service, military prowess, etc., or of nuptial joy, or festal gladness, especially at the parousia of kings. It was woven as a garland of oak, ivy, parsley, myrtle, or olive, or in imitation of these in gold. In some passages the reference to the games is clear, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 9:25; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:8 ("crown of righteousness"); it may be so in &nbsp; 1 Peter 5:4 , where the fadeless character of "the crown of glory" is set in contrast to the garlands of earth. In other passages it stands as an emblem of life, joy, reward and glory, &nbsp;Philippians 4:1; &nbsp;1 Thessalonians 2:19; &nbsp;James 1:12 ("crown of life"); &nbsp; Revelation 2:10 (ditto); 3:11; 4:4,10: of triumph, &nbsp; Revelation 6:2; &nbsp;9:7; &nbsp;12:1; &nbsp;14:14 . </p> &nbsp;Matthew 27:29&nbsp;Mark 15:17&nbsp;John 19:2,5 <div> '''A — 2: '''''Διάδημα''''' ''' (Strong'S #1238 — Noun Neuter — diadema — dee-ad'-ay-mah ) </div> <p> is never used as stephanos is, it is always the symbol of kingly or imperial dignity, and is translated "diadem" instead of "crown" in the RV, of the claims of the Dragon, &nbsp;Revelation 12:3; &nbsp;13:1; &nbsp;19:12 . See Diadem. </p> <div> '''B — 1: '''''Στεφανόω''''' ''' (Strong'S #4737 — Verb — stephanoo — stef-an-o'-o ) </div> <p> "to crown," conforms in meaning to stephanos; it is used of the reward of victory in the games, in &nbsp;2 Timothy 2:5; of the glory and honor bestowed by God upon man in regard to his position in creation, &nbsp;Hebrews 2:7; of the glory and honor bestowed upon the Lord Jesus in His exaltation, &nbsp;Hebrews 2:9 . </p>

<p> CROWN, n. [[G., L]]  </p> 1. An ornament worn on the head by kings and sovereign princes, as a badge of imperial or regal power and dignity. Figuratively, regal power royalty kingly government, or executive authority. 2. A wreath or garland. 3. Honorary distinction reward. <p> They do it to obtain a corruptible crown we, an incorruptible. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 9 . </p> 4. Honor splendor dignity. <p> The crown has fallen from our heads. &nbsp;Lamentations 5 . &nbsp;Philippians 4 . </p> <p> A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. &nbsp;Proverbs 12 . </p> 5. The top of the head the top of a mountain or other elevated object. The end of an anchor, or the point from which the arms proceed. 6. The part of a hat which covers the top of the head. 7. A coin anciently stamped with the figure of a crown. The English crown is five shillings sterling. The French crown is a hundred and nine cents. Other coins bear the same name. 8. Completion accomplishment. 9. Clerical tonsure in a circular form a little circle shaved on the top of the head, as a mark of ecclesiastical office or distinction. 10. Among jewelers, the upper work of a rose diamond. 11. In botany, an appendage to the top of a seed, which serves to bear it in the wind. <p> CROWN, </p> 1. To invest with a crown or regal ornament. Hence, to invest with regal dignity and power. 2. To cover, as with a crown to cover the top. <p> And peaceful olives crowned his hoary head. </p> 3. To honor to dignify to adorn. <p> Thou hast crowned him with glory and honor. &nbsp;Psalms 8 . </p> 4. To reward to bestow an honorary reward or distinction on as the victor crowned with laurel. 5. To reward to recompense. <p> Shell crown a grateful and a constant flame. </p> 6. To terminate or finish to complete to perfect. 7. To terminate and reward as, our efforts were crowned with success.

<p> '''Crown.''' This ornament, which is both ancient and universal, probably originated from the fillets used to prevent the hair from being dishevelled by the wind. Such fillets are still common; they gradually developed into turbans, which, by the addition of ornamental or precious materials, assumed the dignity of mitres or crowns. Both the ordinary priests and the high priest wore them. </p> <p> The crown was a symbol of royalty, and was worn by kings, &nbsp;2 Chronicles 23:11, and also by queens. &nbsp;Esther 2:17. The head-dress of bridegrooms, &nbsp;Ezekiel 24:17; &nbsp;Isaiah 61:10; &nbsp;Baruch 5:2, and of women, &nbsp;Isaiah 3:20, a head-dress of great splendor, &nbsp;Isaiah 28:5, a wreath of flowers, &nbsp;Proverbs 1:9; &nbsp;Proverbs 4:9, denote crowns. </p> <p> In general, we must attach to it, the notion of a costly ''Turban,'' irradiated with pearls and gems of priceless value, which often form aigrettes for feathers, as in the crowns of modern Asiatics sovereigns. Such was probably the crown which weighed, (or rather "was worth"), a talent, mentioned in &nbsp;2 Samuel 12:30 taken by David from the king of [[Ammon]] at Rabbah, and used as the state crown of Judah. &nbsp;2 Samuel 12:30. </p> <p> In &nbsp;Revelation 12:3; &nbsp;Revelation 19:12, allusion is made to " ''Many '' crowns" worn in token of extended dominion. The laurel, pine or parsley crowns given to victors in the great games of [[Greece]] are finely alluded to by St. Paul. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 9:25; &nbsp;2 Timothy 2:5, etc. </p>

<li> The ancient Persian crown (&nbsp;Esther 1:11; &nbsp;2:17; &nbsp;6:8 ) was called <i> Kether </i> ; I.e., "a chaplet," a high cap or tiara. Crowns were worn sometimes to represent honour and power (&nbsp; Ezekiel 23:42 ). They were worn at marriages (&nbsp;Song of Solomon 3:11; &nbsp;Isaiah 61:10 , "ornaments;" RSV, "a garland"), and at feasts and public festivals. <p> The crown was among the Romans and [[Greeks]] a symbol of victory and reward. The crown or wreath worn by the victors in the Olympic games was made of leaves of the wild olive; in the Pythian games, of laurel; in the Nemean games, of parsley; and in the Isthmian games, of the pine. The Romans bestowed the "civic crown" on him who saved the life of a citizen. It was made of the leaves of the oak. In opposition to all these fading crowns the apostles speak of the incorruptible crown, the crown of life (&nbsp;James 1:12; &nbsp;Revelation 2:10 ) "that fadeth not away" (&nbsp;1 Peter 5:4 , Gr. amarantinos; comp 1:4). Probably the word "amaranth" was applied to flowers we call "everlasting," the "immortal amaranth." </p> <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton [[M.A., DD]]  Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Crown'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/c/crown.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li>

<p> ''''' kroun ''''' : The word crown in the Old Testament is a translation of five different Hebrew words, and in the New Testament of two Greek words. These express the several meanings, and must be examined to ascertain the same. </p> 1. In Hebrew <p> The five Hebrew words are as follows: (1) קדקד , <i> ''''' ḳodhḳōdh ''''' </i> , from קדד , <i> ''''' ḳādhadh ''''' </i> ; (2) זר , <i> ''''' zēr ''''' </i> , from זרר , <i> ''''' zārar ''''' </i> ; (3) נזר , <i> ''''' nezer ''''' </i> , or נזר , <i> ''''' nēzer ''''' </i> , both from נזר , <i> ''''' nāzar ''''' </i> ; (4) עטרה , <i> ''''' ‛ăṭārāh ''''' </i> , from עטר , <i> ''''' ‛ātar ''''' </i> ; (5) כּתר , <i> ''''' kether ''''' </i> , from כּתר , <i> ''''' kāthar ''''' </i> ̌ . </p> <p> (1) <i> ''''' Ḳodhḳōdh ''''' </i> means "the crown of the head," and is also rendered in the King James Version "top of the head," "scalp," "pate." It comes from <i> ''''' ḳādhadh ''''' </i> , meaning "to shrivel up," "contract," or bend the body or neck through courtesy. Both the Revised Version (British and American) and the American Standard Revised Version, in &nbsp;Deuteronomy 28:35 and &nbsp; Deuteronomy 33:16 , translation it "crown" instead of "top" as in the King James Version. Jacob in his prophecy concerning his sons says: "The blessings of thy father ... shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the <i> crown </i> of the head of him that is prince among his brethren" (&nbsp; Genesis 49:26 the American Revised Version, margin). Other references are: &nbsp; Deuteronomy 33:20; &nbsp;2 Samuel 14:25; &nbsp;Job 2:7; &nbsp;Isaiah 3:17; &nbsp;Jeremiah 2:16; &nbsp;Jeremiah 48:45 . [[Translated]] "scalp" in &nbsp;Psalm 68:21 and "pate" in &nbsp; Psalm 7:16 . </p> <p> (2) <i> ''''' Zēr ''''' </i> means a "chaplet," something spread around the top as a molding about the border, and because of its wreath-like appearance called a crown. "That which presses, binds" ( <i> BDB </i> ). Comes from <i> ''''' zārar ''''' </i> , meaning "to diffuse" or "scatter." It is used in &nbsp;Exodus 25:11 , &nbsp;Exodus 25:24 , &nbsp;Exodus 25:25; &nbsp;Exodus 30:3 , &nbsp;Exodus 30:1; &nbsp;Exodus 37:2 , &nbsp;Exodus 37:11 , &nbsp;Exodus 37:12 , &nbsp;Exodus 37:26 , &nbsp;Exodus 37:27 . </p> <p> (3) <i> ''''' Nezer ''''' </i> means something "set apart"; i.e. a dedication to the priesthood or the dedication of a Nazarite, hence, a chaplet or fillet as a symbol of such consecration. The word in the King James Version is rendered "crown," "consecration," "separation," "hair." Comes from <i> ''''' nāzar ''''' </i> , meaning "to hold aloof" from impurity, even from drink and food, more definitely, "to set apart" for sacred purposes, i.e. "to separate," "devote," "consecrate." It is found in &nbsp;Exodus 29:6; &nbsp;Exodus 39:30; &nbsp;Leviticus 8:9; &nbsp;Leviticus 21:12; &nbsp;2 Samuel 1:10; &nbsp;2 Kings 11:12; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 23:11; &nbsp;Psalm 89:39; &nbsp;Psalm 132:18; &nbsp;Proverbs 27:24; &nbsp;Zechariah 9:16 . </p> <p> (4) <i> ''''' ‛Ǎṭārāh ''''' </i> means a crown in the usual sense. Comes from <i> ''''' ‛āṭar ''''' </i> , meaning "to encircle," as in war for offense or defense; also actually and figuratively "to crown." Rendered sometimes "to compass." It is used in &nbsp;2 Samuel 12:30; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 20:2; &nbsp;Esther 8:15; &nbsp;Job 19:9; &nbsp;Job 31:36; &nbsp;Psalm 21:3; &nbsp;Proverbs 4:9; &nbsp;Proverbs 12:4; &nbsp;Proverbs 14:24; &nbsp;Proverbs 16:31; &nbsp;Proverbs 17:6; &nbsp;Song of Solomon 3:11; &nbsp;Isaiah 28:1 , &nbsp;Isaiah 28:3 , &nbsp;Isaiah 28:5; &nbsp;Isaiah 62:3; &nbsp;Jeremiah 13:18; &nbsp;Lamentations 5:16; &nbsp;Ezekiel 16:12; &nbsp;Ezekiel 21:26; &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:42; &nbsp;Zechariah 6:11 , &nbsp;Zechariah 6:14; "crowned," &nbsp;Song of Solomon 3:11; "crownest," &nbsp;Psalm 65:11; "crowneth," &nbsp;Psalm 103:4 . the Revised Version (British and American) translations "crowned," of &nbsp;Psalm 8:5 "hast crowned." the American Standard Revised Version prefers to translation "crowning," in &nbsp; Isaiah 23:8 , "the bestower of crowns." </p> <p> (5) <i> ''''' Kether ''''' </i> means a "circlet" or "a diadem." From <i> ''''' kāthar ''''' </i> , meaning "to enclose": as a friend, "to crown"; as an enemy, "to besiege." Variously translated "beset round," "inclose round," "suffer," "compass about." Found in &nbsp;Esther 1:11; &nbsp;Esther 2:17 , &nbsp;Esther 6:8; "crowned," in &nbsp;Proverbs 14:18 . </p> 2. In Greek <p> The two Greek words of the New Testament translated crown are: (1) στέφανος , <i> ''''' stéphanos ''''' </i> , from <i> ''''' stéphō ''''' </i> , and (2) διάδημα , <i> ''''' diádēma ''''' </i> , from διαδεο , <i> ''''' diadéō ''''' </i> , "to bind round." </p> <p> (1) <i> ''''' Stephanos ''''' </i> means a chaplet (wreath) made of leaves or leaf-like gold, used for marriage and festive occasions, and expressing public recognition of victory in races, games and war; also figuratively as a reward for efficient Christian life and service (see [[Games]] ). This symbol was more noticeable and intricate than the plain fillet. Only in the Rev of John is στεφανος , στεφανος , <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> called "golden." The "crown of thorns" which Jesus wore was a <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> (woven wreath) of thorns; the kind is not known (&nbsp;Matthew 27:29; &nbsp;Mark 15:17; &nbsp;John 19:2 , &nbsp;John 19:5 ). Luke makes no mention of it. Whether intended to represent royalty or victory, it was caricature crown. <i> ''''' Stephanos ''''' </i> is found in &nbsp;1 Corinthians 9:25; &nbsp;Philippians 4:1; &nbsp;1 Thessalonians 2:19; &nbsp;2 Timothy 4:8; &nbsp;James 1:12; &nbsp;1 Peter 5:4; &nbsp;Revelation 2:10; &nbsp;Revelation 3:11; &nbsp;Revelation 6:2; &nbsp;Revelation 12:1; &nbsp;Revelation 14:14; plural in &nbsp;Revelation 4:4 , &nbsp;Revelation 4:10; &nbsp;Revelation 9:7; "crowned" in &nbsp;2 Timothy 2:5; &nbsp;Hebrews 2:9; "crownedst" in &nbsp;Hebrews 2:7 . </p> <p> (2) <i> ''''' Diadēma ''''' </i> is the word for "diadem," from <i> ''''' dia ''''' </i> (about) and <i> ''''' deō ''''' </i> (bound), i.e. something bound about the head. In the three places where it occurs (&nbsp;Revelation 12:3; &nbsp;Revelation 13:1 and &nbsp; Revelation 19:12 ) both the Revised Version (British and American) and the American Standard Revised Version translation it not "crowns" but "diadems," Thus making the proper distinction between <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' diadēma ''''' </i> , such as is not done either in the King James Version or the [[Septuagint]] (see Trench, <i> Synonyms of the New Testament </i> ). According to Thayer the distinction was not observed in Hellenic Greek "Diadems" are on the dragon (&nbsp;Revelation 12:3 ), the beast (&nbsp;Revelation 13:1 ) and on the [[Rider]] of the White Horse, "the [[Faithful]] and True" (&nbsp;Revelation 19:12 ). In each case the "diadems" are symbolic of power to rule. </p> 3. Use and Significance <p> There are five uses of the crown as seen in the Scripture references studied, namely, decoration, consecration, coronation, exaltation, and remuneration. </p> <p> (1) Decoration </p> <p> The <i> ''''' zēr ''''' </i> of Ex, as far as it was a crown at all, was for ornamentation, its position not seeming to indicate any utility purpose. These wavelet, gold moldings, used in the furnishings of the tabernacle of Moses, were placed about ( <i> a </i> ) The table of shewbread (&nbsp;Exodus 25:24; &nbsp;Exodus 37:11 ); ( <i> b </i> ) The ark of the covenant (&nbsp;Exodus 25:11; &nbsp;Exodus 37:2 ); ( <i> c </i> ) The altar of incense (&nbsp;Exodus 30:3 , &nbsp;Exodus 30:1; &nbsp;Exodus 37:26 , &nbsp;Exodus 37:27 ). The position of these crowns is a debated question among archaeologists. Their purpose other than decoration is not known. The encircling gold might signify gratitude, parity and enduring worth. </p> <p> (2) [[Consecration]] </p> <p> The <i> ''''' nezer ''''' </i> had a twofold use as the crown of consecration: ( <i> a </i> ) It was placed as a frontlet on the miter of the high priest, being tied with a blue lace (&nbsp;Exodus 39:30 ). The priestly crown was a flat piece of pure gold, bearing the inscription, "Holy to Yahweh," signifying the consecration of the priest as the representative of the people (&nbsp;Exodus 29:6; &nbsp;Leviticus 8:9 ). ( <i> b </i> ) Likewise the Hebrew king (&nbsp;2 Kings 11:12 ) was set apart by God in wearing on his head a royal - <i> ''''' nezer ''''' </i> , whether of silk or gold we do not know. It was set with jewels (&nbsp;Zechariah 9:16 ) and was light enough to be taken into battle (&nbsp;2 Samuel 1:10 ). </p> <p> (3) [[Coronation]] </p> <p> The ordinary use of the crown. There were three kinds of kingly crowns used in coronation services: ( <i> a </i> ) The <i> ''''' nezer ''''' </i> or consecration crown, above referred to, was the only one used in crowning Hebrew kings. What seems to be an exception is in the case of Joshua, who represented both priest and king (&nbsp;Zechariah 6:11 the American Revised Version, margin). ( <i> b </i> ) The <i> ''''' ‛ăṭārāh ''''' </i> , and ( <i> c </i> ) The <i> ''''' kether ''''' </i> were used in crowning foreign monarchs. No king but a Hebrew could wear a <i> ''''' nezer ''''' </i> ̌ - a "Holy to Yahweh" crown. It is recorded that David presumed to put on his own head the <i> ''''' ‛ătărāh ''''' </i> of King [[Malcam]] (&nbsp;2 Samuel 12:30 the American Revised Version, margin). The <i> ''''' kether ''''' </i> or jeweled turban was the crown of the Persian king and queen (&nbsp;Esther 1:11; &nbsp;Esther 2:17; &nbsp;Esther 6:8 ). </p> <p> (4) [[Exaltation]] </p> <p> The <i> ''''' ‛ătārāh ''''' </i> , the <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> and the <i> ''''' diadēma ''''' </i> were used as crowns of exaltation. <i> ''''' Stephanos ''''' </i> was the usual crown of exaltation for victors of games, achievement in war and places of honor at feasts. The <i> ''''' ‛ătārāh ''''' </i> was worn at banquets (&nbsp;Song of Solomon 3:11; &nbsp;Isaiah 28:1 , &nbsp;Isaiah 28:3 ), probably taking the form of a wreath of flowers; also as a crown of honor and victory (&nbsp;Ezekiel 16:12; &nbsp;Ezekiel 21:26; &nbsp;Ezekiel 23:42 ). <i> ''''' Stephanos ''''' </i> is the crown of exaltation bestowed upon Christ (&nbsp;Revelation 6:2; &nbsp;Revelation 14:14; &nbsp;Hebrews 2:9 ). "Exaltation was the logical result of Christ's humiliation" (Vincent). The [[Apocalyptic]] woman and locusts receive this emblem of exaltation (&nbsp;Revelation 12:1; &nbsp;Revelation 9:7 ). The symbolic dragon and beast are elevated, wearing <i> ''''' diadēma ''''' </i> , (&nbsp;Revelation 12:3; &nbsp;Revelation 13:1 ). The conquering Christ has "upon his head ... many diadems" (&nbsp;Revelation 19:12 ). See further Tertullian, <i> De corona </i> . </p> <p> (5) Remuneration </p> <p> Paul, witnessing the races and games, caught the vision of wreath-crowned victors flush with the reward of earnest endeavor. See Games . He also saw the persistent, faithful Christian at the end of his hard-won race wearing the symbolic <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> of rejoicing (&nbsp;1 Thessalonians 2:19 the King James Version), of righteousness (&nbsp; 2 Timothy 4:8 ), of glory (&nbsp;1 Peter 5:4 ), of life (&nbsp;James 1:12; &nbsp;Revelation 2:10 ). Paul's fellow Christians were his joy and <i> ''''' stephanos ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Philippians 4:1 ), "of which Paul might justly make his boast" (Ellicott). Long before Paul, his Hebrew ancestors saw the <i> ''''' ‛ăṭārāh ''''' </i> of glory (&nbsp;Proverbs 4:9 ) and the <i> ''''' ‛ăṭārāh ''''' </i> of a good wife, children's children, riches and a peaceful old age (&nbsp;Proverbs 12:4; &nbsp;Proverbs 14:24; &nbsp;Proverbs 16:31; &nbsp;Proverbs 17:6 ). For [[Apocrypha]] references see 1 Macc 10:29; 11:35; 13:39. </p>