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Difference between revisions of "Emerald"
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== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72551" /> == | == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72551" /> == | ||
<p> Emerald. A precious stone of a rich green color, upon which its value chiefly depends. This gem was the first in the second row on the breastplate of the high priest. Exodus 28:18; Exodus 39:11. It was imported to | <p> Emerald. A precious stone of a rich green color, upon which its value chiefly depends. This gem was the first in the second row on the breastplate of the high priest. Exodus 28:18; Exodus 39:11. It was imported to Tyre from Syria, Ezekiel 27:16, was used as a seal or signet, [[Sirach]] 32:6, as an ornament of clothing and bedding, Ezekiel 28:13; Judges 10:21, and is spoken of as one of the foundations of Jerusalem. Revelation 21:19 [[Tobit]] 13:16. The rainbow around the throne is compared to emerald in Revelation 4:3. </p> | ||
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66049" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66049" /> == | ||
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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35270" /> == | == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35270" /> == | ||
<p> First in the second row on the high priest's breast-plate (Exodus 28:18). Νophek , "the glowing stone," the carbuncle according to Kalisch (Exodus 39:11). | <p> First in the second row on the high priest's breast-plate (Exodus 28:18). Νophek , "the glowing stone," the carbuncle according to Kalisch (Exodus 39:11). Tyre imported it from [[Syria]] (Ezekiel 27:16). One of New Jerusalem's foundations (Revelation 21:19). Image of the rainbow round the throne (Revelation 4:3). </p> | ||
== Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_197778" /> == | == Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types <ref name="term_197778" /> == | ||
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== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_38700" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_38700" /> == | ||
<p> (נפֶךְ, nophek, of uncertain signif.; Sept. ἄνθραξ, N.T. and Apocr. σμάραγδος ), a precious stone, named first in the second row on the breast-plate of the high-priest (Exodus 28:18; Exodus 39:11), imported to | <p> (נפֶךְ, nophek, of uncertain signif.; Sept. ἄνθραξ, N.T. and Apocr. σμάραγδος ), a precious stone, named first in the second row on the breast-plate of the high-priest (Exodus 28:18; Exodus 39:11), imported to Tyre from Syria (Ezekiel 27:16), used as a seal or signet (Sirach 32:6), as an ornament of clothing and bedding (Ezekiel 28:13; Judges 10:21), and spoken of as one of the foundations of Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19; Tobit 13:16). The rainbow round the throne is compared to emerald in Revelation 4:9 (ὅμοιος ὁράσει σμαραγδίνῳ ). The Sept., Josephus, and Jerus. [[Targum]] understand by it the carbuncle. This name (in Greek denoting a live coal) the ancients gave to several glowing red stones resembling live coals (Pliny, Hist. Nat. 32:20; comp. Theophrast. De Lapid. 18), particularly rubies and garnets. (See [[Carbuncle]]). The most valued of the carbuncles seems, however, to have been the Oriental garnet, a transparent red stone, with a violet shade, and strong vitreous luster. It was engraved upon (Theophrast. 31), and was probably not so hard as the ruby, which, indeed, is the most beautiful and costly of the precious stones of a red color, but is so hard that it cannot easily be subjected to the graving-tool. The [[Hebrew]] nophek, in the breast-plate of the high-priest, was certainly an engraved stone; and there is no evidence that the ancients could engrave the ruby, although this has in modern times been accomplished (Rosenmuller, Biblical Mineralogy, pages 32, 33; Braunius, De Vest. Sacerdot. page 523; Bellermann, Ueber die [[Urim]] u. Thummim, page 43). (See [[Beryl]]). </p> <p> The smaragdus of the New [[Testament]] was the generic name of twelve varieties of gems, some of which were probably true emeralds, while others seem to have been rather stones of the prasius or jasper kind, and still others no more than colored crystals and spars from copper mines. The statues, etc., of emerald mentioned by several ancient authors appear to have been nothing more than rock crystals, or even colored glass (Hill on Theophrast. de Lapid. 44; Moore's Anc. Mineral. page 150). (See [[Gem]]). </p> <p> The modern emerald is a species of beryl, of a beautiful green color, which occurs in primitive crystals, and is much valued for ornamental jewelry. The finest are obtained from Peru. The mines from which the ancients obtained emeralds are said to have existed in Egypt, near Mount Zabarah. (See the [[Penny]] Cyclopadia, s.v. Beryl.) </p> | ||
== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15620" /> == | == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15620" /> == | ||
<p> Emerald, Nophech, a precious stone, named in;;;; in all of which places it is rendered [[Emerald]] in the Authorized Version. The [[Septuagint]] and [[Josephus]] render it by Carbuncle. This name, denoting a live coal, the ancients gave to several glowing red stones resembling live coals, particularly rubies and garnets. The most valued of the carbuncles seems, however, to have been the Oriental garnet, a transparent red stone, with a violet shade, and strong vitreous luster. It was engraved upon and was probably not so hard as the ruby, which, indeed, is the most beautiful and costly of the precious stones of a red color, but is so hard that it cannot easily be subjected to the graving-tool. The | <p> Emerald, Nophech, a precious stone, named in;;;; in all of which places it is rendered [[Emerald]] in the Authorized Version. The [[Septuagint]] and [[Josephus]] render it by Carbuncle. This name, denoting a live coal, the ancients gave to several glowing red stones resembling live coals, particularly rubies and garnets. The most valued of the carbuncles seems, however, to have been the Oriental garnet, a transparent red stone, with a violet shade, and strong vitreous luster. It was engraved upon and was probably not so hard as the ruby, which, indeed, is the most beautiful and costly of the precious stones of a red color, but is so hard that it cannot easily be subjected to the graving-tool. The Hebrew nophech, in the breastplate of the high-priest, was certainly an engraved stone; and there is no evidence that the ancients could engrave the ruby, although this has in modern times been accomplished. Upon the whole, the particular kind of stone denoted by the Hebrew word must be regarded as uncertain. </p> | ||
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_72545" /> == | == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_72545" /> == | ||
