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== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_56523" /> == | |||
<p> | <p> The non-classical ‘vernacular terms’ (H. A. A. Kennedy, <i> Sources of NT [[Greek]] </i> , 1895, p. 38 ff.). γογγυσμός and γογγύζειν are used seven times in the Septuagintin reference to [[Israel]] in the wilderness. The verb is used in the same connexion in 1 Corinthians 10:10 -‘Neither murmur ye, as some of them murmured, and perished by the destroyer,’ the allusion being apparently to the rebellion of [[Korah]] against the authority of [[Moses]] and Aaron, which was followed by the punishment of violent death (Numbers 16). The OT reference and the evil of partisanship which had become conspicuous at [[Corinth]] (1 Corinthians 1:12; 1 Corinthians 3:6; 1 Corinthians 4:6; 1 Corinthians 4:18 f.) suggest that the ‘murmuring’ the [[Apostle]] had in mind was that of schismatic discontent in the Church, rather than that of complaint against [[Providence]] because of the limitations of the human lot-the sense which the term most naturally suggests to us. </p> <p> The second [[Pauline]] passage where the term occurs (‘Do all things without murmurings and disputations’ [Philippians 2:14]), follows an appeal for [[Church]] harmony (Philippians 2:1-4; cf. Philippians 4:2) and is obviously a warning similar to that of 1 Corinthians 10:10. The quotation from the [[Song]] of Moses (Deuteronomy 32:5 Septuagint) in the following verses hints that the history in the wilderness is again in the author’s mind. </p> <p> The ‘murmurers’ of Jude’s letter (Judges 1:16) are the false teachers who have crept into the Church and are fostering discontent for their own advantage, challenging (Church) authority and railing at ‘dignities’ (Judges 1:8). Again there is a reference to the incident of Korah (Judges 1:11). </p> <p> The murmuring of the [[Grecian]] [[Jews]] against the Hebrews (Acts 6:1)-a complaint against Church administration-is the only instance where murmuring has not a conspicuous reproof. Even here the language of the [[Apostles]] (Acts 6:2; Acts 6:4) may hint censure. </p> <p> In 1 Peter 4:9 (‘using hospitality one to another without murmuring’) the reference appears to be to the grumbling against the obligation, <i> imposed by Church tradition </i> , of mutual hospitality among [[Christians]] (cf. the communistic spirit of Acts 2:44). The Authorized Versiontranslation ‘without grudging’ (so also Weymouth) misses the above significance. </p> <p> The term thus appears to have been used by the NT writers in a specific sense (suggested by the classical instance of Korah) of disloyalty in one way or another to the Church, its traditions, its harmony and unity. 1 Corinthians 10:10 and Judges 1:16 suggest that, as in the case of Korah, such murmurings are really against [[God]] Himself. </p> <p> H. Bulcock. </p> | ||
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_32725" /> == | |||
Numbers 11:33,341214:27,30,3116:321:4-6Psalm 106:251 Corinthians 10:10 | |||
== Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_146329" /> == | |||
<p> (1): </p> <p> (a. & n.) [[Uttering]] murmurs; making low sounds; complaining. </p> <p> (2): </p> <p> (p. pr. & vb. n.) of [[Murmur]] </p> | |||
== King James Dictionary <ref name="term_61413" /> == | |||
<p> MUR'MURING, ppr. [[Uttering]] complaints in a low voice or sullen manner grumbling complaining. </p> | |||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_52026" /> == | |||
<p> (תְּלוּנָה, Exodus 16:7 sq.; γογγυσμός ), a complaint made for wrong supposed to have been received. [[Paul]] forbids murmuring (1 Corinthians 10:10), as did also the wise man in the [[Apocrypha]] (Wisdom of [[Solomon]] 1:11). [[God]] severely punished the Hebrews who murmured in the desert, and was more than once on the point of forsaking them, and even of destroying them, had not [[Moses]] appeased his anger by earnest prayer (Numbers 11:33-34; Numbers 12; Numbers 14:30-31; Numbers 16:3; Numbers 21:4-6; Psalms 78:30). (See [[Resignation]]). </p> | |||
==References == | ==References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name=" | |||
<ref name="term_56523"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/murmuring Murmuring from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_32725"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/murmuring Murmuring from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_146329"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/murmuring Murmuring from Webster's Dictionary]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_61413"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/murmuring Murmuring from King James Dictionary]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_52026"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/murmuring Murmuring from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | |||
</references> | </references> | ||
