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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_57330" /> ==
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| <p> (Σπανία) </p> <p> [[Spain]] was St. Paul’s objective during the later years of his missionary activity. It was characteristic of him that he was always thinking of ‘the parts beyond’ (τὰ ὑπερέκεινα, 2 Corinthians 10:16). Sensitively regardful of ‘the province (κανών) which [[God]] apportioned’ him, and determined not to intrude ‘in another’s province’ (2 Corinthians 10:13; 2 Corinthians 10:15-16), he felt drawn to the fresh fields of the distant West. It is in his letter to the Romans (Romans 15:24; Romans 15:28) that he first broaches the idea of evangelizing Spain. Eager as he was to ‘see Rome’ and to preach the gospel in it, he did not purpose to remain there long. The metropolis was not in his κανών, for others had already laboured there, and he intimates that in his visit to the [[Roman]] [[Christians]] he would be en route (διαπορευόμενος) for his proper sphere. He would ‘go on by’ them (ἀπελεύσομαι διʼ ὑμῶν) as he journeyed westward. The Imperial width of his horizon and boldness of his policy were worthy of his Roman citizenship, and the fact that Spain was the most completely Romanized of all the provinces no doubt made it seem a very attractive and promising mission field. It is true that half a century after St. Paul’s time [[Juvenal]] could still write, ‘Horrida vitanda est Hispania’ (Sat. viii. 116), but he was doubtless thinking of the barbarous tribes of the northern mountains. In the beginning of our era [[Strabo]] (III. ii. 15) says that the southern Spaniards, ‘especially those who dwell about the Baetis (Guadalquiver), have been so entirely converted to the Roman mode of life as even to have forgotten their own language.’ [[Carrying]] over the permanent benefits of an earlier Phcenician and Carthaginian civilization, Spain had become a Roman province at the end of the Second Punic War (201 b.c.), and by the days of Cicero and [[Caesar]] the southern districts were almost wholly Italian. ‘If preparation was anywhere made by the republic for the great all-significant work of the imperial period-the Romanising of the West-it was in Spain.… In all Spain under [[Augustus]] there were numbered fifty communities with full citizenship; nearly fifty others had up to this time received [[Latin]] rights, and stood as to inward organisation on a par with the burgess-communities.… Like the Roman dress, the Roman language was largely diffused even among those Spaniards who had not [[Italian]] burgess-rights, and the government favoured the de facto Romanising of the land’ (T. Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1910, i. 67-70). Many of the writers of Rome’s silver age, notably Lucan, the two Senecas, Martial, and Quintilian, were Spaniards, The Emperors [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]] were born in Spain. </p> <p> If St. [[Paul]] ever reached this goal, he must have made Latin for a time his missionary language, for even when half the population of [[Rome]] was speaking Greek, Spain was never in any degree Hellenized. But the question whether the [[Apostle]] succeeded in carrying out his purpose cannot be confidently answered. There are only two authorities for a Spanish journey-the Muratorian [[Fragment]] on the Canon, and [[Clement]] of Rome. The writer of the former (about a.d. 200) may have had independent knowledge, but it is more likely that when he mentions the ‘profectionem Pauli ab urbe ad Spaniam proficiscentis,’ he is merely drawing an inference that the purpose expressed in Romans 15:24; Romans 15:28 was fulfilled. The words of Clement (ad Cor. v.) are well known: ‘Paul … having taught the whole world righteousness, and having come to the bound of the West (ἐπὶ τὸ τέρμα τῆς δύσεως ἐλθών), and having borne witness (μαρτυρήσας) before the rulers, so was released from the world and went to the [[Holy]] Place, having become the greatest example of patience.’ Lightfoot interpreted ‘the bound of the West’ as Spain, but, since the next clauses certainly refer to St. Paul’s testimony and martyrdom in Rome, it seems natural to take ἐλθών and μαρτυρήσας together, and difficult to interpolate a journey between them. Sanday-Headlam (‘Romans’5 [International Critical Commentary, 1902], 414) ask: ‘Is it quite certain that a Jew, as Clement probably was, speaking of St. Paul, another Jew, would not look upon Rome relatively to [[Jerusalem]] as the τέρμα τῆς δύσεως, “the western limit”?’ It is significant that the Pastoral [[Epistles]] contain no suggestion of a campaign, possible or actual, in the West. </p> <p> Literature.-J. B. Lightfoot, The [[Apostolic]] Fathers, 1891, Biblical Essays, 1893, p. 423 f.; A. C. McGiffert, A History of [[Christianity]] in the Apostolic Age, 1897, p. 415 f.; C. von Weizsäcker, Apostolic Age, ii. [1895] 137 f. </p> <p> James Strahan. </p> | | Spain <ref name="term_61719" /> |
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| | <p> ''' Copyright StatementThese files are public domain. Bibliography InformationMcClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Spain (2)'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/s/spain-2.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. ''' </p> |
| == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_54312" /> ==
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| <p> <strong> SPAIN </strong> . The extent of country to which in NT times the name Spain, or more strictly ‘the Spains,’ was given, was practically identical with modern Spain. In the earliest times of which we have any knowledge it was inhabited, at least in part, by a race supposed to be a mixture of the aboriginal Iberian population with immigrant Celts. In b.c. 236, Hamilcar, father of the great Hannibal, invaded the country from Carthage, and after nine years of conquest was succeeded by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who in turn was succeeded by Hannibal, under whom about b.c. 219 the conquest of the country was practically completed. [[Hannibal]] used it as his base in the Second Punic War against Rome. The Romans first invaded [[Spain]] in 218, and after various successes and reverses constituted two provinces there in 197, known for centuries afterwards as <em> [[Hispania]] Citerior </em> (Tarraconensis) and <em> Hispania Ulterior </em> (Bætica), separated from one another by the Ebro. The mountainous districts in the NW. were not actually subdued till the time of the [[Emperor]] [[Augustus]] (b.c. 20). The country was valued for its agricultural products, as well as its precious metals. It became the most thoroughly Romanized of all the [[Roman]] provinces, and in nothing is St. Paul’s Roman attitude more evident than in his determination to proceed from [[Rome]] to Spain, rather than to [[Africa]] or to [[Gaul]] ( Romans 15:24 ). It is not known whether he carried out his plan. Spain claims more honoured names in Roman literature than any other country in the 1st cent. a.d., having been the birthplace of the two Senecas, Columella, Mela, Lucan, Martial, and Quintilian. </p> <p> A. Souter. </p>
| | == References == |
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| == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_75137" /> ==
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| <p> Spain. 1 [[Maccabees]] 8:3; Romans 15:24; Romans 15:28. The local designation, Tarshish, representing the [[Tartessus]] of the Greeks, probably prevailed, until the fame of the [[Roman]] wars in that country reached the East, when it was superseded by its classical name. The mere intention of St. [[Paul]] to visit Spain, (whether he really did visit it is a disputed question. - Editor), implies two interesting facts, namely, the establishment of a [[Christian]] community in that country, and that this was done by [[Hellenistic]] [[Jews]] resident there. The early introduction of [[Christianity]] into that country is attested by [[Irenaeus]] and Tertullian. </p>
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| == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_37593" /> ==
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| <p> Solomon's fleet visited Spain, then named Τarshish (the [[Greek]] "Tartessus"). In classic times the name "Spain" came into use, traceable to the Βasque Εzpana , i.e. on the edge of Europe. The Iberian language (from whence the country derived one of its names and its river Iberus or [[Ebro]] was designated) was the original of the Basque. Romans 15:24; Romans 15:28, Paul's intention to visit [[Spain]] may imply that a [[Christian]] church was already founded there. As to the early introduction of Christianity, compare [[Irenaeus]] 1:3 and Tertullian, Adv. Judg., 7. </p>
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| == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_17223" /> ==
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| <p> Comprehended, in ancient usage, the modern kingdoms of [[Spain]] and Portugal, that is, the whole Spanish peninsula. In the time of Paul, it was subject to the Romans, and was frequented by many Jews. For the supposed origin of its name, see Romans 15:24,28 , [[Paul]] expresses his intention of visiting Spain; and many conjecture that he did so between his first and second imprisonments at Rome, about A. D. 64-66. </p>
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| == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_68822" /> ==
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| <p> The well-known country in Europe. It is mentioned in the N.T. only in relation to Paul's purpose to visit it; but it is not known whether he went there between his first and second imprisonments or not. Romans 15:24,28 . </p>
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| == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_44040" /> ==
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| Romans 15:2415:28[[Tarshish]]
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| == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_33444" /> ==
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| Romans 15:24,28[[Tarshish]]
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| == The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_80090" /> ==
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| <p> A kingdom of [[South-West]] Europe, which with [[Portugal]] (less than one-fifth the size of Spain) occupies the entire Iberian Peninsula, and is divided from [[France]] on the N. by the [[Pyrenees]] Mountains, and on the E. and S. is washed by the Mediterranean; the NW. corner fronts the [[Bay]] of Biscay (N.) and the Atlantic (W.), while Portugal completes the western boundary; its area, three and one-third times the size of [[England]] and Wales, is, along with the Canaries and the Balearic Isles, divided into 49 provinces, although the more familiar names of the 14 old kingdoms, states, and provinces (New and Old Castile, Galicia, Aragon, etc.) are still in use; forms a compact square, with a regular, in parts precipitous, coast-line, which is short compared with its area; is in the main a highland country, a vast plateau (2000 to 3000 ft. high) occupying the centre, buttressed and crossed by ranges (Sierra [[Nevada]] in the S., [[Sierra]] de Guadarrama, Sierra Morena, etc.), and diversified by the long valleys of the Ebro, Douro, Tagus, Guadalquivir, and other lesser rivers, all of which are rapid, and only a few navigable; climate varies considerably according as one proceeds to the central plains, where extremes of heat and cold are experienced, but over all is the driest in Europe; agriculture, although less than a half of the land is under cultivation, is by far the most important industry, and [[Valencia]] and [[Catalonia]] the provinces where it is most successfully carried out, wheat and other cereals, the olive and the vine, being the chief products; other important industries are mining, the Peninsula being extremely rich in the useful minerals; Merino sheep farming, anchovy and sardine fisheries, wine-making, and the manufacture of cotton, silk, leather, and paper; chief exports are wine, fruits, mineral ores, oil and cork; Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, and [[Malaga]] are the chief towns; the widest variety of character exists among the natives of the various provinces, from the hard-working, thrifty Catalan to the lazy, improvident Murcian, but all possess the southern love "of song, dance, and colour," and have an inherent grace and dignity of manner; [[Roman]] Catholicism is the national religion; and although systems of elementary and secondary schools are in vogue, education over all is in a deplorably backward condition; the [[Government]] is a hereditary and constitutional monarchy; the [[Cortes]] consists of the [[Senate]] and the [[Chamber]] of Deputies; universal suffrage and trial by jury are recent innovations. The outstanding fact in the history of Spain, after the downfall of the Roman Empire, of which she had long formed a part, is the national struggle with the Moors, who overran the peninsula in the 8th century, firmly established themselves, and were not finally overthrown till Granada, their last possession, was taken in 1492; sixteen years later the country became a united kingdom, and for a brief period, with its vast American colonies and wide European possessions, became in the 16th century the dominant power of Europe; since then she has lagged more and more in the race of nations, and her once vast colonial empire has gradually crumbled away till now, since the unsuccessful war with [[America]] in 1898, only an island or two remains to her. </p>
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| == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_61716" /> ==
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| <p> The mere intention, however, implies two interesting facts, viz. the establishment, of a [[Christian]] community in that country, and this by means of [[Hellenistic]] [[Jews]] resident there. We have no direct testimony to either of these facts; but as the Jews had spread along the shores of the [[Mediterranean]] as far as [[Cyrene]] in [[Africa]] and [[Rome]] in [[Europe]] (Acts 2:10), there would be no difficulty in assuming that they were also found in the commercial cities of the eastern coast of Spain. The early introduction of [[Christianity]] into that country is attested by [[Irenaeus]] (1, 3) and Tertullian (Adv. Judges 1:7). An inscription, purporting to record a persecution of the Spanish [[Christians]] in the reign of [[Nero]] is probably a forgery (Gieseler, [[Church]] Hist. 1, 82, note 5). </p>
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| == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_16632" /> ==
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| <p> [[Spain]] . This name was anciently applied to the whole Peninsula which now comprises Spain and Portugal. In the time of [[Paul]] Spain was a [[Roman]] province, and many [[Jews]] appear to have settled there. It seems clear from; , that Paul formed the design of proceeding to preach the [[Gospel]] in Spain: that he ever executed this intention is necessarily denied by those who hold that the apostle sustained but one imprisonment at Rome, namely, that in which the Acts of the [[Apostles]] leave him; and even those who hold that he was released from this imprisonment can only conjecture that, in the interval between it and the second, he fulfilled his intention. There is, in fact, during the three first centuries, no evidence on the subject, beyond a vague intimation by Clement, which is open to different explanations [PAUL]; and later traditions are of small value. </p>
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| == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_8743" /> ==
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| <p> ''''' spān ''''' ( Σπανία , <i> ''''' Spanı́a ''''' </i> ): The country in the Southwest of [[Europe]] which still bears this name. It was Paul's purpose, as stated in Romans 15:24 , Romans 15:28 , to visit Spain. If, as is probable, he ultimately carried out this intention, it must have been after a release from his first imprisonment. [[Clement]] of [[Rome]] speaks of the apostle as having reached "the extreme limit of the West" ( <i> [[Epistle]] of Clement </i> , v). See [[Paul]] , The Apostle; [[Tarshish]] . </p>
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| ==References == | |
| <references> | | <references> |
| | | <ref name="term_61719"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/spain+(2) Spain from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> |
| <ref name="term_57330"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/spain Spain from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | |
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| <ref name="term_54312"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/spain Spain from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_75137"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_37593"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_17223"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_68822"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_44040"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_33444"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/spain Spain from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_80090"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/spain Spain from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_61716"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/spain Spain from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_16632"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/spain Spain from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_8743"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/spain Spain from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
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| </references> | | </references> |
