View source for Sermon On The Mount

== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_57411" /> ==
<p> <b> [[Sermon On The Mount]]  </b> —Professor Votaw’s learned and exhaustive article in the Extra Vol. of Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible is a mine of information and critical study, to which the reader is referred for a full treatment of questions concerning the [[Sermon]] on the Mount that must here be treated more briefly. </p> <p> <b> 1. Sources. </b> —The contents of Matthew 5, 6, 7 are commonly regarded as constituting one discourse, with the title ‘The Sermon on the Mount,’ on account of the introductory statement in &nbsp;Matthew 5:1. Some portions of the contents of these chapters reappear, with more or less difference of form, introduced in a somewhat similar way, in Luke 6. Other sayings of Jesus contained in the three chapters of Mt. are found scattered over the narrative in Lk., and a few are in Mk.; two are duplicated in Mt., and one is duplicated in Lk. The following is the Synoptic distribution of the Sermon: </p> <table> <tr> <td> Matthew. </td> <td> Mark. </td> <td> Luke. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:1 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:17; &nbsp;Luke 6:20 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:3-4; &nbsp;Matthew 5:6 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:20 b, &nbsp;Luke 6:21 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:22-23 </td> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:11-12 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:22-23 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:13 </td> <td> &nbsp;Mark 9:50 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 14:34-35 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:15 </td> <td> &nbsp;Mark 4:21 </td> <td> (1) </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 8:16, (2) &nbsp;Luke 11:33 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:18 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 16:17 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:25-26 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 12:58-59 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> (1) </td> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:29-30, (2) &nbsp;Matthew 18:7-8 </td> <td> &nbsp;Mark 9:47-48; &nbsp;Mark 9:43; &nbsp;Mark 9:45 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> (1) </td> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:32, (2) &nbsp;Matthew 19:9 </td> <td> &nbsp;Mark 10:11-12 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 16:18 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 5:39-48 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:29-36 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 6:9-13 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 11:2-4 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 6:20-21 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 12:33-36 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 6:24 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 16:13 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 6:25-34 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 12:22-34 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 7:1-5 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:37-42 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 7:7-12 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 11:9-13 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 7:13-14 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 13:22-24 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 7:16-27 </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 6:44-49 </td> </tr> </table> <p> A comparison of these columns will bring out certain clear results, viz.: </p> <p> (1) Mk. is not the source of any of these sayings. Only four verses or paragraphs of them are in that [[Gospel]] at all. Of these four, three are also in Lk. A comparison between the several forms of the three shows ( <i> a </i> ) that Lk. and Mt. are nearer to one another than either of them is to Mk., and ( <i> b </i> ) that in the two cases of duplicates in Mt., Mk. is nearer to Mt.’s second renderings of the sayings than to his earlier renderings, which are those of the Sermon on the Mount, showing that if Mt. is dependent on Mk. in either case, it is in the later passages where the sayings are given in another connexion, not in the Sermon. We may account for the duplicates in this way. The first appearance of them is due to the non-Markan source; the second is perhaps derived from Mk. </p> <p> (2) It is now generally conceded that the main sources of the common elements in the Synoptic [[Gospels]] are Mk., and the collection of <i> [[Logia]] </i> which [[Papias]] says Matthew compiled and wrote in Hebrew, or Aramaic. Further, it is agreed that the <i> Logia </i> must have been translated into Greek, and that it was in a Gr. form that our [[Evangelists]] used it. More recently the differences between Mt. and Lk. in their renderings of the same sayings, as well as various other phenomena connected with them, have led scholars to the conclusion that ( <i> a </i> ) there were two or more versions of Matthew’s <i> Logia </i> , or ( <i> b </i> ) that there were other collections of sayings of Jesus besides that made by Matthew (Wendt, Jülicher, Wernle, J. Weiss, Feine, Hawkins, Votaw, Bacon). Probably both of these suggestions must be admitted. Nevertheless, even after admitting this, we may still recognize the probability that the Sermon, as we have it in our First Gospel, is derived from Matthew’s <i> Logia </i> ; for ( '''''Α''''' ) that Gospel—apart from its opening and closing sections—consists virtually of Mk., split at 5 places, or as some reckon at 7 places, with blocks of <i> Logia </i> wedged in at these openings, the Sermon being the first such insertion; and ( '''''Β''''' ) since our chief collection of the sayings of Jesus is that contained in Mt., since Papias ascribed to the [[Apostle]] Matthew the only collection of <i> Logia </i> he is reported to have mentioned, and since the Gospel containing it bears the name of that Apostle in all Patristic references to its origin, there is a strong presumption that the <i> Logia </i> it contains are from Matthew’s collection, although this does not forbid us to conclude that the collection may have been used by the [[Evangelist]] in a revised form. Nor, of course, does it exclude the suggestions of interpolations, glosses, etc., which can only be considered in detail as they arise in the course of the study of the text. The general conclusion is that as a whole our Sermon on the Mount is derived from Matthew’s <i> Logia </i> in a Greek version. </p> <p> <b> 2. Integrity. </b> —The question of the integrity of the Sermon must be considered quite apart from that of its genuineness. We may be convinced that the three chapters of Mt. contain only true <i> Logia </i> of Jesus, and yet see reason to think that these <i> Logia </i> were not all spoken on one and the same occasion, in fact, that they do not actually constitute a sermon. ( <i> a </i> ) The first difficulty arises from the wealth and multiplicity of the utterances. We have here a concise concentration of many most pregnant sayings of Jesus. It is not to be supposed that a popular audience could take in so much at one hearing. But Jesus was welcomed everywhere by simple peasants and the people generally much more than by trained thinkers and the educated classes. Since ‘the common people heard him gladly,’ His style must have been adjusted to slow-moving minds; but no popular preacher would pack so much into one sermon as we have in Mt.’s three chapters. </p> <p> ( <i> b </i> ) The variety of topics treated in the three chapters is inconsistent with the unity of a single discourse. Thus the encouragements to prayer and the warnings against anxiety are alien to the main topic in which the principles of the new order are contrasted with the old laws and customs. </p> <p> ( <i> c </i> ) A more important consideration arises from a comparison of the portions of these chapters which reappear in Lk. with the circumstances in connexion with which they are there introduced. <i> A priori </i> it is improbable that any Evangelist would break up a discourse of Christ and scatter its sentences among his narratives, fitting them into the incidents gratuitously. But a study of the circumstances under which these sentences are met with in Lk. inclines us to think that they are in their right place. It will be observed that the Gospel’s most full and consecutive rendering of sayings found in St. Matthew 5-7 is in St. Luke 6. Provisionally we may regard this chapter as giving St. Luke’s version of the Sermon on the Mount. Let us turn to those sayings of the Mt. chapters that are in other parts of Lk. First we have &nbsp;Matthew 5:13 reappearing in &nbsp;Luke 14:34-35. This is a warning against degenerating and becoming as salt that has lost its savour. In Mt. it has no evident connexion with the [[Beatitudes]] that it follows; in Lk., however, it occurs in connexion with warnings of the danger of abandoning the following of Christ after having commenced, and serves to clinch those warnings with a final illustration. Moreover, this saying is also in Mk. (&nbsp;Mark 9:50), where it seems to have been introduced by association with another reference to salt in the previous verse. Therefore it would seem to have been a floating <i> logion </i> , which naturally found its way into Mt.’s collection. In Mt. the saying about salt losing its savour is followed by that of the lamp under the bushel—a <i> logion </i> which appears in Mk. (&nbsp;Mark 4:21) and twice in Lk. (&nbsp;Luke 8:16; &nbsp;Luke 11:33). None of these passages evinces much connexion with its context. It is to be observed that the second appearance in Lk. is nearer to Mt. than the first, since it has ‘the bushel’ as the covering article, as also Mk. has, while the first of Lk.’s renderings of it has ‘a vessel.’ Here again it would appear we have another floating <i> logion </i> . The solemn assurance that the Law cannot fail is not more intelligible in Lk. (&nbsp;Luke 16:17-18) than in &nbsp;Matthew 5:18; this, therefore, is rather exceptional.—The next of the Third Evangelist’s departures from the order of the Sermon on the Mount in Mt. is &nbsp;Luke 12:58-59 which corresponds to &nbsp;Matthew 5:25-26. This is the advice to agree quickly with an adversary lest it be too late, and a serious judicial sentence have to be submitted to. In Mt. this follows advice to be reconciled with a brother on grounds of the higher principles of Christ’s teaching, which forbid the quarrelsome temper. In Lk. it follows the warnings of the approach of a day of reckoning. In neither place is it inappropriate. Perhaps it was spoken on two occasions. We must always allow for that possibility.—The next three cases are more convincing. Mt. has the Lord’s [[Prayer]] following warnings against hypocrisy in prayer, which are associated with other cases of hypocrisy (&nbsp;Matthew 6:1-18). The subject of this whole paragraph is unostentatious sincerity, as opposed to pretentious hypocrisy. In Lk. (&nbsp;Luke 11:1-4) the Lord’s Prayer is introduced after Christ’s disciples have asked Him to teach them to pray, as John had taught his disciples to pray. Thus it comes appropriately as a model prayer, while in Mt. no form of prayer is immediately required when the subject is privacy in prayer as against public display. Next, the warning against worldly anxiety (&nbsp;Matthew 6:19-34) has no direct connexion with the rest of the Sermon on the Mount. In &nbsp;Luke 12:22-34 it follows the warning against covetonsness and the parable of the Rich Fool, which were occasioned by one of the multitude appealing to Jesus to decide a question of inheritance between himself and his brother.—Lastly, the saying about the narrow gate (&nbsp;Matthew 7:13-14) appears in Lk. in reply to the question whether they are few that be saved (&nbsp;Luke 13:22-24). </p> <p> For such reasons it is now generally admitted that the three chapters in Mt. contain sayings of Jesus which were not parts of the original Sermon. This fact, however, does not justify the assertion that Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount ‘is a composition rather than an actual address’ (Moffatt, <i> EBi </i> [Note: Bi Encyclopaedia Biblica.], vol. iv. col. 4377). While Bacon rules out the matter which is not in Luke 6, and is scattered over other parts of Lk., he allows that the Sermon, apart from such interpolations of alien sayings of Jesus, is a connected discourse ( <i> The Sermon on the Mount: Its Literary Structure </i> , etc.). Votaw, while admitting some interpolations, vindicates the greater part of Mt.’s rendering of it ( <i> loc. cit </i> . pp. 7–9). The fact that we have a block of <i> Logia </i> here inserted in the narrative of Mt. is no proof that much, if not all of it, may not belong to a single discourse. Moreover, the descriptive introduction (&nbsp;Matthew 4:23 to &nbsp;Matthew 5:1) indicates an important discourse given on a specific occasion. It is the same with the parallel in &nbsp;Luke 6:17-20. Then there is a clearly marked unity in those parts of the Sermon in Mt. that remain after the apparently alien matter has been removed, and this is the case with the whole of Lk.’s shorter version. Nor need we cut down the Sermon to the limits of what is contained in Lk., for there was an evident reason for the Third Evangelist’s omission of the references to the [[Pharisees]] and to [[Jewish]] customs which Mt. has preserved, since the former was writing for [[Gentiles]] who would not be interested in these matters; while, on the other hand, they are evidently integral to the discourse as this is given in Mt., because they help to bring out the ethical principles of the new order that Christ was introducing by contrast with the old order that He was superseding. </p> <p> <b> 3. [[Original]] form. </b> —A comparison of Matthew 5-7 with the parallel passages in Lk. (especially with the discourse in Luke 6) raises the question as to which of these two versions of our Lord’s utterances is the more original. For, while it has been maintained (by Auger, Greswell, Osiander, Patricius, Plumptre, Sadler, etc.) that we have here reports of sermons given on two occasions, this view is not widely accepted by scholars at the present day.*[Note: See Paul Feine, ‘Ueber das gegenseit. Verhältniss d. Texte der Bergpredigt bei Mat. und Luk.’ (Jahrb. f. prot. Theol. ix. 1); also Plummer, ‘St. Luke’ (ICC), pp. 176–179.] It is not to be denied that Jesus may have repeated the same discourse on more than one occasion. But, in the present case, it is to be observed: ( <i> a </i> ) Each Evangelist has only one report, neither betraying any knowledge that the Sermon was preached twice. ( <i> b </i> ) Both Evangelists describe the same circumstances in introducing the Sermon— <i> i.e. </i> the gathering of the multitude, the collecting of disciples, and the connexion of the scene with a mountain (for though in Mt. the Sermon is on the mountain and in Lk. on a level place after Jesus had come down, this is only one of the small discrepancies invariably met with in separate accounts of the same event, and, in fact, it does not involve a direct contradiction even in the details referred to). ( <i> c </i> ) The character of the Sermon and its position in the life and work of Christ give it a unique value as the presentation of fundamental principles for the guidance of Christ’s disciples in their conduct among men. But if we grant that we have here two reports of one and the same discourse, the striking differences between them lead us to ask, In what form was this discourse actually given? In the first place, it cannot be that either of the two Evangelists simply used and altered materials that he had derived from the other, for on wider grounds it seems to be demonstrated that neither drew upon the other in any case; the probability is that while both knew Mk., neither the First nor the Third Evangelist knew the other (see Wernle, <i> Die Synopt. Frage </i> , p. 20). Nor can so violent a dealing with his materials be charged against either Evangelist. For a similar reason, we cannot suppose that they were both dependent on the same version of Matthew’s <i> Logia </i> ; because, if so, one or both of them must have treated its venerated contents—consisting of reports of the sayings of Jesus—in the same unscrupulous way. They must have been working on two different collections of <i> Logia </i> , though perhaps both originally based on Matthew’s [[Hebrew]] collection; and the divergence must have taken place earlier—among irresponsible transcribers—by more gradual stages. But if this be the case, the task of determining between the two reports is exceedingly difficult. Probably neither can be preferred in all respects to the other. In some cases Mt. appears to be the more correct, but in other cases the probability is with Luke. </p> <p> In this connexion the most important question is that of the original form of the Beatitudes, in regard to which the following points claim our attention: (1) In Mt. there are 7 (or perhaps 8) Beatitudes; in Lk. there are 4 Beatitudes, followed by 4 Woes which do not appear in Mt. (2) The Beatitudes in Mt. are (all but the last) in the 3rd person: those in Lk. are in the 2nd person. (3) The Mt. Beatitudes describe character and its corresponding rewards; those in Lk. describe only social conditions and the future reversal of them. Now, in favour of the originality of Mt., it may be urged that the greater spiritual value of its version of the Beatitudes points to their originality, for we cannot believe that it was given to copyists and catechists to greatly enrich their Master’s teachings. On the other hand, the following points should be noted: ( <i> a </i> ) It is not denied that the four Beatitudes not found in Lk. are genuine and characteristic sayings of Jesus. [[Assuredly]] the blessing on the pure in heart, which is among them, fell from His lips. But we may admit the genuineness of the sayings and yet deny them a place in the original Sermon on the Mount; for it has been shown above that Mt.’s three chapters contain insertions of sayings of Jesus spoken on various occasions, ( <i> b </i> ) The First Evangelist—or St. Matthew himself, the author of the <i> Logia </i> —elsewhere makes collections of sevens. Thus he gives 7 clauses in the Lord’s Prayer (&nbsp;Matthew 6:9-13), 7 parables (ch. 13), 7 woes (ch. 23). The genealogy consists of a triad of fourteens (&nbsp;Matthew 1:1-16). [See Hawkins, <i> Hor. Synopt </i> . pp. 133, 134]. We know that Jesus uttered beatitudes on other occasions ( <i> e.g. </i> &nbsp;Matthew 11:6, &nbsp;Matthew 13:16, &nbsp;Matthew 16:17, &nbsp;Matthew 24:46). ( <i> c </i> ) It is difficult to think that if our Lord gave the sayings originally with their ethical and spiritual characterization, this could have dropped out accidentally, or have been deliberately eliminated so as to confine them to social relations. To attribute the alteration to St. Luke’s ‘Ebionism’ is to accuse the Third Evangelist of an offence in flat contradiction to his honest, declared purpose ( '''''Κἀμοὶ Παρηκολουθηκότι Ἄνωθεν Πᾶσιν Ἀκριβῶς''''' , &nbsp;Luke 1:3). ( <i> d </i> ) If, however, Jesus gave the Beatitudes as in Lk., His disciples may have discerned in them a deeper meaning, knowing that He was accustomed to speak in parables; or He Himself may have explained them, for we must remember that in the Gospels we have excerpts from the teachings of Jesus, pregnant sayings, parables, and aphorisms that stuck in the memory, while the fuller exposition which must often have followed is rarely given, perhaps never completely, ( <i> e </i> ) It is more likely that Jesus, when addressing His own disciples, would have used the 2nd person than that a later hand would have turned the 3rd person style of speech into the 2nd. The direct address is the more original in form; it would be natural for catechists to generalize this, rather than the reverse. We cannot say that it was according to St. Luke’s style for the 2nd person to be substituted for the 3rd, for the reverse is the case; almost every other ascription of blessedness in Lk. is in the 3rd person ( <i> i.e. </i> &nbsp;Luke 1:45, &nbsp;Luke 7:23,&nbsp;Luke 10:23, &nbsp;Luke 11:27-28, &nbsp;Luke 12:37-38; &nbsp;Luke 12:43, &nbsp;Luke 14:15, &nbsp;Luke 23:29),* [Note: &nbsp;Luke 14:14 is in the 2nd person; but this takes the form of a promise, not that of benediction; similarly &nbsp;Luke 1:22.] while in Mt. We have benedictions in the 2nd person ( <i> i.e. </i> &nbsp;Matthew 13:16, &nbsp;Matthew 16:17, although &nbsp;Matthew 11:6, &nbsp;Matthew 24:46 are in the 3rd person). Mt. even concludes the Sermon on the Mount Beatitudes with one thrown into the 2nd person style (&nbsp;Matthew 5:11). ( <i> f </i> ) It must be admitted that the Woes upon the rich seem out of place in an address to Christ’s disciples. These, like the Beatitudes in Lk., are in the 2nd person; they must be taken as apostrophizing the absent. Still, it was our Lord’s method on other occasions to speak antithetically ( <i> e.g. </i> &nbsp;Matthew 6:19-20; &nbsp;Matthew 7:13-14; &nbsp;Matthew 7:24-27; &nbsp;Matthew 8:11-12). On the whole, these considerations point to Lk.’s as the original version of the Beatitudes. </p> <p> In the teaching on divorce, Lk.’s absolute statement (&nbsp;Luke 16:18) must be preferred to Mt.’s more qualified form of the saying (&nbsp;Matthew 5:32), containing the clause '''''Παρεκτὸς Λόγου Πορνείας''''' , although that recurs in &nbsp;Matthew 19:9 (so Holtzmann, <i> Hand-Com </i> .; but Swete, <i> St. Mark </i> , accepts the clause as original), because ( <i> a </i> ) it is not found in the more primitive version of the saying in &nbsp;Mark 10:11-12, and ( <i> b </i> ) the softening of an apparently harsh saying by a gloss was in accordance with the tendency of scribes. </p> <p> The case of the Lord’s Prayer is more difficult. We saw above that the way in which it is introduced in Lk. points to the conclusion that the original setting of it was in the incident there recorded rather than in the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus may well have given the Prayer more than once (so [[Bernard]] in Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. iv. p. 43a), but in Lk. it certainly appears as something new for the benefit of the disciples in answer to their request, and this is later than the version in the Sermon. </p> <p> The two versions are as follows: </p> <table> <td> &nbsp;Matthew 6:9-13 Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885. </td> <td> &nbsp;Luke 11:2-4 Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885. </td> <tr> <td> Over Father which art in heaven, </td> <td> Father, </td> </tr> <tr> <td> [[Hallowed]] be thy name. </td> <td> Hallowed be thy name. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> [[Thy]] kingdom come. </td> <td> Thy kingdom come. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Give us this day our daily ( '''''Ἐπιούσιον''''' ) bread. </td> <td> Give us day by day our daily ( '''''Ἰτιούσιον''''' ) bread. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. </td> <td> And forgive us our sins: for we ourselves also forgive every one that is indebted to us. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> And bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. </td> <td> And bring us not into temptation. </td> </tr> </table> <p> Authorized Version of Lk. had all the clauses in Mt., but there is ample justification for the omissions seen in Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885 (see art. Lord’s Prayer, p. 57b). They could easily have come in through assimilation to Mt. The enrichment of the [[Invocation]] would be a natural growth. [[Elsewhere]] Mt. shows a <i> penchant </i> for the use of the word ‘heaven.’ Thus he, and he alone, has the expression ‘the kingdom of heaven,’ elsewhere invariably ‘the kingdom of God.’ In &nbsp;Romans 8:15 we have ‘Abba, Father,’ as the [[Christian]] invocation; cf. &nbsp;Mark 14:36 (see Wellhausen, <i> Einleit. in die drei ersten Evangelien </i> , p. 38). The clause ‘Thy will be done,’ etc. (which is better attested than the other omitted words, since it is in '''''א''''' ), may be regarded as an expansion of the clause which precedes it—‘Thy kingdom come’—founded on words of Jesus spoken on another occasion (&nbsp;Matthew 26:39, &nbsp;Mark 14:36, &nbsp;Luke 22:42). The final clause in Mt. may be taken as the antithesis and completion of the clause ‘and bring us not into temptation.’ These points seem to be in favour of the originality of Lk. Nevertheless, it was the Mt. fuller form of the Prayer that was adopted in the Church, as far as we have evidence, from the earliest time, for this is the form in the <i> [[Didache]] </i> (viii.). Both forms must be traced to a common Greek translation of the Aram, original, since they both contain the rare and difficult word. '''''Ἐπιούσιον''''' Dr. Chase considers that they both exhibit the Prayer as changed for liturgical purposes.*[Note: TS, vol. i. No. 3; this is cited by Dr. Plummer in ICC on ‘St. Luke’.] Dr. Plummer considers that Mt.’s form of the Prayer is the nearer to the original (Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible iii. 141 f.). Thus he points out that the '''''Δὸς Ἡμῖν Σήμερον''''' of &nbsp;Matthew 6:11 is more likely to be genuine than the '''''Δίδου Ἡμῖν Τὸ Καθ''''' ʼ '''''Ἡμέραν''''' of &nbsp;Luke 11:3, because ( <i> a </i> ) '''''Καθ''''' ʼ '''''Ἡμέρν''''' occurs in NT in St. Luke’s writings only (&nbsp;Luke 19:47, &nbsp;Acts 17:11), and ( <i> b </i> ) the present form of the verb ( '''''Δίδου''''' ), which this involves, is an exception to the forms in the other clauses, which have aorists, as Mt. has here ( '''''Δός''''' ). </p> <p> It is not so easy to account for the omission of whole clauses by Lk. Accordingly, Dr. Plummer holds that Christ gave the Prayer originally on two different occasions in two different forms. But it has been pointed out that Lk.’s occasion requires us to view it as the first introduction of the Prayer, and yet this is later than the Sermon on the Mount. Besides, we must compare the briefer form of the Prayer with the briefer form of the Beatitudes. In both cases it is likely that the explanation is the same. [[Either]] Lk. abbreviates in both cases, or Mt. expands in both cases. With the Beatitudes we saw that the latter is the probability. Moreover, viewing Mt. as a whole, we see in it a fulness of expression not found in the other Gospels, due possibly to a catechetical use of the sayings of Christ. Thus we have the sign of Jonah explained in &nbsp;Matthew 12:40 with a reference to the whale, while it is left indefinite in &nbsp;Luke 11:30; in &nbsp;Matthew 16:16 ‘the Son of the living God’ added to St. Peter’s confession in &nbsp;Mark 8:29 ‘Thou art the Christ,’ where &nbsp;Luke 9:20 has ‘the Christ of God’; in &nbsp;Matthew 16:28 ‘the Son of Man coming in his kingdom,’ while &nbsp;Mark 9:1 and &nbsp;Luke 9:27 have only ‘the kingdom of God,’ etc.; at &nbsp;Matthew 26:28 ‘unto remission of sins’ with reference to the blood of the covenant at the Lord’s Supper, a clause not found in &nbsp;Mark 14:24, &nbsp;Luke 22:20, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 11:25. Still Lk. has characteristic additions, such as in the verse, ‘I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners <i> to repentance </i> ’ (&nbsp;Luke 5:32), where the last two words appear to be a didactic gloss, since they are not found in &nbsp;Matthew 9:13, &nbsp;Mark 2:17, and are not required by the context, but are congenial to Lk., the penitents’ Gospel. Lk. has also characteristic alterations; for instance, for ‘good things’ in &nbsp;Matthew 7:11, &nbsp;Luke 11:13 has ‘the [[Holy]] Spirit,’ in accordance with that Gospel’s peculiarly frequent references to the Spirit of God—leaving the probability of originality with Mt. in this case. Therefore we cannot make an invariable rule of giving Lk. the preference. While, however, we cannot be positive in deciding the question, the reasons stated above seem, on the whole, to point to Lk.’s version of the Lord’s Prayer as the more original. While admitting this, we may hold it probable that Mt.’s additional clauses are echoes of teachings of Jesus given on other occasions, or of His own explanations of the Prayer, analogously to the case of Mt.’s Beatitudes compared with Lk.’s. See, further, art. Lord’s Prayer. </p> <p> In other parts of the Sermon on the Mount the question of priority and superiority of authority is of less importance, since the divergences between Mt. and Lk. are less significant (see Wellhausen, <i> Einleitung </i> , pp. 67–73). </p> <p> <b> 4. Scene and circumstances. </b> —A Latin tradition, that cannot be traced back earlier than the 13th cent. and is not found in the Eastern Church, gives <i> Karn Hattin </i> , a two-peaked hill a little south west of the plain of Gennesaret, as the locality of the delivery of the Sermon. All that can be said in its favour is that this mountain would be a very suitable spot; but there is no means of confirming so late a tradition. There is a discrepancy between Mt. and Lk., the one stating that Jesus gave the Sermon when He was on the mountain, the other that it was on a level place after He had come down from the mountain. It has been suggested by the harmonists that the level place might be somewhere among the hollows and shoulders of the mountain, so that, while Jesus had to descend to it, it was still in some degree on the mountain. But while this may be allowed as a possibility, the discrepancy is only one of many that are scattered over the Gospels, most of which may be regarded as too trivial to affect the question of historicity. </p> <p> The circumstances under which the Sermon on the Mount was delivered justify the exceptional importance that has always been attached to it. It was given early in our Lord’s ministry, though not at the commencement. It belongs to the first year, before the disfavour of the authorities had arisen, or at all events before it had become serious; but it is sufficiently late for the popularity of the new Teacher to have reached a climax. The primitive stage of the [[Galilaean]] mission consisted of a round of preaching in the synagogues; the second stage, still in the first year, is characterized more by open-air preaching, necessitated by the vast growth of the crowds who pressed to hear the popular Teacher, and by their insistence on hearing Him in season and out of season without waiting for the set times of the synagogue services. Internally the teaching of Jesus has undergone development. At the primitive stage it followed closely the lines laid down by John the Baptist, and could be summarized under the formula, ‘Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand,’ that is to say, it was an announcement of the coming Kingdom. But at the more advanced stages, to which the great Sermon belongs, Jesus had passed on from ‘preaching’ ( '''''Κήρυγμα''''' ) to teaching ( '''''Διδασκαλία''''' ), and was now expounding the nature of the Kingdom, its character, principles, processes. The Sermon on the Mount comes into this category. It is teaching, rather than preaching. Further, as a consequence, it was originally designed for disciples, for those who seriously desired to learn. This is made evident by the introductions of both Evangelists. In Mt. we read, ‘And seeing the <i> multitudes </i> ( '''''Τοὺς Ὄχλους''''' ), he went up into the mountain; and when he had sat down, his <i> disciples </i> ( '''''Οἱ Μαθηταὶ Αὐτοῦ''''' ) came unto him: and he opened his mouth, and taught them ( '''''Αὐτούς''''' ),’ <i> i.e. </i> the disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 5:1-2). Here the distinction between the crowd and the learners is very marked. It was to avoid the crowd that Jesus retreated to the mountain—a common habit, referred to on several occasions. Then the eager inquirers followed; and finding Him there, led Him to speak to them, or, as seems more likely, they came at His own invitation. The situation is not so clear in Lk., where the coming of the crowd to Christ follows His visit to the mountain, which He had ascended for prayer (&nbsp;Luke 6:12), and where He had chosen the Twelve [[Apostles]] (&nbsp;Luke 6:13); and whence He had come down with them, after which He ‘stood on a level place’ (&nbsp;Luke 6:17). Still Lk. preserves the distinction between the disciples and the crowd by saying, ‘And a great multitude of his <i> disciples </i> , and a great number of the <i> people </i> from all Judaea,’ etc. (&nbsp;Luke 6:17). Having described the cures, which in Mt. preceded the ascent of the mountain, he says, ‘And he lifted up his eyes on his <i> disciples </i> , and said,’ etc.—here commencing his version of the great Sermon. Thus in Lk. this is delivered to the first of the two groups, the disciples in distinction from the crowd, as in Mt. Moreover, the use of the 2nd person in the Lukan version of the Beatitudes evidently indicates disciples—a fact which the apostrophe of the absent rich does not nullify; because in each case a specific class, not the mixed multitude, is contemplated. As we proceed with the Sermon, this fact repeatedly emerges. It is only to His own disciples that Jesus could say, ‘Ye are the salt of the earth’ … ‘Ye are the light of the world’ (&nbsp;Matthew 5:13-14). It is no objection that towards the end of the discourse Jesus says, ‘Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven,’ etc. (&nbsp;Matthew 7:21), and concludes with the parable of the Two Foundations, because these warnings might well be needed by many disciples. There was a traitor even among the Twelve. We are not to conclude, however, that these disciples consisted only of the Apostles. St. Luke had expressly said that ‘there was a great multitude of his <i> disciples </i> ’ (&nbsp;Luke 6:17) present on this occasion. </p> <p> In Lk. (&nbsp;Luke 6:13) the Sermon follows the choosing and appointment of the Apostles; and this fact has led some to regard it as ‘the charge to the Twelve.’ But in Mt. there is no description of the choice of the Apostles, and they are not especially associated with the Sermon. In both Gospels the introduction of the Sermon introduces a much larger audience. All the genuine ‘hearers of the word,’ all who expressly sought out Jesus and set themselves to learn of Him, are included in the comprehensive group of ‘disciples.’ Still the audience was virtually confined to this group. The Sermon was for disciples, not for the world at large. It may be pointed out, on the other hand, that while the introduction to the Sermon in both Gospels has this indication, the comments which follow it in each case seem to point to the general public. Thus in &nbsp;Matthew 7:28 it is said, ‘And it came to pass, when Jesus ended these words, the <i> multitudes </i> were astonished at his teaching,’ etc., and in &nbsp;Luke 7:1 ‘After he had ended all his sayings in the ears of the <i> people </i> .’ The language, however, is indefinite in both cases and perhaps not specially considered, for no emphasis is here laid on the nature of the hearers, as was the case in the introductory descriptions. </p> <p> <b> 5. Purpose and character. </b> —The purpose of the Sermon on the Mount can be understood only when account is taken of the audience to which it was addressed. Since this audience consisted of disciples and not the public, we must read the discourse as an ethical directory for Christians. Therefore the question as to whether its precepts can be embodied in the laws of the State is irrelevant. A group of Galilaean peasants in a province of the Roman [[Empire]] had nothing whatever to do with the business of legislation; and even in contemplation of the future spread of [[Christianity]] it could not have been the intention of Christ that principles which He desired to see working outward from the heart should be imposed upon a community by force with the external authority of the magistrate. But while it is a mistake to regard the Sermon on the Mount as a model for civil and criminal law, on the other hand it would be an error to abandon its ideal in favour of a lower code of ethics even in the police courts. The disciple of Christ will always desire to see His will carried out; but this does not mean that he is at liberty to force his Master’s precepts on a society that is reluctant to obey them because it has not submitted to the authority from which they emanated. If we can look forward to a condition in which the State is effectually Christianized, then we shall have a society in which the magistrate is not needed; that is to say, the removal of the conditions which now prevent the Sermon on the Mount being applied in the police court will abolish the police court itself as an anachronism. Therefore we must view the Sermon on the Mount as primarily aiming at the direction of the conduct of [[Christians]] in their personal behaviour as individuals and members of a brotherhood. It has relations to the outside world in so far as Christian men and women have such relations. For instance, commands about love to enemies and kindness to persecutors are especially concerned with the conduct of Christians towards people who are not of their own fellowship. Still, it is the conduct of Christians only that is considered. These considerations should safeguard the interpreter against two other misapprehensions: (1) It is an error to regard the Sermon on the Mount as the sum and substance of Christianity, and to condemn later developments as not of the essence of Christianity (Hatch, Harnack). We have no evidence that Jesus Christ intended to put His whole message into this one discourse. He is here discussing the ethics of the [[Kingdom]] of heaven. Elsewhere He treats of other features of the Kingdom. (2) Since this discourse lays down principles of conduct for discipleship, the discipleship must have been previously established in other ways ( <i> e.g. </i> denying self, taking up the cross, following Christ, turning and becoming as little children, etc., as elsewhere indicated by Jesus Christ). </p> <p> In the main, the Sermon on the Mount indicates the character of life and conduct that Jesus Christ commends to His disciples as the rule of life. Commencing with the Beatitudes, He points out the way to true happiness. This is more apparent in Mt. than in Lk.; but if the Beatitudes in the former Gospel may be taken as at least a true exposition of the deeper meaning of the simpler felicitations in the latter Gospel, it is safe to say that Jesus here teaches that blessedness is associated with character. The conduct commended throughout the Sermon is set forth by Christ as a fulfilment of the Law and the [[Prophets]] (&nbsp;Matthew 5:17). It completes what was imperfect in the earlier religion by realizing its essential principles and developing them to perfection. The consequence is that external precepts of the more primitive condition are abrogated—not universally, but wherever they conflict with a later ethical development. This applies to the [[Sacred]] [[Torah]] as well as to traditions of the scribes, as in the examples of hatred, divorce, swearing, and revenge, formerly permitted under certain conditions, though regulated and restrained by the Law, but now absolutely forbidden by Christ. In the next place, conduct condoned or even honoured hitherto is condemned as unworthy of the higher standard set up by Christ. In particular, ostentation in almsgiving, in public praying, and in fasting is reprobated, and the habit of judging others is reproved. The Sermon closes with warnings against being deceived by false prophets, and insists forcibly that mere discipleship in hearing the teaching is vain; the end of all is energetic conduct in obedience to this instruction. The principal interpolations consist of (1) two passages encouraging prayer (&nbsp;Matthew 6:9-15; &nbsp;Matthew 7:7-11), and (2) one long passage discouraging worldly anxiety (&nbsp;Matthew 6:19-34). They rest their exhortations equally on the Fatherly goodness of God. They are among the choicest and most beautiful of our Lord’s teachings, plainly vindicating their right to places in the <i> Logia </i> by their character as of the inner essence of His message, even if their inconsistency with the How of the argument in the Sermon, supported by the fact that they are placed in other parts of His narrative by Lk., leads us to regard them as out of place when inserted in this particular discourse. </p> <p> See also such articles as [[Authority]] of Christ, Law, Teaching of Christ, etc. etc. </p> <p> Literature.—This is given exhaustively at the end of Votaw’s art. ‘Sermon on the Mount’ in the Ext. Vol. of Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible. The following selection may be found useful: Tholuck, <i> Bergrede [[Christi]] </i> [English translation from 4th ed., Edin. 1860]; Achelis, <i> Die Bergpredigt </i> , 1875; B. W. Bacon, <i> Sermon on the Mount </i> , 1902; J. B. Bousset, <i> Le Sermon sur la Montague </i> , 1900; C. Gore, <i> The Sermon on the Mount </i> , 1896; W. B. Carpenter, <i> The Great Charter of Christ </i> , 1895; J. Oswald Dykes, <i> The Manifesto of the King </i> , 1881; the Comm. of B. Weiss, H. Holtzmann, Morison, Bruce, Plummer, etc. </p> <p> W. F. Adeney. </p>
        
== Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology <ref name="term_18224" /> ==
<p> Of the five discourses of Jesus in Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount (chaps. 5-7) is the first, the longest, and the most prominent. Following Matthew's introduction to the person of Jesus (1:1-4:25), the sermon comprises the first words of Jesus to confront the reader and because of the arrangement of the canon, it holds the place of honor in the New Testament. Since the postapostolic age it has attracted more attention than any other section of the Bible and was considered the quintessential expression of Jesus' teachings. The study of its interpretations is the history of the development of theology. Luke's parallel, the Sermon on the Plain (6:17-49), with its 33 verses compared to Matthew's 107 or 109, does not match its detail, organization, complexity of interpretation, and unequivocal demands. Luke locates many parallels to Matthew's Sermon in other episodes of Jesus' life and not his Sermon on the Plain. Where Matthew's Sermon has the Lord's Prayer as part of a general instruction given by Jesus to the disciples (6:9), Luke has the disciples asking Jesus to follow the example of John the [[Baptist]] who taught his disciples to pray (11:1). Mark has no similar discourse and his parallels are few (4:21,24-25; 9:43-48; 11:25). </p> <p> <i> Matthew and His Sermon on the Mount </i> . Matthew's Sermon on the Mount must be interpreted within the totality of his Gospel and not as an isolated discourse. His penchant for order is evident in the division of the genealogy into three parts each with fourteen persons (1:2-17), the five discourses, and the division of the Gospel into two parts (4:17; 16:21); this indicates that he is arranging and editing preexisting material spoken by Jesus on more than one occasion, a suggestion put forth by Calvin and supported recently by Joachim Jeremias. Such divisions concluding with repetitions (e.g., "when Jesus had finished [7:28; 11:1]), aided the reader's memory. Matthew is more the editor of sayings collected in the Sermon on the Mount than he is their author. </p> <p> The dating of the Gospel affects the sermon's interpretation and its place of origin. A date after 70 a.d. means that the evangelist was not an eyewitness but dependent on oral tradition. Indications within the sermon challenge this. Laying gifts before the altar (5:23-24) and swearing by [[Jerusalem]] (5:35) reflect a time when Christians were still involved in Jewish cultic life (cf. &nbsp;Acts 3:1 ). Recent attempts to place the composition of the Sermon on the Mount after 85 to correspond with the [[Council]] of [[Jamnia]] are unconvincing, as the temple's destruction made its rituals inoperative. Disparaging remarks about Gentiles praying empty phrases (6:7) would hardly fit a situation where they had become the majority (cf. &nbsp;Acts 15:1-29 ). The world reflected in the Sermon on the Mount was that of Jerusalem in the first half of the first century. Matthew's retention of such severely cruel commands as plucking out one's eye and cutting off one's hand (5:28-29) can only be adequately explained if they originated with Jesus. Such common oriental paradoxical exaggeration, rarely taken literally even by absolutist interpretations, requiring total commitment to the kingdom might escape or offend converts from a non-Jewish background. It is more likely that Luke passed over these sayings than that a later writer like Matthew added them. The sermon most likely was transmitted first orally, as were rabbinic teachings, with repetition devices to aid memory. This oral transmission developed into a fixed body of tradition that Matthew, apart from what he knew directly and remembered, also had at his disposal. References in the list of the apostles to Matthew as a tax collector (10:3), missing in the synoptic parallels (&nbsp;Mark 3:18; &nbsp;Luke 6:15 ), suggest that the author had heard Jesus. As Jesus with his "but I tell you" (5:22,28, 32,34, 39,44) puts himself in the place of God and makes his words the standard for the judgment (7:24-27), it is possible these sayings were gathered into written collections before being placed into Matthew's Gospel. [[Behind]] Matthew's Sermon on the Mount is probably one delivered near Capernaum. References to the temple could reflect discourses given in [[Judea]] (5:24; 6:35). </p> <p> <i> The Place of the Sermon within Matthew's Gospel </i> . Matthew's fivefold division for the sayings of Jesus suggests that the Sermon on the Mount should be interpreted within the totality of the Gospel. All five discourses are directed to the disciples and end with Matthew's characteristic "and when Jesus had finished" (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1), with the last bringing them together with "all these things" (26:1). These further are assumed into 28:20 with Jesus' command to his disciples to teach the Gentiles everything he commanded. Items raised in the sermon appear elsewhere, specifically in Matthew's four other discourses: the apostles and their authority (chap. 10); the kingdom explained in parables (chap. 13); humility as a mark of the community (18:1-19:1); and the end-times (chaps. 24-25). </p> <p> The Beatitudes with their initiatory "blessed" (5:3-11) prepare for this title given first to the apostles as those who have heard and understood the parables (13:16) and then to Peter who confesses Jesus as Christ (16:17). The sermon's parable of the two houses (7:24-27), a brief apocalypse in its own right, sets the literary tone for the second discourse with its parables (chap. 13), the last of which deals also with the judgment (13:47-50) and anticipates "the little apocalypse" (25:31-46). With the words of Jesus as the basis for the final judgment, the Sermon on the Mount looks ahead to the Gospel's conclusion, which obligates the disciples to teach its words (28:20). The transfiguration with God's command to listen to Jesus (17:5) makes his words superior to those of Moses and [[Elijah]] and thus in him the law and the prophets reach their conclusion (5:28). [[Disciples]] who are only partially named at the sermon's beginning (4:18,20; 5:1) are all named in 10:2-4 and appear at the end of the Gospel as the guardians of Jesus' words. [[Persecution]] promised in 5:11-12 is spelled out in 10:17-18 and is actualized in Jesus' own suffering (chaps. 26-27). The demand for unalloyed faith (6:25-33, esp. v. 30) is explicated in the discourse on the humility and faith of children (18:1-5). The necessity of forgiveness (18:15-35) is presupposed in loving the enemy (5:38-48). The sermon is a self-contained unit introducing the remainder of Matthew where its themes are further developed. </p> <p> <i> The Sermon's Speaker, Order, and [[Message]] </i> . The sermon introduces Jesus sitting on the mountain (5:1-2), reminding the reader of Moses' giving of the law at Sinai. Jesus opens up his mouth (5:2), assuming the law and prophets into his words and mission (5:17). </p> <p> The Beatitudes, as the sermon's first words, come not with threats, but describe the new community in christological terms to identify believers with Jesus (5:3-11). They are God's law fulfilled in Jesus and applied to Christians. The community in Christ described in the Beatitudes is a continuation of [[Israel]] in which the prophetic word is not annulled but fulfilled and remains in force in him and not as separate legislation (5:17-20). Jesus' coming transformed the Old Testament. Each beatitude describes the new community in Jesus from a different perspective: the poor in spirit, the merciful, the peacemakers, those persecuted for his sake and those persecuted because of righteousness. The Beatitudes anticipate specific behavioral standards for the community (5:21-46). [[Reconciliation]] with the estranged brother is required (5:21-26); adultery even of the heart brings condemnation (5:27-30); divorce carries severe consequences (5:31-32); oaths about future undertakings are disallowed (5:33-37); retaliation for alleged wrongs is renounced (5:38-42); and love is extended to one's enemies (5:43-48). Directives for the worshiping community are set down (6:1-18): giving to the needy is to be done in secret (6:1-4); rubrics on prayer include reciting the Lord's Prayer and avoiding long repetitions (6:5-15); and fasting remains part of Christian piety, but must be unannounced (6:16-18). Then follow general directives (6:19-7:12): treasures are to be laid up in heaven (6:19-21); the eye as the body's organ of light must remain uncontaminated (6:22-23); anxiety, the enemy of faith, must be avoided (6:25-34); condemnation of the brother is forbidden (7:1-5); faith believes God answers prayers (7:7-11); and the "Golden Rule" requires the same behavior one desires from others (7:12). The sermon closes with warnings. Those not following the "way, " set forth in the sermon, are destined for damnation (7:13-14). False teachers will deceive believers (7:15-20). The parable of the houses describes the final judgment (7:24-27). At the end of the sermon the superior authority of Jesus is recognized by the crowds (7:28-8:1), and later confirmed by the resurrection (28:18). Although the sermon has the form of directives, its central message is that the community of Jesus is reconciled with those within and without. Thus, like God, it renounces retribution (5:43-48). </p> <p> <i> The Sermon's [[Audience]] </i> . The Sermon on the Mount is best understood as instruction (didache [7:28; 28:20]) for believers. Matthew's discourses are intended for the community of baptized believers and individuals as members of this community. Even when the believer prays alone (6:6), he does so as a member of the community in saying " <i> Our </i> Father" (6:9). Reconciliation is important for the sake of the community. The Sermon on the Mount defines the church and then describes how it appears in Christ. </p> <p> Matthew's Sermon on the Mount continues to inform and shape the church's life. It joins believers with Christ and gives unity to his teachings. Its Beatitudes (5:3-11), Lord's Prayer (6:9-13), and [[Golden]] Rule (7:12), along with other sections belong to common Christian piety. [[Differing]] interpretations have not robbed the Sermon on the Mount of its continued influence. </p> <p> David P. Scaer </p> <p> <i> See also </i> Beatitudes; [[Ethics]]; [[Golden Rule]]; [[Jesus Christ]] </p> <p> <i> Bibliography </i> . W. D. Davies, <i> The Setting on the Sermon on the Mount </i> ; W. D. Davies and D. C. Allison, Jr., <i> A Critical and Exegetical [[Commentary]] on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew </i> ; idem, <i> SJT </i> 44: 283-309; H. McArthur, <i> [[Understanding]] the Sermon on the Mount </i> ; R. A. Guelich, <i> Sermon on the Mount </i> ; J. Jeremias, <i> The Sermon on the Mount </i> ; W. S. Kissenger, <i> The Sermon on the Mount: A History of [[Interpretation]] and Bibliography </i> ; I. A. Massey, <i> [[Interpreting]] the Sermon on the Mount in the Light of the Jewish Tradition as Evidenced in the Palestinian [[Targums]] of the [[Pentateuch]] </i> . </p>
        
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_43713" /> ==
&nbsp;Matthew 5-7&nbsp;Matthew 5:20 <p> Approaches to Interpretation Before looking at the contentsof the sermon itself, it is helpful to briefly consider the ways in which the Sermon on the Mount has been interpreted. The Sermon on the Mount confronts the reader with uncompromising demands and a lofty ethic. Many throughout the history of the church have sensed a great gap between Jesus' expectations of His disciples and their abilities to live up to those expectations. Indeed, it shocks many to read that Jesus expects us to be perfect as God is perfect (&nbsp;Matthew 5:48 ). The goal of many interpretations is to alleviate the tension between Jesus' expectations and our abilities. </p> <p> Some hold that the sermon should be interpreted literally. This is, by and large, the best approach (with some exceptions). Of course, a literal approach to the sermon emphasizes the gap between Jesus' expectations and our abilities more than any other approach. </p> <p> One obvious question that arises for those holding to a literal interpretation is: What do you do about a passage like &nbsp;Matthew 5:29-30 which talks about plucking out the eye and cutting off the hand that is offensive? Some in the history of the church have interpreted this literally. Was Jesus teaching us that we should mutilate ourselves in this fashion? That hardly seems likely. Other figurative or poetic elements as well do not lend themselves to a literal interpretation (for example &nbsp; Matthew 5:13-16; &nbsp;Matthew 6:20; &nbsp;Matthew 7:6 ,Matthew 7:6,&nbsp;7:13-27 ). What about &nbsp;Matthew 5:48 ? Did Jesus literally mean that His disciples must be perfect as God is perfect? </p> <p> The approach that attempts to interpret the entire sermon literally, then, is insufficient by itself. This conclusion raises two other questions. First, if a strictly literal interpretation is insufficient, what other methods are acceptable? Second, which passages should be interpreted literally and which should not? Attention will be focused here on the answers given to the first question. </p> <p> Some interpreters of the Sermon on the Mount have emphasized the poetic and metaphoric nature of Jesus' language (for example, calling His disciples salt and light, &nbsp;Matthew 5:13-16 ) and His use of hyperbole or consciously exaggerated speech designed to make His point vivid and memorable (for example, plucking out the eye and cutting off the hand that offends, &nbsp;Matthew 5:29-30 ). These interpreters claim that Jesus never meant His sermon to be taken literally. Jesus, according to these interpreters, was stating general principles and using exaggerated illustrations to drive home His point. </p> <p> Bible interpreters have also used a variety of other approaches. Some interpreters of the sermon attempt to temper Jesus' strict ethical demands by quoting other verses from other parts of [[Scripture]] that seem to them to be more capable of human fulfillment. During the Roman [[Catholic]] church's history in the Middle Ages, only those living within the monastery were held responsible for keeping the ethics of the sermon; everyone else was bound only to keep the Ten Commandments. Martin Luther proposed the doctrine of the two kingdoms: Christians in their private lives were bound to keep the ethical standards of the sermon, but in their public and professional lives were bound only to keep the standards of the Ten Commandments. C. I. Scofield held that the ethics of the sermon were fully valid only for the new dispensation after the return of Christ. </p> <p> Some interpreters feel it is impossible for us to fulfill the standards of the Sermon on the Mount (especially &nbsp;Matthew 5:48 ). For them, the sermon shows how short of perfection we really are and shows us our need of repentance. In a similar manner, some interpreters believe Jesus fulfilled the demands of the sermon for humanity since humanity was incapable of living up to standards of the sermon. </p> <p> There may be some truth in all these approaches to the Sermon on the Mount, but it appears that the best approach is to take the sermon at face value (with some obvious exceptions such as &nbsp;Matthew 5:29-30 ) and to do our best to live the life Jesus outlined for us. When we fail while trying our best, we need not despair; God is a God of grace and forgiveness for all who confess and repent of their sins. </p> <p> God's willingness to forgive us removes the fear and anxiety caused by failure. This will in turn give us more confidence and assurance that we can live lives that today are more godly than they were yesterday. </p> <p> We must realize also, however, that we cannot live up to the standards of the sermon (being perfect as God is perfect) by our own powers and abilities. Our lives can conform to the standards of the sermon only if we allow God through the power of the Holy Spirit to work in us. [[Viewed]] in this way, the sermon becomes a picture of what God desires to make of us if we will offer ourselves to Him as living sacrifices (&nbsp;Romans 12:1-2 ). </p> <p> Contents of the Sermon on the Mount The Sermon on the Mount opens with the beatitudes (&nbsp;Matthew 5:3-12 ) and moves on to describe the function of Jesus' disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 5:13-16 ). From there Jesus explained His interpretation of the law (&nbsp;Matthew 5:17-48 ) and certain acts of righteousness (&nbsp;Matthew 6:1-18 ), described the attitudes required of His disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 6:19-7:12 ), and invited the listeners to become and continue as His disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 7:13-27 ). </p> <p> Jesus spoke these words directly to His disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 5:1-2 ) within the hearing of the crowds who were amazed at both Jesus' teaching and the authority with which Jesus taught (&nbsp;Matthew 7:28-29 ). Jesus did not teach by quoting the traditions passed down from generation to generation as other rabbis did. Jesus spoke to His disciples as “the Christ, the Son of the living God” (&nbsp;Matthew 16:16 ). Jesus showed His disciples what it meant to be a light that shines before people. The people “saw” Jesus' good works and gave glory to God (see &nbsp;Matthew 5:16 ). See Beatitudes; Ethics; Jesus, Life and Ministry. </p> <p> Phil Logan </p>
        
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_19043" /> ==
<p> Matthew’s Gospel is built around five main sermons or collections of teachings from Jesus. The first of these, [[Chapters]] 5-7, is known as the Sermon on the Mount, after the place where Jesus was teaching at the time (&nbsp;Matthew 5:1). Although the section is a unified whole, many of the teachings within it occur in different settings in the other Gospels. Very likely, in view of Matthew’s style of presentation, the section contains more than the contents of a single sermon (see [[Matthew, Gospel Of]] ) Jesus gave the teaching primarily to his disciples (&nbsp;Matthew 5:1-2; &nbsp;Matthew 5:13-14), though, as often happened, many others gathered to listen (&nbsp;Matthew 7:28). </p> <p> Ethics of the kingdom of God </p> <p> Jesus’ teaching set out for his followers the quality of life and behaviour that he required of those who entered his kingdom and came under his rule. Life in God’s kingdom is characterized by humility, love, righteousness, mercy, sincerity, and dependence on God. Unlike life in human society in general, it has no place for pride, hatred, cruelty, aggression, hypocrisy and self-sufficiency (&nbsp;Matthew 5:3-10; &nbsp;Matthew 5:48; see [[Kingdom Of God]] ). </p> <p> The Sermon on the Mount is not a new set of rules to replace the law of Moses. It does not lay down a legal code of ethics, but aims to work within people to produce a standard of behaviour that no law-code can produce, no matter how good it might be (&nbsp;Matthew 5:17-18). The righteousness Jesus wants in his followers is more than outward conformity to certain laws (&nbsp;Matthew 5:20). He wants a new attitude within – the principles of the law written on people’s hearts. It is not enough, for instance, just to refrain from murder; people must remove the spirit of hate and revenge from their hearts, for it is that spirit that produces murder (&nbsp;Matthew 5:21-22; cf. &nbsp;Romans 8:4; &nbsp;Hebrews 8:10). </p> <p> '''Teaching with authority''' </p> <p> In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus did not oppose or contradict the law of Moses. Rather he opposed the traditional interpretations and false applications taught by the Jewish teachers of the law (the scribes, or rabbis). Their concern for outward correctness failed to deal with inward attitudes (&nbsp;Matthew 5:27-30). </p> <p> Instead of being forgiving, the scribes used the law as an excuse for personal revenge. They took civil laws relating to penalties for crimes and applied them to personal relationships (&nbsp;Matthew 5:38-42). They so twisted the meaning of the law that they could claim the law’s authority for actions that were clearly contrary to the law (&nbsp;Matthew 5:31-37). They even gave their own sayings equal authority with the law (&nbsp;Matthew 5:43-47). </p> <p> Jesus was opposed to this legalistic spirit. He was also opposed to the pride it produced through its concern for outward show (&nbsp;Matthew 6:1-6; &nbsp;Matthew 6:16-18). He wanted to change people in their hearts. He taught his disciples how to pray (&nbsp;Matthew 6:7-15; &nbsp;Matthew 7:7-12), how to have new attitudes of trust in God for all life’s material needs (&nbsp;Matthew 6:19-34), how to examine their attitudes (&nbsp;Matthew 7:1-5) and how to be wise in deciding what is wholesome and what is not (&nbsp;Matthew 7:6; &nbsp;Matthew 7:15-23). Jesus’ teaching, being from God, had an authority that was lacking in the traditional teaching of the scribes (&nbsp;Matthew 7:28-29). But if people are to benefit from it, they must not only understand it but also act upon it (&nbsp;Matthew 7:24-27). </p>
        
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_33571" /> ==
&nbsp;Luke 6:12&nbsp;Mark 3:14,15&nbsp;Luke 6:17&nbsp;Matthew 57-7&nbsp;Luke 6:20-49
        
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_60086" /> ==
<p> the common name of a discourse delivered by Jesus to his disciples and a multitude on a mountain near Capernaum, A.D. 27, perhaps in May, early in the second year of his public ministry. It is a complete system of the moral law, in the spiritual form which it assumes under the Christian dispensation, and has deservedly been made the subject of much study and learned exposition (Matthew 5, 6, 7; &nbsp;Luke 6:20 sq. Comp. &nbsp;Mark 9:47 sq.; &nbsp;Matthew 18:8-9). The best complete exposition is certainly that of Tholuck, ''Bergpredig.'' (4th ed. 1856). An earlier edition has been translated into English (1843, 2 vols.). See also Valenti, ''Commentar Ib. D. Bergpred.'' (Basel, 1849); Mackintyre, ''Expos. Of The Sermon On The Mount'' (Lond. 1854); Pitman, ''Comment. On The Sermon On The Mount'' (ibid. 1852); Todd, id. (ibid. 1856); Trench, Expos. of the Sermon on the Mount (ibid. 1851); and the literature cited by Volbeding, Index Programmatum, p. 32; and Hase, Leben Jesu, p. 121. (See [[Jesus]]). </p>
        
==References ==
<references>

<ref name="term_57411"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref>
         
<ref name="term_18224"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/baker-s-evangelical-dictionary-of-biblical-theology/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology]</ref>
         
<ref name="term_43713"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>
         
<ref name="term_19043"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/bridgeway-bible-dictionary/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Bridgeway Bible Dictionary]</ref>
         
<ref name="term_33571"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
         
<ref name="term_60086"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/sermon+on+the+mount Sermon On The Mount from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
        
</references>