Difference between revisions of "Rephaim"

<p> <strong> REPHAIM </strong> . A name given in several Biblical passages to some pre-Israelitish people. In &nbsp; [[Genesis]] 14:5 they are said to have dwelt in Ashteroth-karnaim. &nbsp; Genesis 15:20 classes them with [[Hittites]] and [[Perizzites]] (similarly &nbsp; Joshua 17:15 ). &nbsp; Deuteronomy 2:11; &nbsp; Deuteronomy 2:20 calls certain peoples ‘Rephaim’ whom the [[Moabites]] and [[Ammonites]] called respectively ‘ <strong> [[Emim]] </strong> ’ and ‘ <strong> Zamzummin </strong> .’ &nbsp; Deuteronomy 3:11 says that Og, king of Bashan, alone remained of the [[Rephaim]] (so also &nbsp; Joshua 12:4; &nbsp; Joshua 13:12 ), while &nbsp; Deuteronomy 3:13 says that [[Argob]] was a land of Rephaim. A valley near [[Jerusalem]] was also called the ‘ <strong> [[Vale]] of Rephaim </strong> ’ (see &nbsp; 2 Samuel 5:18; &nbsp; 2 Samuel 5:22; 2Sa 23:13 , &nbsp; 1 Chronicles 11:15; &nbsp; 1 Chronicles 14:9 , &nbsp; Isaiah 17:5 ). Because &nbsp; Deuteronomy 2:11 counts them with the <strong> [[Anakim]] </strong> , who were giants, and &nbsp; 2 Samuel 21:18-22 says that the sons of a certain <strong> [[Rapha]] </strong> (see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ) were giants, it has been supposed by some that <em> Rephaim </em> means ‘giants,’ and was given to a race as their name by their neighbours because of their stature. Cf. art. Giant. </p> <p> The word <em> răph </em> <em> â’îm </em> in [[Hebrew]] means also ‘shades’ or disembodied spirits. At least it is used to describe the dead, as in &nbsp; Psalms 88:10 . Schwally is probably right, therefore ( <em> Leben nach dem Tode </em> , 64 ff. and <em> ZATW </em> <em> [Note: ATW Zeitschrift far die Alttest. Wissenschaft.] </em> , xviii. 127 ff.), in holding that the word means ‘shades,’ and that it was applied by the [[Israelites]] to people who were dead and gone, and of whom they knew little. </p> <p> [[George]] A. Barton. </p>

<p> The Hebrew word is used in two distinct significations. </p> <p> 1. &nbsp;Genesis 14:5; also some in the time of Moses. [[Og]] king of [[Bashan]] was of the Rephaim. In the time of Joshua, some of their descendants dwelt in the land of Canaan, &nbsp;Joshua 12:4 &nbsp; 17:15 , and we hear of them in David's time, in the city of Gath, &nbsp;1 Chronicles 20:4-6 . The giant [[Goliath]] and others were the remains of the Rephaim, or of the kindred family of Anakim. Their magnitude and strength are often spoken of in Scripture. They appear to have excelled in violence and crime, and hence are monuments of divine justice. </p> <p> 2. &nbsp;Job 26:5 ); &nbsp;Psalm 88:10; &nbsp;Proverbs 2:18; &nbsp;21:16 , etc. </p> <p> THE [[Valley Of The Rephaim, Or Giants]] was famous in Joshua's time, &nbsp;Joshua 15:8 &nbsp; 17:15 &nbsp; 18:16 , and in the time of David, who here defeated the Philistines, &nbsp;2 Samuel 5:18,22 &nbsp; 1 Chronicles 11:6 &nbsp; 14:9 . It was a broad and fertile valley, &nbsp;Isaiah 17:5 , beginning near the valley of Hinnom, and extending several miles south-west from Jerusalem, when it contracted to a narrow passage leading off towards the Mediterranean. It was in Judah, but near the border of Benjamin. </p>

<p> [[Rephaim]] ( ''Rĕph'A-Ĭm'' or ''Re-Phâ'Im'' ), Valley of. &nbsp;Joshua 15:8; &nbsp;Joshua 18:16; and translated "the valley of the giants" in the A. V., but vale of "Rephaim" in the R. V. It was one of the landmarks of the land of Judah, named after the Rephaim, or "giants," who at an early period were found on both sides of the Jordan. Comp. &nbsp;Genesis 14:5; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:11-13; &nbsp;Joshua 13:12; &nbsp;Joshua 17:15. David twice defeated the [[Philistines]] in this valley. &nbsp;2 Samuel 5:17-25; &nbsp;2 Samuel 23:13; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 11:15-16; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 14:9-16. The valley was noted for its fertility. &nbsp;Isaiah 17:5. Its position as a boundary of Judah would indicate it to have been south of the valley of Hinnom. </p>

<p> [[Prior]] to Israel’s conquest of Canaan, the Rephaim were scattered over a wide area on both sides of the Jordan. They were one of many groups who were to be destroyed when [[Israel]] took possession of [[Canaan]] (&nbsp;Genesis 14:5; &nbsp;Genesis 15:20; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:9-11; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:19-21). They were of large stature (comparable in size to the Anakim; see [[Anak]] ), and were feared by other peoples of the region (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:10-11; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:20-21; &nbsp;Joshua 12:4). There was a valley west of Jerusalem known as the Valley of Rephaim (&nbsp;Joshua 15:8; &nbsp;2 Samuel 5:18). </p>

&nbsp;Genesis 14:5&nbsp;2 Samuel 21:16,18&nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:13&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:11&nbsp;Genesis 6:4Giants

<p> See [[Giant]] </p>

<p> [many Reph'aim] (Heb. usually with the art. ha-Rephaim', '''''הָרְפָאַים''''' [see below]), a name which frequently occurs, and in some remarkable passages, as that of a race of unusual stature, who originally dwelt in the country east of the Jordan. The earliest mention of them is the record of their defeat by Chedorlsaomer and some allied kings at Ashteroth Karnaim; &nbsp;Genesis 14:5). They are again mentioned (15:20); their dispersion recorded (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:10; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:20), and Og the giant king of Bashan said to be "the only remnant of them" (3:11; &nbsp;Joshua 12:4; &nbsp;Joshua 13:12; &nbsp;Joshua 17:15). Extirpated, however, from the east of Palestine, they long found a home in the West; and in connection with the Philistines, under whose protection the small remnant of them may have lived, they still employed their arms against the Hebrews (&nbsp;2 Samuel 21:18 sq.; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 20:4). In the latter passage there seems, however, to be some confusion between the Rephaim and the sons of a particular giant of Gath, named Rapha. Such a name may have been conjectured as that of a founder of the race, like the names Ion, Dorus, Teut, etc. (Bottcher, ''De Inferis,'' p. 96, note); Rapha occurs also as a proper name (&nbsp;1 Chronicles 7:25; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 8:2; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 8:37). It is probable that they had possessed districts west of the [[Jordan]] in early times, since the "valley of Rephaim" ( '''''Κοιλὰς''''' '''''Τῶν''''' '''''Τιτάνων''''' , &nbsp;2 Samuel 5:18; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 11:15; &nbsp;Isaiah 17:5; '''''Κ''''' . '''''Τῶν''''' '''''Γιγάντων''''' , Joseph. ''Ant.'' 7:4, 1), a rich valley south-west of Jerusalem, derived its name from them. That they were not [[Canaanites]] is clear from there being no allusion to them in &nbsp;Genesis 10:15-19. They were probably one of those aboriginal peoples to whose existence the traditions of many nations testify, and of whose genealogy the Bible gives us no information. The few names recorded have, as Ewald remarks, a Shemitic aspect ( ''Gesch. Des Volkes Isr.'' i, 311); but from the hatred existing between them and both the Canaanites and Hebrews, some suppose them to be Japhethites, "who comprised especially the inhabitants of the coasts and islands" (Kalisch, on Genesis p. 351). (See [[Canaanite]]). </p> <p> '''''רְפָאַים''''' is rendered by the Greek versions very variously (Sept. '''''῾Ραφαείμ''''' , '''''Γίγαντες''''' , '''''Γηγενεῖς''''' , '''''Θεόμαχοι''''' , '''''Τιτᾶνες''''' , and '''''Ἰατροί''''' [Psalm 87:10; &nbsp;Isaiah 26:14, where it is confused with '''''רֹפְאַים''''' ; comp. Genesis 1, 2], and sometimes '''''Νεκροί''''' , '''''Τεθνηκότες''''' ''',''' especially in the ''Later'' versions). In the A.V. the words used for it are "Rephaim," "giants," and "the dead." That it has the latter meaning in many passages.is certain (&nbsp;Psalms 88:10; &nbsp;Proverbs 2:18; &nbsp;Proverbs 9:18; &nbsp;Proverbs 21:16; &nbsp;Isaiah 26:14; &nbsp;Isaiah 26:19). The question arises, how are these meanings to be reconciled? [[Gesenius]] gives no derivation for the national name, and derives '''''ר''''' =mortui, from '''''רָפָא''''' , ''Sanavit,'' and the proper name Rapha from an Arabic root signifying "tall," thus seeming to sever [[All]] connection between the meanings of the word, which is surely most unlikely. Masius, Simon, etc., suppose the second meaning to come from the fact that both spectres and giants strike terror (accepting the derivation from '''''רָפָה''''' , ''Remisit,'' "unstrung with fear," R. Bechai, ''On Deuteronomy 2'' ) '';'' Vitringa and Hiller from the notion of [[Length]] involved in stretching out a corpse, or from the fancy that spirits appear in more than human size (Hiller, ''Syntagn. Hermen.'' p. 205; Virg. ''Aen.'' ii ''',''' 772, etc.). J. D. Michaelis ( ''Ad Lowth S. Poes.'' p. 466) endeavored to prove that the Rephaim, etc., were troglodytes, and that hence they came to be identified with the dead. Passing over other conjectures, Bottcher sees in '''''רָפָא''''' and '''''רָפָה''''' a double root, and thinks that the giants were called '''''רְפָאַים''''' ( ''Languefacti'' ) by a euphemism; and that the dead were'so called by a title which will thus exactly parallel the Greek '''''Καμόντες''''' , '''''Κεκμηκότες''''' (comp. Buttmann, ''Lexil.'' ii, 237 sq.). An attentive consideration seems to leave little room for doubt that the dead were called Rephaim (as Gesenius also hints) tfrom some notion of [[Sheol]] being the residence of the fallen spirits or buried giants. The passages which seem most strongly to prove this are &nbsp;Proverbs 21:16 (where obviously something more than mere physical death is meant, since that is the common lot of all), &nbsp;Isaiah 26:14; &nbsp;Isaiah 26:19, which are difficult to explain without some such supposition, &nbsp;Isaiah 14:9, where the word '''''עִתּוּדַים''''' (Sept. '''''Οἱ''''' '''''Ἄρξαντες''''' '''''Τῆς''''' '''''Γῆς''''' ) '','' if taken in its literal meaning of goats, may mean evil spirits represented in that form (comp. &nbsp;Leviticus 17:7), and especially &nbsp;Job 26:5-6. "Behold the gyantes (A.V. "dead things") grown under the waters" (Douay version), where there seems to be clear allusion to some subaqueous prison of rebellious spirits like that in which (according to the Hindui legend) [[Vishnu]] the water-god confines a race of giants (comp. '''''Πυλάρχος''''' , as a title of Neptune, Hesiod, ''Theog.'' 732; Nork, ''Brammin. Und Rabb.'' p. 319 sq.). (See Giant). Branches of this great unknown people were the following </p> <p> '''1.''' EMIM ( '''''אֵימַים''''' ; ''Septt. '''''Ο᾿Μμίν''''' '' , '''''Ι᾿Μμαῖοι''''' ) '','' smitten by Chedorlaomer at [[Shaveh]] [[Kiriathaim]] (&nbsp;Genesis 14:5), and occupying the country afterwards held by the Moabites (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:10), who gave them the name '''''אֵימים''''' , "terrors." The word rendered "tall" may perhaps be merely "haughty" ( '''''Ἰσχύοντες''''' ) ''.'' (See Emim). </p> <p> '''2.''' ANAKIM ( '''''עֲנָקַים''''' ). The imbecile terror of the spies exaggerated their proportions into something superhuman (&nbsp;Numbers 13:28; &nbsp;Numbers 13:33), and their name became proverbial (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:10; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 9:2). (See Anakim). </p> <p> '''3.''' ZUZIM ( '''''זוּזַים''''' ), whose principal town was [[Ham]] (&nbsp;Genesis 14:5), and who lived between the [[Arnon]] and the Jabbok, being a northern tribe of Rephaim. The Ammonites who defeated them called them Zamzunzim, '''''זִמְזֻמַּים''''' (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:20 sq., which is, however, probably an early gloss). '''''—''''' See ''Jour. Sac. Lit.'' Oct. 1851, p. 151 sq.; Jan. 1852, p. 363 sq.; April, 1852, p. 55 sq.; July, 1852, p. 302 sq.; Oct. 1852, p. 87 sq.; Jan. 1853, p. 279 sq. (See [[Zuzim]]). </p>

<p> ''''' ref´ā́ ''''' - ''''' im ''''' , ''''' rḗ ''''' - ''''' fā´im ''''' ( רפאים , <i> ''''' rephā'ı̄m ''''' </i> , from רפא , <i> ''''' rāphā' ''''' </i> , "a terrible one "hence "giant," in &nbsp; 1 Chronicles 20:4 , הרפא ילידי , <i> ''''' yelı̄dhē ''''' </i> <i> ''''' ha ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' rāphā' ''''' </i> , "sons of the giant"; the King James Version, [[Rephaims]] ): A race of aboriginal or early inhabitants East of the Jordan in Ashterothkarnaim (&nbsp;Genesis 14:5 ) and in the valley of Rephaim Southwest of Jerusalem (&nbsp;Joshua 15:8 ). They associated with other giant races, as the Emim and Anakim (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:10 , &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:11 ) and the [[Zamzummim]] (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:20 ). It is probable that they were all of the same stock, being given different names by the different tribes who came in contact with them. The same Hebrew word is rendered "the dead," or "the shades" in various passages (&nbsp;Job 26:5 margin; &nbsp; Psalm 88:10 margin; &nbsp; Proverbs 2:18 margin; &nbsp; Proverbs 9:18 margin; &nbsp; Proverbs 21:16 margin; &nbsp; Isaiah 14:9 margin; &nbsp; Isaiah 26:14 , &nbsp;Isaiah 26:19 margin). In these instances the word is derived from רפה , <i> ''''' rāpheh ''''' </i> , "weak," "powerless," "a shadow" or "shade." </p>