Difference between revisions of "Latin"

<div> '''1: '''''Ῥωμαϊστί''''' ''' (Strong'S #4515 — Adverb — rhomaisti — hro-mah-is-tee' ) </div> <p> an adverb, "in Latin," occurs in &nbsp;John 19:20 , lit., "in Roman." </p> &nbsp;Luke 23:38

<p> ''''' lat´in ''''' : Was the official language of the Roman [[Empire]] as Greek was that of commerce. In [[Palestine]] Aramaic was the vernacular in the rural districts and remoter towns, while in the leading towns both Greek and Aramaic were spoken. These facts furnish the explanation of the use of all three tongues in the inscription on the cross of Christ (&nbsp; Matthew 27:37; &nbsp;Mark 15:26; &nbsp;Luke 23:38; &nbsp;John 19:19 ). Thus the charge was written in the legal language, and was technically regular as well as recognizable by all classes of the people. The term "Latin" occurs in the New Testament only in &nbsp;John 19:20 , Ῥωμαΐστί , <i> ''''' Rhōmaistı̄ ''''' </i> , and in &nbsp;Luke 23:38 , Ῥωμαΐκοῖς ( γράμμασιν ), <i> ''''' Rhōmaikoı̄s ''''' </i> ( <i> ''''' grámmasin ''''' </i> ), according to Codices Sinaiticus, A, D, and N. It is probable that Tertullus made his plea against Paul before [[Felix]] (Acts 24) in Latin, though Greek was allowed in such provincial courts by grace of the judge. It is probable also that Paul knew and spoke Latin; compare W.M. Ramsay, <i> [[Pauline]] and Other Studies </i> , 1906, 65, and A. Souter, "Did Paul [[Speak]] Latin?" <i> The Expositor </i> , April, 1911. The vernacular Latin had its own history and development with great influence on the ecclesiastical terminology of the West. See W. Bury, "The [[Holy]] Latin Tongue," <i> [[Dublin]] Review </i> , April, 1906, and Ronsch, <i> Itala und Vulgata </i> , 1874, 480 f. There is no doubt of the mutual influence of Greek and Latin on each other in the later centuries. See W. Schulze, <i> Graeca Latina </i> , 1891; Viereck, <i> Sermo Graecus </i> , 1888. </p> <p> It is doubtful if the Latin syntax is clearly perceptible in the <i> ''''' koinē ''''' </i> (see [[Language Of The New Testament]] ). </p> <p> Deissmann ( <i> Light from the [[Ancient]] East </i> , 117 f) finds ἐργασίαν δίδωμι , <i> ''''' ergası́an ''''' </i> <i> ''''' dı́domi ''''' </i> ( <i> operam </i> <i> dare </i> ) in an xyrhynchus papyrus letter of the vulgar type from 2nd century Bc (compare &nbsp;Luke 12:58 ). A lead tablet in Amorgus has κρίνω τὸ δίκαιον , <i> ''''' krı́nō ''''' </i> <i> ''''' tó ''''' </i> <i> ''''' dı́kaion ''''' </i> (compare &nbsp;Luke 12:57 ). The papyri (2nd century AD) give συναίρω lo&gon, <i> ''''' sunaı́rō ''''' </i> <i> ''''' lógon ''''' </i> (compare &nbsp;Matthew 18:23 f). Moulton (Expositor, February, 1903, 115) shows that τὸ ικανὸν ποιεῖν , <i> ''''' tó ''''' </i> <i> ''''' hikanón ''''' </i> <i> ''''' poieı́n ''''' </i> ( <i> satisfacere </i> ), is as old as Polybius. Even βούλιον λαμβάνειν , <i> ''''' sumboúilion ''''' </i> <i> ''''' lambánien ''''' </i> ( <i> concilium </i> <i> capere </i> ), may go with the rest like σὺ ὄψη , <i> ''''' sú ''''' </i> <i> ''''' ópsē ''''' </i> (&nbsp;Matthew 27:4 ), for <i> videris </i> (Thayer). Moulton (Prol., 21) and [[Thumb]] ( <i> Griechische Sprache </i> , 121) consider the whole matter of syntactical [[Latinisms]] in the New Testament inconclusive. But see also C. Wessely, "Die lateinischen Elemente in der Gracitat d. agypt. Papyrusurkunden," <i> Wien. Stud </i> ., 24; Laforcade. <i> [[Influence]] du Latin sur le Grec </i> . 83-158. </p> <p> There are Latin words in the New Testament: In particular Latin proper names like Aquila, Cornelius, Claudia, Clemens, Crescens, Crispus, Fortunatus, Julia, Junia, etc., even among the [[Christians]] in the New Testament besides Agrippa, Augustus, Caesar, Claudius, Felix, Festus, Gallio, Julius, etc. </p> <p> Besides we find in the New Testament current Latin commercial, financial, and official terms like ἀσσάριον , <i> ''''' assárion ''''' </i> ( <i> as </i> ), δηνάριον , <i> ''''' dēnárion ''''' </i> ( <i> denarius </i> ), κεντυρίων , <i> ''''' kenturı́ōn ''''' </i> ( <i> centurio </i> ), κῆνσος , <i> ''''' kḗnos ''''' </i> ( <i> census </i> ), κοδράντης , <i> ''''' kodrántēs ''''' </i> ( <i> quadrans </i> ), κολωνία , <i> ''''' kolōnı́a ''''' </i> ( <i> colonia </i> ), κουστωδία , <i> ''''' kōustōdia ''''' </i> ( <i> custodia </i> ), λεγεών , <i> ''''' legeṓn ''''' </i> ( <i> legio </i> ), λίτρα , <i> ''''' léntion ''''' </i> ( <i> linteum </i> ), λιβερτῖνος , <i> ''''' libertı́nos ''''' </i> ( <i> libertinus </i> ), λίτρα , <i> ''''' lı́tra ''''' </i> ( <i> litra </i> ), μάκελλον , <i> ''''' mákellon ''''' </i> ( <i> macellum </i> ), μεμβράνα , <i> ''''' membrána ''''' </i> ( <i> membrana </i> ), ίλιον , <i> ''''' mı́lion ''''' </i> ( <i> mille </i> ), μόδιος , <i> ''''' módios ''''' </i> ( <i> modius </i> ), ξέτης , <i> ''''' xéstēs ''''' </i> ( <i> sextarius </i> ), πραιτώριον , <i> ''''' praitoriṓn ''''' </i> ( <i> praetorium </i> ), σικάριος , <i> ''''' sikários ''''' </i> ( <i> sicarius </i> ), σιμικίθιον , <i> ''''' simikı́nthion ''''' </i> ( <i> semicinctium </i> ), σουδάριον , <i> ''''' soudárion ''''' </i> ( <i> sudarium </i> ), σπεκουλάτωρ , <i> ''''' spekoulátōr ''''' </i> ( <i> speculator </i> ), ταβέρνα , <i> ''''' tabérna ''''' </i> ( <i> taberna </i> ), τίτλος , <i> ''''' tı́tlos ''''' </i> ( <i> titulus </i> ), φελόνης , <i> ''''' phelónēs ''''' </i> ( <i> paenula </i> ), φόρον , <i> ''''' phóron ''''' </i> ( <i> forum </i> ), φραγέλλιο , <i> ''''' phragéllion ''''' </i> ( <i> flagellum </i> ), φραγελλόω , <i> ''''' phragellóō ''''' </i> ( <i> flagello </i> ), χάρτης , <i> ''''' chártēs ''''' </i> ( <i> charta? </i> ), χῶρος , <i> ''''' chṓros ''''' </i> ( <i> chorus </i> ). </p> <p> Then we meet such adjectives as Ἡρωδιανοί , <i> ''''' Hērōdianoı́ ''''' </i> , Φιλιππήσιοι , <i> ''''' Philippḗsioi ''''' </i> , Χριστιανοί , <i> ''''' Christianoı́ ''''' </i> , which are made after the Latin model. Mark's [[Gospel]] shows more of these Latin words outside of proper names (compare &nbsp; Romans 16 ), as is natural if his Gospel were indeed written in Rome. See also Latin Version , The Old . </p> Literature. <p> Besides the literature already mentioned see Schurer, <i> [[Jewish]] People in the Time of Christ </i> , 504 II, volume I, 43 ff; Krauss, <i> Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter im [[Talmud]] </i> (1898,1899); Hoole, <i> Classical [[Element]] in the New Testament </i> (1888); <i> Jannaris, [[Historical]] Greek Grammar </i> (1897); W. Schmid, <i> Atticismus </i> , etc. (1887-97); Kapp, <i> Latinismis merito ac falso susceptis </i> (1726); Georgi, <i> De Latinismis N T </i> (1733); Draeger, <i> Historische Syntax der lat. Sprache </i> (1878-81); Pfister, <i> Vulgarlatein und Vulgargriechisch </i> (Rh. Mus., 1912,195-208). </p>

<p> ( '''''῾Ρωμα''''' '''''Þ''''' '''''Κός''''' '', Boman,'' &nbsp;Luke 23:38; '''''῾Ρωμα''''' '''''Þ''''' '''''Στί''''' , in Roman, &nbsp;John 19:20), the vernacular language of the Romans, although most of them in the time of Christ likewise spoke Greek. See the monographs on the subject cited by Volbeding, Index, page 135. (See Latinisms). </p>