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== | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_50552" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> <strong> [[Dress]] </strong> . The numerous synonyms for ‘dress’ to be found in our EV [Note: English Version.] ‘apparel,’ ‘attire,’ ‘clothes,’ ‘raiment,’ ‘garments,’ etc. fairly reflect a similar wealth of terminology in the original [[Hebrew]] and Greek, more especially the former. As regards the particular articles of dress, the identification of these is in many cases rendered almost impossible for the English reader by the curious lack of consistency in the renderings of the translators, illustrations of which will be met with again and again in this article. For this and other reasons it will be necessary to have recourse to transliteration as the only certain means of distinguishing the various garments to be discussed. </p> <p> <strong> 1. </strong> <em> Materials </em> . [[Scripture]] and anthropology are in agreement as to the great antiquity of the skins of animals, wild and domesticated, as dress material ( [[Genesis]] 3:21 ‘coats of skin’; cf. for later times, Hebrews 11:37 ). The favourite materials in Palestine, however, were <strong> wool </strong> and <strong> flax </strong> ( Proverbs 31:13 ). The finest quality of <strong> linen </strong> was probably an importation from Egypt (see Linen). <strong> Goats’ hair and camels’ hair </strong> supplied the materials for coarser fabrics. The first certain mention of silk is in Revelation 18:12 , for the meaning of the word so rendered in Ezekiel 16:10; Ezekiel 16:13 is doubtful, and the silk of Proverbs 31:22 (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ) is really ‘fine linen’ as in RV [Note: Revised Version.] . </p> <p> <strong> 2. </strong> <em> Under [[Garments]] </em> . ( <em> a </em> ) The oldest and most widely distributed of all the articles of human apparel is the loin-cloth (Heb. <em> ’çzôr </em> ), originally a strip of skin or cloth wrapped round the loins and fastened with a knot. Among the Hebrews in historical times it had been displaced in ordinary life by the shirt or tunic (see below). The loin-cloth or waist-cloth, however, is found in a number of interesting survivals in OT, where it is unfortunately hidden from the English reader by the translation ‘ <strong> girdle </strong> ,’ a term which should be reserved for an entirely different article of dress (see § <strong> 3 </strong> ). The universal sign of mourning, for example, was the ‘girding’ of the waist with an <em> ’çzôr </em> of hair-cloth (EV [Note: English Version.] ‘sackcloth’). [[Certain]] of the prophets, again, as exponents of the simple life, wore the waist-cloth as their only under garment, such as Elijah, who ‘was girt about with a loin-cloth (EV [Note: English Version.] ‘girdle’) of leather’ ( 2 Kings 1:8 ), and John the [[Baptist]] ( Matthew 3:4 , Mark 1:6 ). Isaiah on one occasion wore an <em> ’çzôr </em> of hair-cloth ( Isaiah 20:2 ), and Jeremiah on another occasion one of linen ( Jeremiah 13:1 ff.). </p> <p> The noun and the cognate verb are frequently used in figurative senses, the point of which is lost unless it is remembered that the waist-cloth was always worn next the skin, as <em> e.g. </em> Jeremiah 13:11 , Isaiah 11:5 , the figure in the latter case signifying that righteousness and faithfulness are essential and inseparable elements in the character of the Messianic ‘Shoot.’ </p> <p> ( <em> b </em> ) The <strong> aprons </strong> of Acts 19:12 were the Roman <em> semicinctium </em> , a short waist-cloth worn specially by slaves and workmen (see illust. in Rich, <em> Dict. of Rom. and Gr. Antiq., s.v. </em> ). </p> <p> ( <em> c </em> ) In early times the priests wore a waist-cloth of linen, which bore the special name of the <strong> ephod </strong> ( 1 Samuel 2:18 ), and which the incident recorded in 2 Samuel 6:14 ff. David, as priest, dancing before the ark shows to have been of the nature of a short kilt. By the Priests’ Code, however, the priests were required to wear the under garment described under Breeches. See, further, Hosen. </p> <p> ( <em> d </em> ) In OT, as has been said, the everyday under garment of all classes save for certain individuals or on special occasions is the shirt or <strong> tunic </strong> ( <em> kuttoneth </em> , a term which reappears in Greek as <em> chitôn </em> , and probably in Latin as <em> tunica </em> ). The uniform rendering of EV [Note: English Version.] is coat, only John 19:23 RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘tunic’ A familiar [[Assyrian]] sculpture, representing the siege and capture of [[Lachish]] by Sennacherib, shows the [[Jewish]] captives, male and female alike, dressed in a moderately tight garment fitting close to the neck (cf. Job 30:18 ) and reaching almost to the ankles, which must represent the <em> kuttoneth </em> of the period as worn in towns. That of the peasantry and of most workmen was probably both looser and shorter, resembling in these respects its modern representative, the <em> kamees </em> (Lat. <em> camisia </em> , our ‘chemise’) of the [[Syrian]] fellahin. </p> <p> As regards <strong> sleeves </strong> , which are not expressly mentioned in OT but see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] at Genesis 37:3 (Joseph) and 2 Samuel 13:18 (Tamar) three modes are found. An early [[Egyptian]] representation of a group of Semitic traders ( <em> c </em> <em> [Note: circa, about.] </em> <em> . </em> b.c. 2000) shows a coloured sleeveless tunic, which fastens on the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. The Lachish tunics, above mentioned, have short sleeves reaching half-way to the elbows. This probably represents the prevailing type of tunic among the Hebrews of the earlier period at least, since a third variety, fitted with long and wide sleeves and reaching to the ground, was evidently restricted to the upper and wealthier classes. This is the ‘tunic of ( <em> i.e. </em> reaching to) palms and soles’ worn by [[Joseph]] and the royal princess [[Tamar]] (see above), more familiar as the ‘ <strong> coat of many </strong> (or diverse) <strong> colours </strong> ,’ a rendering which represents a now generally abandoned tradition. In Josephus’ day the long white linen tunic, which was the chief garment of the ordinary priesthood, had sleeves which for practical reasons were tied to the arms (Jos. [Note: Josephus.] <em> Ant </em> . III. vii. 2). By this time, also, it had become usual even among the lower ranks of the people to wear an under tunic or real shirt ( <em> ib. </em> XVII. v. 7; Mishna, <em> passim </em> , where this garment is named <em> châlûk </em> ). In this case the upper tunic, the <em> kuttoneth </em> proper, would be taken off at night ( Song of [[Solomon]] 5:3 ). </p> <p> The ordinary tunic was made in at least three ways. (1) It might consist of two similar pieces of woollen or linen cloth cut from a larger web, which were sewed together along the sides and top. (2) The material for a single tunic might be woven on the loom, and afterwards put together without cutting, in the manner of the Egyptian tunics described and figured in Smith’s <em> Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq </em> . 3 <em> s.v. </em> ‘Tunica’ (ii. 904). (3) As we know from the description of the <em> chitôn </em> worn by our Lord at the time of His [[Passion]] ( John 19:23 ), and from other sources, a third variety was woven ‘without seam’ on a special loom (see [[Spinning]] and Weaving) and required no further adjustment. </p> <p> The garment intended by the ‘coats’ of Daniel 3:21; Daniel 3:27 (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ) is uncertain. Most recent authorities favour mantles (so AVm [Note: Authorized Version margin.]; RV [Note: Revised Version.] has ‘hosen,’ wh. see). For the ‘coat of mail’ see Armour, <strong> 2 </strong> (c). </p> <p> <strong> 3. </strong> <em> The [[Girdle]] </em> . Almost as indispensable as the tunic was the <strong> girdle </strong> , which varied in material and workmanship from a simple rope ( Isaiah 3:24 RV [Note: Revised Version.] ) to the rich and elaborate waist-belt of the priests, and the ‘golden girdles’ of Revelation 1:13; Revelation 15:6 . Usually it consisted of a long strip of cloth, folded several times and wound round the waist above the tunic, with or without the ends hanging down in front. When work or a journey was in contemplation, the girdle was put on, and part of the tunic drawn up till it hung over in folds. Hence this operation of ‘girding the loins’ became a figure for energetic action. The girdle served also as a sword-belt ( 2 Samuel 20:8 ); through it was stuck the writer’s inkhorn ( Ezekiel 9:3; Ezekiel 9:11 ), while its folds served as a purse ( Matthew 10:9 RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ). The special priests’ girdle, termed <em> ’abnçt </em> ( Exodus 28:4 and oft.), was a richly embroidered sash wound several times round the waist, according to Josephus, and tied in front, the ends falling to the ankles. </p> <p> <strong> 4. </strong> <em> Upper Garments </em> . While the <em> kuttoneth </em> or tunic was the garment in which the work of the day was done (see Matthew 24:18 RV [Note: Revised Version.] , Mark 13:16 RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), men and women alike possessed a second garment, which served as a protection against inclement weather by day and as a covering by night ( Exodus 22:26 f.). The two are sharply distinguished in the familiar saying of Jesus: ‘If any man sue thee at the law and take away thy <strong> coat </strong> ( <em> chitôn </em> ), let him have thy <strong> cloke </strong> ( <em> himation </em> ) also’ ( Matthew 5:40 ). </p> <p> ( <em> a </em> ) The commonest name for this upper garment in OT is <em> simlah </em> or <em> salmah </em> . The <em> simlah </em> was almost certainly a large rectangular piece of cloth, in most cases of wool, in more special cases of linen. It was thus the exact counterpart of the <em> himation </em> of the Greeks, which we have seen to be its NT name, and the <em> pallium </em> of the Romans. Like them, it belonged not to the class of <em> endumata </em> or garments ‘put on,’ as the tunic, but to the <em> periblemata </em> or garments ‘wrapped round’ the body. </p> <p> Since this view is at variance with that of acknowledged authorities on the subject (Nowack, Benzinger, Mackie in art. ‘Dress’ in Hastings’ <em> DB </em> <em> [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] </em> i. 625), who identify the <em> simlah </em> with the modern <em> ‘aba </em> , the coarse loose overcoat of the modern Syrian peasantry, the grounds on which it is based may be here briefly set forth. (1) If the parallel passages, Exodus 22:26 f. and Deuteronomy 24:13; Deuteronomy 24:17 on the one hand, and Numbers 15:38 and Deuteronomy 22:12 on the other, are compared in the original, it will be found that three terms are used indiscriminately for the ordinary upper garment of the Hebrews, and, further, that this garment <em> had four corners </em> , to each of which a tassel had to be attached (see more fully Fringes) a detail which suggests a plain four-cornered plaid like the <em> himation </em> , not a made-up garment like the <em> chitôn </em> or the <em> ‘aba </em> . (2) The incident of the sick woman in Matthew 9:20 ff. and parallel passages, who reached forward in the crowd to touch the tassel of Jesus’ <em> himation from behind </em> , shows that the Jewish upper garment was still worn by being wrapped round the body, over the back from left to right, with one corner and its tassel falling over the left shoulder. (3) The shape of the simple oblong <em> tallith </em> or prayer-shawl of the modern Jews, with its four tassels, which is the direct descendant of the <em> simlah </em> and the more recent <em> tallith </em> of the Mishna, is in favour of the former having the shape now advocated. (4) The clear distinction in NT already referred to, between the two principal garments of the Jews, confirms the conclusion that the typical Jewish upper garment closely resembled, if it was not identical with, the garment known as the <em> himation </em> throughout the Greek-speaking world. </p> <p> In our EV [Note: English Version.] the <em> simlah </em> is concealed from the English reader under a variety of renderings. Thus, to give but a few illustrations, it is the ‘ <strong> garment </strong> ’ with which Noah’s nakedness was covered in Genesis 9:23 , and the ‘ <strong> clothes </strong> ’ in which the Hebrews bound up their kneading-troughs ( Exodus 12:34 ); it is the ‘garment’ of [[Gideon]] in Judges 8:25 , and the ‘ <strong> raiment </strong> ’ of Ruth ( Ruth 3:3 ); just as the <em> himation </em> of NT is not only the ‘ <strong> cloke </strong> ’ of Matthew 5:40 , but the ‘clothes’ of Matthew 24:18 (but RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘cloke’); the ‘garment’ of Mark 13:16 , and so on. </p> <p> ( <em> b </em> ) Another variety of upper garment, known as the <em> me‘îl </em> , is mentioned only in connexion with men of high social position or of the priestly order. It is the <strong> robe </strong> of Saul the <strong> skirt </strong> (lit. ‘corner’) of which was cut off by David ( 1 Samuel 24:4 f.) of [[Jonathan]] ( 1 Samuel 18:4 ), and of Ezra ( Ezra 9:3; Ezra 9:5 ), the little ‘coat’ of the boy-priest Samuel ( 1 Samuel 2:19 ), and his ‘mantle’ at a later stage ( 1 Samuel 15:27 ). RV [Note: Revised Version.] has ‘robe’ for <em> me‘îl </em> throughout. [[Wherein]] did the <em> me‘îl </em> differ from the <em> simlah </em> ? From its constant association with men of rank, we should expect it to be of a more elaborate and ornate description. The violet ‘robe of the ephod’ prescribed for the high priest ( Exodus 28:31 ff; Exodus 39:22 ff.) had ‘a hole for the head in the midst thereof, as it were the bole of a coat of mail,’ and was trimmed with an elaborate ball-and-bell fringe. Now on the black obelisk of Shalmaneser, the bearers of Jehu’s tribute, nobles of [[Samaria]] doubtless, are represented wearing over their tunics a similar fringed and sleeveless garment, open at the sides, and resembling, if not identical with, the upper garment of Assyrian kings and dignitaries of state, which may with some confidence be identified with the <em> me‘îl </em> . The latter, then, seems to have been a piece of cloth of superior material and workmanship, in the shape of a magnified chest-protector, worn over the tunic like a priest’s chasuble, and reaching almost to the ankles. It probably came to the Hebrews from [[Babylonia]] through the medium of the Canaanites, and survives to-day in the ‘little tallith’ or <em> arba kanphoth </em> of the [[Jews]] (see Fringes). By the time of Josephus, the high priest’s <em> me‘îl </em> had become a sleeveless and seamless upper tunic (Jos. [Note: Josephus.] <em> Ant </em> . III. vii. 4). </p> <p> ( <em> c </em> ) A third variety of upper garment, the <em> ’addereth </em> , appears to have been the distinctive garment of the prophets (see Zechariah 13:4 RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘hairy mantle’). Elijah’s <strong> mantle </strong> , in particular, is always so named. The latter, according to the Gr. version of Kings, was made of sheepskin, with the wool outside (cf. 2 Kings 1:8 RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] and Genesis 25:25 ‘hairy garment’). It may, however, have been of goats’ or camels’ hair, as in the case of John the Baptist ( Matthew 3:4 , Mark 1:6 ). </p> <p> ( <em> d </em> ) Among the products of the domestic loom was a fourth garment, the <em> sâdîn </em> ( Proverbs 31:24 ). From the [[Mishna]] we learn that it was a plain <strong> sheet </strong> of fine linen with tassels, which could be used as a light upper garment, as a curtain, and as a shroud. In this last respect it resembled the NT <em> sindôn </em> , the ‘linen cloth’ of Matthew 27:59 , Mark 15:46 RV [Note: Revised Version.] . It is probably as an upper garment of fine white linen for gala use (cf. Ecclesiastes 9:8 ) that the <em> sâdîn </em> is introduced in Judges 14:12 f. (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘sheets,’ RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘linen garments’) and Isaiah 3:23 . </p> <p> ( <em> e </em> ) [[Mention]] must also be made of the ‘scarlet robe’ ( <em> chlamys </em> ) in which Jesus was arrayed by the Roman soldiers ( Matthew 27:28; Matthew 27:31 ). It is the <em> paludamentum </em> or military cloak worn over their armour by the superior officers of the Roman army. The ‘ <strong> cloke </strong> ’ finally, which St. Paul left at [[Troas]] ( 2 Timothy 4:13 ) was the Roman <em> pÅ“nula </em> , a circular travelling cape. For the <strong> brooch </strong> or buckle by which an upper garment was sometimes fastened, see Ornaments, § <strong> 5 </strong> . </p> <p> <strong> 5. </strong> <em> [[Headdress]] </em> . ( <em> a </em> ) The Hebrews appear at first to have had no covering for the head, except on special occasions, such as war, when a leather <strong> helmet </strong> was worn (see Armour, <strong> 2 </strong> ( <em> b </em> )). At most a rope or cord served as a fillet, as may be inferred from 1 Kings 20:31 f., and as may be seen in the representations of [[Syrians]] on the monuments of Egypt. In cases of prolonged exposure to the sun, it is most probable that recourse would be had to a covering in the style of the modern <em> keffiyeh </em> , which protects not only the head but also the neck and shoulders. Jehu’s tribute-carriers, above mentioned, are depicted in a headgear resembling the familiar Phrygian cap. The best attested covering, however at least for the upper ranks of both sexes is the <em> tsânîph </em> (from a root signifying to ‘wind round’) or <strong> turban </strong> . It is the royal ‘ <strong> diadem </strong> ’ of Isaiah 62:3 , the ladies’ ‘ <strong> hood </strong> ’ of Isaiah 3:23 (RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘turban’), and the ‘ <strong> mitre </strong> ’ of Zechariah 3:5 (RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘turban <em> or </em> diadem’). A kindred word is used for the high priest’s turban, the ‘mitre’ of Exodus 28:4 , etc., for which see Mitre. A turban is also implied in Ezekiel’s description of a lady’s headdress: ‘I have bound thee with a <strong> tire </strong> of fine linen’ ( Ezekiel 16:10 RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ). The egg-shaped turban of the ordinary priests has been discussed under [[Bonnet]] (RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘head-tires’). The ‘ <strong> hats </strong> ’ of Daniel 3:21 were probably a variety of the conical [[Babylonian]] headdress, although RV [Note: Revised Version.] gives ‘mantles.’ [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, it is recorded, compelled the young Jewish nobles to wear the <em> petasus </em> , the low, broad-brimmed hat associated with [[Hermes]] ( 2Ma 4:12 , RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘the Greek <strong> cap </strong> ’). </p> <p> In NT times, as may be learned from the Mishna, many forms of headdress were in use. One was named the <em> sûdâr </em> , from the Lat. <em> sudarium </em> (a cloth for wiping off perspiration, <em> sudor </em> ), which is the <strong> napkin </strong> of John 11:44; John 20:7 , although there it appears as a kerchief or head-covering for the dead (cf. below, <strong> 8 </strong> ). </p> <p> ( <em> b </em> ) As regards the headdress of the female sex, we have seen that both sexes of the wealthier classes wore the <em> tsânîph </em> or turban. The female captives from Lachish wear over their tunics an upper garment, which covers the forehead and hair and falls down over the shoulders as far as the ankles. Whether this is the garment intended by any of the words rendered <strong> vail </strong> in AV [Note: Authorized Version.] , as that of Ruth, for example ( Ruth 3:15 , RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘mantle’), or by the ‘ <strong> kerchiefs </strong> for the head’ of Ezekiel 13:18 RV [Note: Revised Version.] , it is impossible to say. The veil, however, with which [[Rebekah]] and Tamar covered themselves ( Genesis 24:65; Genesis 38:14 ), was more probably a large mantle in which the whole body could be wrapped, like the <em> sâdîn </em> of <strong> 4 </strong> ( <em> d </em> ) above. Indeed, it is impossible to draw a clear distinction in OT between the mantle and the veil. The only express mention of a face-veil is in the case of Moses ( Exodus 34:33 ). </p> <p> <strong> 6. </strong> <em> [[Shoes]] and sandals </em> . Within doors the Hebrews went barefoot. Out of doors it was customary to wear either sandals or shoes, mostly the former. The simplest form of <strong> sandal </strong> consisted of a plain sole of leather, bound to the feet by a leather thong, the ‘ <strong> shoelatchet </strong> ’ of Genesis 14:23 and the ‘ <strong> latchet </strong> ’ of Mark 1:7 etc. The [[Assyrians]] preferred a sandal fitted with a heel-cap, by which they are distinguished from Jehu’s attendants on the obelisk of Shalmaneser, who wear <strong> shoes </strong> completely covering the feet. In Ezekiel’s day ladies wore shoes of ‘sealskin’ ( Ezekiel 16:10 RV [Note: Revised Version.]; but see Badgers’ Skins). The laced <strong> boot </strong> of the soldier may be referred to in Isaiah 9:5 (see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ). The sandals were removed not only in cases of mourning ( 2 Samuel 15:30 ) and of a visit to a friend, but also on entering a sacred precinct ( Exodus 3:5 , Joshua 5:15 ); the Jewish priests, accordingly, performed all their offices in the [[Temple]] barefoot. </p> <p> <strong> 7. </strong> It need hardly be said that the taste for ‘purple and fine linen’ was not peculiar to the days of Dives, as may be seen from the remarkable dress-list in Isaiah 3:18 ff. [[Richly]] embroidered garments are mentioned as early as the time of the Judges ( Judges 5:30 RV [Note: Revised Version.] ). King [[Josiah]] had an official who bore the title of ‘the keeper of the wardrobe’ ( 2 Kings 22:14 ). The ‘ <strong> change of raiment </strong> ,’ however, several times mentioned in OT, were not so many complete outfits, but special gala robes, for which one’s ordinary garments were ‘changed.’ In the East, such robes have continued a favourite form of gift and expression of esteem from sovereigns and other persons of high rank to the present day. </p> <p> For what may be termed accessories of dress, see Ornaments, Seal, Staff. </p> <p> <strong> 8. </strong> A special interest must always attach to the question of the outward appearance of the Man of Nazareth, so far as it is associated with the dress He wore. This must have consisted of at least six separate articles, not five, as Edersheim states ( <em> Life and Times of Jesus </em> , i. 625). By the 1st cent. it had become usual to wear a linen shirt ( <em> châlûk </em> ) beneath the tunic (see <strong> 2 </strong> ( <em> d </em> ) above). In our Lord’s case this seems required by the mention of the upper garments ( <em> himatia, i.e. </em> mantle and tunic) which He laid aside before washing the disciples’ feet ( John 13:4 ). The tunic proper, we know, was ‘woven without seam’ throughout, and therefore fitted closely at the neck, with the usual short sleeves as above described. White linen was the favourite material for both shirt and tunic. Above the tunic was the linen girdle wound several times round the waist. On His feet were leather sandals ( Matthew 3:11 ). His upper garment, as has been shown, was of the customary oblong shape probably of white woollen cloth, as is suggested by the details of the [[Transfiguration]] narrative in Mark 9:3 with the four prescribed tassels at the corners (see above, 4 ( <em> a </em> )). To the form of His headdress we have no clue, but it may be regarded as certain the traditional artistic convention notwithstanding that no Jewish teacher of that period would appear in public with head uncovered. Probably a white linen ‘napkin’ ( <em> sudarium </em> ) was tied round the head as a simple turban, the ends falling down over the neck. </p> <p> A. R. S. Kennedy. </p> | ||
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35115" /> == | |||
<p> Aprons of figleaves were our first parents' earliest attempt at dress to clothe their shame (See [[Adam]] , (See [[Abel]] ) ( Genesis 3:7; Genesis 3:21); "God made coats of skin and clothed them," doubtless taken from animals slain in sacrifice at His command; type of the garment of righteousness provided by God through His Son's sacrifice, wherewith we, whose own faulty righteousness could not clothe our shame, are completely covered so as to stand before the all-searching eye of God ( Isaiah 61:10). Such a coat of skin [[Elijah]] and the prophets commonly wore, ''''''Addereth''''' implying its amplitude. ( 1 Kings 19:13; 1 Kings 19:19; 2 Kings 2:13; Zechariah 13:4; Matthew 7:15, "false prophets come to you in sheep's clothing, but," etc.) </p> <p> The '''''Kutoneth''''' , or shirtlike inner vest, Greek '''''Chitoon''''' , is inappropriately trans. "coat" ( Matthew 10:10; John 19:23). Those stripped of every garment but this are termed "naked," it being but a partial covering, our "undress": 1 Samuel 19:24 Saul to imitate the prophets; David ( 2 Samuel 6:20); Peter ( John 21:7); Isaiah 20:2, the prophet's undress being a silent monition to repentance. Sackcloth, woven of hair, was the mourner's garment. So the king of [[Nineveh]] ( Jonah 3:6) laid aside his ample '''''Addereth''''' for sackcloth. Cloth of camel's hair was John Baptist's garment, silently condemning the prevalent luxury ( Matthew 3:4). Cloth of goat's hair (the Roman cilicium) was the material used by the poor. The [[Israelites]] learned when bondmen in Egypt to fabricate fine linen ( 1 Chronicles 4:21). The '''''Ketoneth''''' or '''''Kutoneth''''' is related to our word cotton. </p> <p> The Syrian term for linen, '''''Butz''''' , is the root of '''''Bussos''''' , the Greek for "fine linen" ( Luke 16:19; Revelation 18:12; Revelation 18:16). '''''Shesh''''' , the earlier term, was Egyptian, their linen being of the finest texture. '''''Sadin''''' , related to our word satin, was a fine linen for summer wear. A wrapper sometimes used as a nightshirt ( Mark 14:51). [[Silk]] was of late introduction ( Revelation 18:12). The mixture of wool and flax was forbidden ( Leviticus 19:19; Deuteronomy 22:11), the combination being reserved to the high priest alone ( Exodus 28:4), and that a combination of different threads, not of different materials in one thread, such as '''''Linsey Woolsey''''' . The general object of the prohibition was to symbolize simplicity and purity. </p> <p> They were even in minute distinctions to be separated from the pagan, and to remember God is the God of order; and if so in small details, now much more will He disallow the confounding of the eternal distinctions of right and wrong ( Genesis 1:11; 1 Corinthians 11:10-15; Deuteronomy 22:5). White was the prevalent color of garments. It symbolized purity ( Revelation 3:4-5; Revelation 7:9; Revelation 7:13). Joseph's "coat (vest) was of many colors" ( Genesis 37:3). On the tomb of Chnoumhotep of the 12th dynasty, at Beni Hassan, the Semitic visitors are represented in patchwork garments of many colors. An [[Arab]] '''''Sheikh''''' to this day wears an '''''Aba''''' or garment composed of stripes of many colors, as emblem of his office. Jacob hereby marked Joseph, the firstborn of his darling Rachel, as successor to the primogeniture, birthright, and priesthood as head of the family, which [[Reuben]] by incest had forfeited ( 1 Chronicles 5:1 confirms this). </p> <p> "Cunning work" had the devices woven into the stuff; "needlework" had the devices cut out of other stuff and attached by the needle (compare Judges 5:30, "needlework on both sides)." The brilliant colors of the Assyrian nobles spiritually seduced Israel; Ezekiel 23:12, "clothed most gorgeously," lit. to perfection. The ampler robes and the finer texture distinguished the rich from the poor Hebrew. Women and men were forbidden to assume the dress characteristic of the opposite sex ( Deuteronomy 22:5). The veil distinguished women. She was not to assume the signet ring, the staff, and the weapons of man. The '''''Ketoneth''''' underneath was made of two pieces sewn together at the side. Jesus' "seamless tunic" was probably the '''''Meil''''' or upper tunic without sleeves, reaching to the ankles, worn by kings, prophets, youths, and nobles ( 1 Samuel 24:4; 1 Samuel 28:14; 1 Samuel 2:19; Job 1:20), whereas the '''''Ketoneth''''' reached only to the knee. </p> <p> Joseph, Tamar, and the priests wore one reaching to the ankles and wrists ( 2 Samuel 13:18; Exodus 28:31; 1 Samuel 15:27; 1 Samuel 18:4; Judges 14:12-13). "Sheets," i.e. shirts, '''''Sedinim''''' , clothes worn next the skin. John 21:7; Peter wore the linen coat which was worn by Syrian fishermen. The usual outer garment was a quadrangular woolen cloth; '''''Simlah''''' ; '''''Beged''''' of a handsome kind, '''''Kesuth''''' a covering; '''''Lebush''''' a warrior's, priest's, or king's cloak ( 2 Samuel 20:8; 2 Kings 10:22; Esther 6:11). '''''Μalbush''''' a state dress, court apparel ( 1 Kings 10:5), or religious vestment ( 2 Kings 10:22). '''''Μad''''' , the long cloak ( Judges 3:16). The Greek '''''Himation''''' is the outer robe, stole" long robes" of rich amplitude and grandeur ( Mark 12:38; Mark 16:5; Luke 15:22; Revelation 6:11; Revelation 7:9; Revelation 7:13) </p> <p> The '''''Chitoon''''' , "coat," rather inner vest, is contrasted with the "cloak" or outer '''''Himation''''' ( Matthew 5:40; Acts 9:39). The outer '''''Beged''''' might be wrapped round the body or the shoulders, with the ends hanging in front or covering the head, as 2 Samuel 15:30; Esther 6:12. The ends had a fringe, and upon it a blue or purple riband, which continually being before their eyes, with its heavenly hue, would be a remembrance to them that they should "remember all the Lord's commandments" ( Numbers 15:38). A girdle secured it around the waist; the fold made by the overlapping of the robe served as a pocket ( 2 Kings 4:39; Psalms 79:12; Haggai 2:12). The '''''Ketoneth''''' was worn by both sexes. Women's distinctive garments were the '''''Mitpachat''''' , or shawl ( Ruth 3:15); Isaiah 3:22, "wimples," thrown over the head and body. </p> <p> The '''''Maatapha''''' , full tunic with sleeves and reaching to the feet, worn over the ordinary tunic ( Isaiah 3:22). The '''''Tsaiph''''' , a handsome ample summer cloak-like veil, thrown at pleasure over the head ( Genesis 24:65; Genesis 38:14). The '''''Radid''''' , "veils" ( Isaiah 3:23), large enough to cover the head and person, distinct from the smaller "mufflers," or veils closely covering the face above, with apertures for the eyes, but loosely flowing below ( '''''Harhhalot''''' ). The veil on the head marks the woman's subjection ( 1 Corinthians 11:3-10); "the woman ought to have power on her head," i.e. the head covering or veil, the emblem of her being under the power of man, her head. '''''Radid''''' , "a veil," is akin to radad, "subjection." The '''''Pethigil''''' , "stomacher," or broad plaited girdle ( Isaiah 3:24). In Daniel 3:21, for "coats," '''''Sarbalin''''' , translated as wide, long "pantaloons," such as the [[Babylonians]] wore (Herodotus i. 195). </p> <p> For "hosen" (as stockings are not common in the East), translated '''''Patish''''' inner "tunics." For "hats," translated '''''Karbla''''' "mantles." In Matthew 27:28 "robe," '''''Chlamus''''' , is the military cloak of officers. In 2 Timothy 4:13 Paul's '''''Felonee''''' , the Graecized '''''Poenula''''' of the Romans, is the long, thick, sleeveless, traveling cloak, with only an opening for the head. Paul then, on the confines of two worlds, in this wanted a cloak to cover him from the "winter" cold ( 2 Timothy 4:21); in that world was about to be "clothed upon with his house from heaven," even as his soul was already covered with the righteousness of saints. A graphic touch, not unworthy of inspiration. The '''''Beged''''' was often used as a coverlet at night, as the Bedouin uses his '''''Aba''''' . The law, in mercy to the poor, forbade the creditor to retain it after nightfall ( Exodus 22:26-27). </p> <p> Tearing it expressed grief, indignation, etc. ( Job 1:20). [[Shaking]] it, renunciation ( Nehemiah 5:13; Acts 18:6). [[Spreading]] it before another, loyal and joyful submission to his rule ( 2 Kings 9:13; Acts 21:8). Wrapping it around the head, reverent awe or grief ( 1 Kings 19:13; 2 Samuel 15:30). The long outer robes needed girding up around the waist, when active work was needed; hence, metaphorically ( 1 Peter 1:13), "gird up the loins of' your mind." Workers, pilgrims, runners, wrestlers, warriors, typify the Christian; they all needed girding. So [[Israel]] at the [[Passover]] ( Exodus 12:11, compare Luke 12:35). The feet were covered in reverence of the presence of a king ( Isaiah 6:2). The readiness with which their loose garments were changed is noted in Jeremiah 43:12; "he shall array himself with Egypt as (speedily and easily as) a shepherd putteth on his garment" (compare Psalms 102:26). </p> <p> Changes of raiment were a leading constituent of wealth in the East ( Isaiah 3:6-7; Job 27:16; Matthew 6:19; James 5:2) and a usual present ( 2 Kings 5:5). To present one's own robe was a strong token of love ( 1 Samuel 18:4). The gift of a robe installed in office ( Genesis 41:42; Esther 8:15). The presenting of the best robe was a special honor ( Luke 15:22). In Isaiah 3:22, "changeable suits" are those reserved for special occasions. A princely host sometimes caused "the keeper of the wardrobe" ( 2 Chronicles 34:22) to furnish robes to his guests (compare Matthew 22:11). White being the ordinary color a spot was immediately visible ( Judges 1:23; Revelation 3:4). </p> | |||
== Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72244" /> == | |||
<p> '''Dress.''' This subject includes the following particulars: </p> <p> i. Materials; </p> <p> ii. [[Color]] and decoration; </p> <p> iii. Name, form, and mode of wearing the various articles; </p> <p> iv. [[Special]] usages relating thereto. </p> <p> 1. '''Materials.''' - After the first "apron" of fig leaves, Genesis 3:7, the skins of animals were used for clothing. Genesis 3:21. Such was the "mantle" worn by Elijah. Pelisses of sheepskin still form an ordinary article of dress in the East. The art of weaving hair was known to the Hebrews at an early period, Exodus 25:4; Exodus 26:7, and wool was known earlier still. Genesis 38:12. Their acquaintance with linen and, perhaps cotton, dates from the captivity in Egypt, 1 Chronicles 4:21, silk was introduced much later. Revelation 18:12. The use of mixed material, such as wool and flax, was forbidden. Leviticus 19:19; Deuteronomy 22:11. </p> <p> 2. '''Color and decoration.''' - The prevailing color of the Hebrew dress was the natural white of the materials employed, which might be brought to a high state of brilliancy by the art of the fuller. Mark 9:3. The notice of scarlet thread, Genesis 38:28, implies some acquaintance with dyeing. The elements of ornamentation were - </p> <p> (1) weaving with threads previously dyed, Exodus 35:25, </p> <p> (2) the introduction of gold thread or wire, Exodus 27:6, ff; </p> <p> (3) the addition of figures. </p> <p> [[Robes]] decorated with gold, Psalms 45:13, and with silver thread, compare Acts 12:21, were worn by royal personages; other kinds of embroidered robes were worn by the wealthy, Judges 5:30; Psalms 45:14; Ezekiel 16:13, as well as purple, Proverbs 31:22; Luke 16:19, and scarlet. 2 Samuel 1:24. </p> <p> 3. '''The names, forms, and modes of wearing the robes.''' - The general characteristics of Oriental dress have preserved a remarkable uniformity in all ages: the modern Arab dresses much as the ancient Hebrew did. The costume of the men and women was very similar; there was sufficient difference, however, to mark the sex, and it was strictly forbidden to a woman to wear the appendages, such as the staff, signet-ring, and other ornaments, of a man; as well as to a man to wear the outer robe of a woman. Deuteronomy 22:5. We shall first describe the robes which were common to the two sexes, and then those which were peculiar to women. </p> <p> (1) ''The [[Inner]] Garment'' was the most essential article of dress. It was a closely-fitting garment, resembling in form and use, our shirt, though unfortunately translate "coat" in the Authorized Version. The material of which it was made was either wool, cotton or linen. It was without sleeves, and reached only to the knee. Another kind reached to the wrists and ankles. It was in either case kept close to the body by a girdle, and the fold formed by the overlapping of the robe served as an inner pocket. A person wearing the inner garment alone was described as [[Naked]] . </p> <p> (2) There was ''An Upper Or Second Tunic'' , the difference being that it was longer than the first. </p> <p> (3) ''The [[Linen]] Cloth'' appears to have been a wrapper of fine linen, which might be used in various ways, but especially as a night-shirt. Mark 14:51. </p> <p> (4) ''The [[Outer]] Garment'' consisted of a quadrangular piece of woollen cloth, probably resembling in shape a Scotch plaid. The size and texture would vary with the means of the wearer. It might be worn in various ways, either wrapped round the body or thrown over the shoulders like a shawl, with the ends or "skirts" hanging down in front; or it might be thrown over the head, so as to conceal the face. 2 Samuel 15:30; Esther 6:12. The ends were skirted with a fringe and bound with a dark purple ribbon, Numbers 15:38 it was confined at the waist by a girdle. The outer garment was the poor man's bed clothing. Exodus 22:26-27. </p> <p> The dress of the women differed from that of the men in regard to the outer garment, the inner garment being worn equally by both sexes. Song of Solomon 5:3. Among their distinctive robes we find a kind of shawl, Ruth 3:15; Isaiah 3:22, light summer dresses of handsome appearance and ample dimensions, and gay holiday dresses. Isaiah 3:24. The garments of females were terminated by an ample border of fringe ( ''Skirts'' , Authorized Version), which concealed the feet. Isaiah 47:2; Jeremiah 13:22. </p> <p> The travelling [[Cloak]] referred to by St. Paul, 2 Timothy 4:13, is generally identified with the Roman '''paenula''' . It is, however, otherwise explained as a travelling-case for carrying clothes or books. The ''Coat Of Many Colors'' worn by Joseph, Genesis 37:3; Genesis 37:23, is variously taken to be either a "coat of divers colors" or a tunic furnished with sleeves and reaching down to the ankles. The latter is probably the correct sense. </p> <p> 4. '''Special usages relating to dress.''' - The length of the dress rendered it inconvenient for active exercise; hence the outer garments were either left in the house by a person working close by, Matthew 24:18, or were thrown off when the occasion arose, Mark 10:50, or, if this were not possible, as in the case of a person travelling, they were girded up. 1 Kings 18:46; 1 Peter 1:13. </p> <p> On entering a house, the upper garment was probably laid aside, and resumed on going out. Acts 12:8. In a sitting posture, the garments concealed the feet; this was held to be an act of reverence. Isaiah 6:2. The number of suits possessed by the Hebrews was considerable: a single suit consisted of an under and upper garment. </p> <p> The presentation of a robe in many instances amounted to installation or investiture, Genesis 41:42; Esther 8:15; Isaiah 22:21, on the other hand, taking it away amounted to dismissal from office. 2 [[Maccabees]] 4:38. The production of the best robe was a mark of special honor in a household. Luke 15:22. The number of robes thus received or kept in store for presents was very large, and formed one of the main elements of wealth in the East, Job 22:6; Matthew 6:19; James 5:2, so that ''To Have Clothing'' implied the possession of wealth and power. Isaiah 3:6-7. </p> <p> On grand occasions, the entertainer offered becoming robes to his guests. The business of making clothes devolved upon women in a family. Proverbs 31:22; Acts 9:39. Little art was required in what we may term the tailoring department; the garments came forth for the most part ready made from the loom, so that the weaver supplanted the tailor. </p> | |||
== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31205" /> == | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31205" /> == | ||
<li> Form. The robes of men and women were not very much different in form from each other. <p> (A) The "coat" (kethoneth), of wool, cotton, or linen, was worn by both sexes. It was a closely-fitting garment, resembling in use and form our shirt (John 19:23 ). It was kept close to the body by a girdle (John 21:7 ). A person wearing this "coat" alone was described as naked (1 Samuel 19:24; Isaiah 20:2; 2 Kings 6:30; John 21:7 ); deprived of it he would be absolutely naked. </p> <p> (B) A linen cloth or wrapper (sadin) of fine linen, used somewhat as a night-shirt (Mark 14:51 ). It is mentioned in Judges 14:12,13 , and rendered there "sheets." </p> <p> (C) An upper tunic (meil), longer than the "coat" (1 Samuel 2:19; 24:4; 28:14 ). In 1 Samuel 28:14 it is the mantle in which Samuel was enveloped; in 1 Samuel 24:4 it is the "robe" under which | <li> Form. The robes of men and women were not very much different in form from each other. <p> (A) The "coat" (kethoneth), of wool, cotton, or linen, was worn by both sexes. It was a closely-fitting garment, resembling in use and form our shirt ( John 19:23 ). It was kept close to the body by a girdle ( John 21:7 ). A person wearing this "coat" alone was described as naked ( 1 Samuel 19:24; Isaiah 20:2; 2 Kings 6:30; John 21:7 ); deprived of it he would be absolutely naked. </p> <p> (B) A linen cloth or wrapper (sadin) of fine linen, used somewhat as a night-shirt ( Mark 14:51 ). It is mentioned in Judges 14:12,13 , and rendered there "sheets." </p> <p> (C) An upper tunic (meil), longer than the "coat" ( 1 Samuel 2:19; 24:4; 28:14 ). In 1 Samuel 28:14 it is the mantle in which Samuel was enveloped; in 1 Samuel 24:4 it is the "robe" under which Saul slept. The disciples were forbidden to wear two "coats" ( Matthew 10:10; Luke 9:3 ). </p> <p> (D) The usual outer garment consisted of a piece of woollen cloth like a Scotch plaid, either wrapped round the body or thrown over the shoulders like a shawl, with the ends hanging down in front, or it might be thrown over the head so as to conceal the face ( 2 Samuel 15:30; Esther 6:12 ). It was confined to the waist by a girdle, and the fold formed by the overlapping of the robe served as a pocket ( 2 Kings 4:39; Psalm 79:12; Haggai 2:12; Proverbs 17:23; 21:14 ). </p> <p> [[Female]] dress. The "coat" was common to both sexes ( Song of Solomon 5:3 ). But peculiar to females were (1) the "veil" or "wimple," a kind of shawl ( Ruth 3:15; rendered "mantle," RSV, Isaiah 3:22 ); (2) the "mantle," also a species of shawl ( Isaiah 3:22 ); (3) a "veil," probably a light summer dress ( Genesis 24:65 ); (4) a "stomacher," a holiday dress ( Isaiah 3:24 ). The outer garment terminated in an ample fringe or border, which concealed the feet ( Isaiah 47:2; Jeremiah 13:22 ). </p> <p> The dress of the [[Persians]] is described in Daniel 3:21 . </p> <p> The reference to the art of sewing are few, inasmuch as the garments generally came forth from the loom ready for being worn, and all that was required in the making of clothes devolved on the women of a family ( Proverbs 31:22; Acts 9:39 ). </p> <p> Extravagance in dress is referred to in Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 16:10; Zephaniah 1:8 (RSV, "foreign apparel"); 1 Timothy 2:9; 1 Peter 3:3 . Rending the robes was expressive of grief ( Genesis 37:29,34 ), fear ( 1 Kings 21:27 ), indignation ( 2 Kings 5:7 ), or despair ( Judges 11:35; Esther 4:1 ). </p> <p> Shaking the garments, or shaking the dust from off them, was a sign of renunciation ( Acts 18:6 ); wrapping them round the head, of awe ( 1 Kings 19:13 ) or grief ( 2 Samuel 15:30; casting them off, of excitement ( Acts 22:23 ); laying hold of them, of supplication ( 1 Samuel 15:27 ). In the case of travelling, the outer garments were girded up ( 1 Kings 18:46 ). They were thrown aside also when they would impede action ( Mark 10:50; John 13:4; Acts 7:58 ). </p> <div> <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton [[M.A., DD]] Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by [[Thomas]] Nelson, 1897. Public Domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Dress'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/d/dress.html. 1897. </p> </div> </li> | ||
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_18538" /> == | |||
<p> Styles of clothing varied among the different classes of people in Israel, and were often a means of showing a person’s status ( Genesis 37:3; Joshua 9:5; 2 Samuel 13:18; Isaiah 3:18-23; Luke 16:19). Ceremonial clothing worn by people in high positions was often richly embroidered, sometimes with gold thread woven into the cloth ( Exodus 28:4; Exodus 28:6; Exodus 28:8; Exodus 28:15; Exodus 39:3; Psalms 45:13). There were special garments for special occasions such as weddings and feasts ( Isaiah 61:10; Matthew 22:11; Luke 15:22; Revelation 19:8; see [[Ornaments]] ). [[Practices]] that showed immoral tendencies, such as dressing in clothes of the opposite sex (transvestism), were forbidden ( Deuteronomy 22:5). </p> <p> From earliest times people used cosmetics and perfumes. Some of these developed from what were originally ointments. Most cosmetics were prepared from spices and vegetable oils, though some facial cosmetics were made from minerals ( 2 Kings 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40; see [[Oil]] ; [[Spices]] ). </p> <p> To express distress or mourning, people often tore their clothes, dressed in sackcloth, or put on cosmetics that made them look extra miserable ( Genesis 37:34; 2 Samuel 3:31; 1 Kings 21:27; Job 1:20; Isaiah 58:3; Isaiah 58:5; Matthew 5:16-18; Matthew 26:65; Acts 14:14; see [[Sackcloth]] ). People taken captive were often humiliated by being made to walk barefoot or naked ( Isaiah 20:4). </p> <p> The Bible condemns the practice of making distinctions in the church through favouring those who are well dressed above those who are poorly dressed ( James 2:2-5). It discourages God’s people from dressing extravagantly, and emphasizes that good conduct is more desirable than lavish dress ( Jeremiah 4:30; Luke 20:46-47; 1 Timothy 2:8-10; 1 Peter 3:3-5; cf. Colossians 3:9-10). </p> | |||
== | == Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_113835" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> '''(1):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To break and train for use, as a horse or other animal. </p> <p> '''(2):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To direct; to put right or straight; to regulate; to order. </p> <p> '''(3):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To arrange in exact continuity of line, as soldiers; commonly to adjust to a straight line and at proper distance; to align; as, to dress the ranks. </p> <p> '''(4):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To treat methodically with remedies, bandages, or curative appliances, as a sore, an ulcer, a wound, or a wounded or diseased part. </p> <p> '''(5):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To adjust; to put in good order; to arrange; specifically: (a) To prepare for use; to fit for any use; to render suitable for an intended purpose; to get ready; as, to dress a slain animal; to dress meat; to dress leather or cloth; to dress or trim a lamp; to dress a garden; to dress a horse, by currying and rubbing; to dress grain, by cleansing it; in mining and metallurgy, to dress ores, by sorting and separating them. </p> <p> '''(6):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To cut to proper dimensions, or give proper shape to, as to a tool by hammering; also, to smooth or finish. </p> <p> '''(7):''' ''' (''' v. t.) To put in proper condition by appareling, as the body; to put clothes upon; to apparel; to invest with garments or rich decorations; to clothe; to deck. </p> <p> '''(8):''' ''' (''' n.) The system of furrows on the face of a millstone. </p> <p> '''(9):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To arrange one's self in due position in a line of soldiers; - the word of command to form alignment in ranks; as, Right, dress! </p> <p> '''(10):''' ''' (''' v. i.) To clothe or apparel one's self; to put on one's garments; to pay particular regard to dress; as, to dress quickly. </p> <p> '''(11):''' ''' (''' n.) That which is used as the covering or ornament of the body; clothes; garments; habit; apparel. </p> <p> '''(12):''' ''' (''' n.) A lady's gown; as, silk or a velvet dress. </p> <p> '''(13):''' ''' (''' n.) Attention to apparel, or skill in adjusting it. </p> | ||
== | == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_59699" /> == | ||
<p> DRESS, pret. and pp. dressed or drest. L. </p> 1. To make straight or a straight line to adjust to a right line. We have the primary sense in the military phrase, dress your ranks. Hence the sense, to put in order. 2. To adjust to put in good order as, to dress the beds of a garden. Sometimes, to till or cultivate. Genesis 2 . Deuteronomy 28 . 3. To put in good order, as a wounded limb to cleanse a wound, and to apply medicaments. The surgeon dresses the limb or the wound. 4. To prepare, in a general sense to put in the condition desired to make suitable or fit as, to dress meat to dress leather or cloth to dress a lamp but we, in the latter case, generally use trim. To dress hemp or flax, is to break and clean it. 5. To curry, rub and comb as, to dress a horse or to break or tame and prepare for service, as used by Dryden but this is unusual. 6. To put the body in order, or in a suitable condition to put on clothes as, he dressed himself for breakfast. 7. To put on rich garments to adorn to deck to embellish as, the lady dressed herself for a ball. <p> To dress up, is to clothe pompously or elegantly as, to dress up with tinsel. </p> <p> The sense of dress depends on its application. To dress the body, to dress meat, and to dress leather, are very different senses, but all uniting in the sense of preparing or fitting for use. </p> <p> DRESS, </p> 1. To arrange in a line as, look to the right and dress. 2. To pay particular regard to dress or raiment. <p> DRESS, n. </p> 1. That which is used as the covering or ornament of the body clothes garments habit as, the dress of a lady is modest and becoming a gaudy dress is evidence of a false taste. 2. A suit of clothes as, the lady has purchased an elegant dress. 3. Splendid clothes habit of ceremony as a full dress. 4. [[Skill]] in adjusting dress, or the practice of wearing elegant clothing as men of dress. | |||
== | == Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary <ref name="term_80590" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> See [[Habits]] . </p> | ||
== Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55623" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_55623" /> == | ||
<p> See Clothes. </p> | <p> See Clothes. </p> | ||
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_65813" /> == | == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_65813" /> == | ||
<p> See GARMENTS </p> | <p> See GARMENTS </p> | ||
== | == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15519" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> The subject of the costume of the ancient Hebrews is involved in much obscurity and doubt. The allusions to dress in the [[Scriptures]] form the only source of our positive information. They are often, indeed, obscure, and of uncertain interpretation; but they are invaluable in so far as they enable us to compare and verify the information derivable from other sources. These sources are— </p> <p> 1. The costume of neighboring ancient nations, as represented in their monuments. </p> <p> 2. The alleged costume of Jews as represented in the same monuments. </p> <p> 3. The present costumes (which are known to be ancient) of Syria and Arabia. </p> <p> 4. Tradition. </p> <p> Fig. 153—Short tunic </p> <p> 1. The range of inquiry into monumental costume is very limited. Syria, Arabia, and Egypt, are the only countries where monuments would be likely to afford any useful information: but [[Arabia]] has left no monumental figures, and Syria none of sufficiently ancient date; and it is left for Egypt to supply all the information likely to be of use. The extent and value of this information, for the particular purpose, we believe to be far less than is usually represented. That we are not disposed to undervalue the information derivable from the Egyptian monuments for the purpose of illustrating Biblical history and antiquities, the pages of the present work will sufficiently evince; and its editor may indeed claim to have been the first in this country to work this mine of materials for Biblical illustration. But the rage for this kind of illustration has been carried to such preposterous lengths, that it may not be an unwholesome caution to remind our readers that the [[Egyptians]] and the Hebrews were an exceedingly different people—as different in every respect as can well be conceived; and that the climates which they inhabited were so very different as to necessitate a greater difference of food and dress than might be presupposed of countries so near to each other. It is true that the Jewish nation was cradled in Egypt: and this circumstance may have had some influence on ceremonial dresses, and the ornaments of women; but we do not find that nations circumstanced as the Jews were ready to adopt the costumes of other nations, especially when their residence in Egypt was always regarded by them as temporary, and when their raiment was of home manufacture—spun and woven by the women from the produce of their flocks . We find also that, immediately after leaving Egypt, the principal article of dress among the Hebrews was some ample woolen garment, fit to sleep in , to which nothing similar is to be seen among the costumes of Egypt. </p> | ||
== | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_37944" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> ''' Copyright StatementThese files are public domain. Bibliography InformationMcClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Dress'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/d/dress.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. ''' </p> | ||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2908" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2908" /> == | ||
< | |||
==References == | ==References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_50552"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/dress Dress from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_35115"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/dress Dress from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_72244"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/dress Dress from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_31205"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/dress Dress from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_18538"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/bridgeway-bible-dictionary/dress Dress from Bridgeway Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_113835"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/dress Dress from Webster's Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_59699"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/dress Dress from King James Dictionary]</ref> | <ref name="term_59699"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/dress Dress from King James Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_80590"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/watson-s-biblical-theological-dictionary/dress Dress from Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary]</ref> | <ref name="term_80590"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/watson-s-biblical-theological-dictionary/dress Dress from Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_55623"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/dress Dress from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_65813"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/dress Dress from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_15519"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/dress Dress from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref> | <ref name="term_15519"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/dress Dress from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_37944"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/dress Dress from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | <ref name="term_37944"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/dress Dress from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_2908"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/dress Dress from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | |||
</references> | </references> | ||
