Difference between revisions of "Cush"

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== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35008" /> ==
== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35020" /> ==
<p> Cush, "the Benjamite," heading of Psalm 7. An enigmatic title for Saul the Benjamite, with an allusion to the similar sounding name of Saul's father, Kish. [[Cush]] or the [[Ethiopian]] expresses one black at heart, who" cannot change his skin" or heart (&nbsp;Jeremiah 13:23; &nbsp;Amos 9:7). David in this &nbsp;Psalms 7:4 alludes to Saul's gratuitous enmity and his own sparing "him that without cause is mine enemy," namely, in the cave at Engedi, when Saul was in his power (1 Samuel 24). </p>
<p> &nbsp;Genesis 10:6-8; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:8-10. Oldest son of Ham; his descendants were Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Sabtechah; Raamah's sons, [[Sheba]] and Dedan; Nimrod, mentioned after the rest as Cush's son, was probably a more remote descendant: [[Cush]] ethnologically includes not only [[Ethiopia]] (meaning the sunburnt, [[Nubia]] and N. Abyssinia.) in Africa, its chief representative, but the Cush of Asia, watered by the [[Gihon]] river of paradise (&nbsp;Genesis 2:13). Isaiah couples it with [[Elam]] (&nbsp;Isaiah 40:11), Ezekiel with [[Persia]] (&nbsp;Ezekiel 38:5). Also part of [[Arabia]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:7; &nbsp;Isaiah 43:3, especially &nbsp;2 Chronicles 21:16), [[Mesopotamia]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:8-10), and still further E. Chuzistan in the region of Susiana, in S. Asia, was their first home. [[Thence]] the main body crossed over to Ethiopia. Cush's connection with [[Midian]] appears in &nbsp;Habakkuk 3:7, where Cush-an is joined to Midi-an. </p> <p> But the [[Cushan]] there may be Israel's first oppressor, (See [[Chushan Rishathaim;]]  the name however shows a [[Cushite]] origin. The [[Babylonian]] inscriptions of the mounds of [[Chaldaea]] proper, the primitive seat of the Babylonian empire close to the [[Persian]] gulf, prove there was a Cush on the E. or Asiatic side of the Arabia, gulf, as well as on the W. or African side. So [[Homer]] (Odys., 1:23) speaks of the [[Ethiopians]] as divided, part towards the E., part toward the W. Nimrod's kingdom began with Babel or Babylon, from whence "he went forth into [[Assyria]] and builded Nineveh" (&nbsp;Genesis 10:11 margin). Two streams of Hamitic migration appear to have taken place: </p> <p> '''(1)''' an earlier one of Nigritians through the Malayan region, the Mizraites spreading along the S. and E. coasts of the [[Mediterranean]] resembled the modern seafaring Malays. </p> <p> '''(2)''' A later one of Cushites through Arabia, Babylonia, Susiana, eastward to W. of India. </p> <p> Meroe of Ethiopia is called in the [[Assyrian]] inscriptions by the name Nimrod, which must therefore be a Cushite name. The writing and vocabulary at [[Ur]] or Umqueir, near the Persian gulf, is Hamitic rather than Semitic. Ideographic rather than phonetic writing characterizes the Turanian races. Massive architectural remains, and a religion of nature worship from the highest to the lowest (fetish) kind, are found in all the Mizraite and Cushite settlements; and the language is partly Turanian, partly Semitic. The 22nd [[Egyptian]] dynasty, to which [[Zerah]] the Cusbite who invaded Asa belonged, contains names of Babylonian origin, [[Shishak]] = Sheshak, Namuret = Nimrod, Tekhit = Tiglath. (See [[Babel]] .) </p>
          
          
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2524" /> ==
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2537" /> ==
<p> ''''' kush ''''' ( כּוּשׁ , <i> ''''' kūsh ''''' </i> ): </p> 1. The Ancestor of Many [[Nations]] <p> (1) The first of the sons of Ham, from whom sprang Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, [[Raamah]] and Sabtecah. He was also the father of Nimrod, who rounded [[Babel]] (Babylon) and the other great states of [[Shinar]] or [[Babylonia]] (&nbsp;Genesis 10:6-8 ). The meaning of the name is uncertain. </p> <p> (2) The name of the country around which the [[Gihon]] flowed (&nbsp;Genesis 2:13 ), rendered "Ethiopia" in the King James Version, but in view of the distance of that country from the other rivers mentioned, this seems to be an unlikely identification. </p> 2. A D istrict of the [[Garden]] of Eden <p> Fried. Delitzsch has suggested ( <i> [[Wo]] lag das Paradies? </i> 74ff) that the watercourse in question is the canal <i> ''''' Gu ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' h̬andê ''''' </i> or <i> ''''' Arah̬tu ''''' </i> , which, coming from the South, entered [[Babylon]] a little to the East of the Euphrates, and, flowing alongside the Festival-Street, entered the [[Euphrates]] to the North of Nebuchadrezzar's palace. Koldewey ( <i> Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa </i> , 38) regards the <i> ''''' Gu ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' h̬andê ''''' </i> as the section of the Euphrates itself at this point. There is no indication, however, that the district which it enclosed was ever called <i> ''''' Kûšu ''''' </i> or Cush, and the suppression of the final syllable of <i> ''''' Gu ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' h̬andê ''''' </i> would remain unexplained. Moreover, the identification of Cush with a possible <i> ''''' Cas ''''' </i> , for <i> ''''' Kasdu ''''' </i> , "Chaldea," seems likewise improbable, especially as that name could only have been applied, in early times, to the district bordering on the [[Persian]] [[Gulf]] (see [[Chaldea]] ). </p> 3. Probably Not in Asia Minor <p> Another theory is, that the Cush of &nbsp;Genesis 2:13 is the <i> ''''' Kusu ''''' </i> of certain [[Assyrian]] letters, where it seems to designate a district in the neighborhood of Cappadocia. This identification apparently leads us back to an ancient tradition at one time current in the East, but later forgotten, which caused the Pyramus river to assume the name of <i> ''''' Jı̂hûn ''''' </i> (i.e. Gihon). This stream rises in the mountains Northeast of the Gulf of Alexandretta, and, taking a southwesterly course, flows into the [[Mediterranean]] near Karatash. Though nearer than the Ethiopian Cush, this is still too far West, and therefore unsatisfactory as an identification - all the streams or waterways of the Garden of Eden ought to flow through the same district. </p> 4. The Ethiopian Cush <p> (3) The well-known country of Cush or Ethiopia, from [[Syene]] (&nbsp;Ezekiel 29:10 ) southward - E gyptian <i> ''''' Kôs ''''' </i> , [[Babylonian]] <i> ''''' Kûšu ''''' </i> , Assyrian <i> ''''' Kûsu ''''' </i> . This name sometimes denotes the land (&nbsp;Isaiah 11:11; &nbsp;Isaiah 18:1; &nbsp;Zephaniah 3:10; &nbsp;Ezekiel 29:10; &nbsp;Job 28:19; &nbsp;Esther 1:1; &nbsp;Esther 8:9 ); sometimes the peopl (&nbsp;Isaiah 20:4; &nbsp;Jeremiah 46:9; &nbsp;Ezekiel 38:5 ); but is in many passages uncertain. [[Notwithstanding]] that the descendants of [[Ham]] are always regarded as non-Semites, the Ethiopians, Ge'ez, as they called themselves, spoke a Semitic language of special interest on account of its likeness to Himyaritic, and its illustration of certain forms in Assyro-Babylonian. These Cushites were in all probability migrants from another (more northerly) district, and akin to the [[Canaanites]] - like them, dark, but by no means black, and certainly not Negroes. W. Max Müller ( <i> Asien und [[Europa]] </i> , 113 note) states that it cannot be proved whether the [[Egyptians]] had quite black neighbors (on the South). In earlier times they are represented as brown, and later as brown mingled with black, implying that negroes only came to their knowledge as a distinct and extensive race in comparatively late times. Moses' (first?) wife (&nbsp;Numbers 12:1 ) was certainly therefore not a Negress, but simply a [[Cushite]] woman, probably speaking a Semitic language - prehistoric Ge'ez or Ethiopian (see Cushite Woman ). In all probability Semitic tribes were classed as Hamitic simply because they acknowledged the supremacy of the Hamitic Egyptians, just as the non-Sem [[Elamites]] were set down as Semites (&nbsp;Genesis 10:22 ) on account of their acknowledging Babylonian supremacy. It is doubtful whether the Hebrews, in ancient times, knew of the [[Negro]] race - they probably became acquainted with them long after the Egyptians. </p> 5. [[Negroes]] Probably Not Included <p> In the opinion of W. Max Müller ( <i> Asien und Europa </i> , 112), the Egyptians, when they became acquainted with the Negroes, having no word to express this race, classed them with the <i> ''''' neḥesē ''''' </i> , which thereafter included the Negroes. If the [[Hebrew]] name [[Phinehas]] ( <i> ''''' Pı̄ ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' neḥāṣ ''''' </i> ) be really [[Egyptian]] and mean "the black," there is still no need to suppose that this meant "the Negro," for no [[Israelite]] would have borne a name with such a signification. The treasurer of [[Candace]] queen of Meroë (&nbsp;Acts 8:27-39 ) - the Ethiopian eunuch - was an Abyssinian, not a Negro; and being an educated man, was able to read the Hebrew [[Scriptures]] in the Greek (Septuagint) version. Cush ( <i> ''''' mât Kusi ''''' </i> , pr. <i> ''''' Kushi ''''' </i> ) is frequently mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions in company with ''''' Meluh̬h̬a ''''' ( <i> ''''' Meroh̬h̬a ''''' </i> ) to indicate Ethiopia and Meroë. See [[Eden]]; [[Ethiopia]]; [[Table Of Nations]] . </p>
<p> ''''' kush ''''' ( כּוּשׁ , <i> ''''' kush ''''' </i> ; [[Septuagint]] Χουσεί , <i> ''''' Chouseı́ ''''' </i> , Ps 7 title): A B enjamite, perhaps he that "was without cause" the "adversary" of David (compare &nbsp;Psalm 7:4 ). See [[Cushi]] . </p>
          
          
==References ==
==References ==
<references>
<references>


<ref name="term_35008"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/cush+(1) Cush from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
<ref name="term_35020"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/cush+(2) Cush from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
          
          
<ref name="term_2524"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/cush+(1) Cush from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
<ref name="term_2537"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/cush+(2) Cush from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
          
          
</references>
</references>

Latest revision as of 15:01, 16 October 2021

Fausset's Bible Dictionary [1]

 Genesis 10:6-8;  1 Chronicles 1:8-10. Oldest son of Ham; his descendants were Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Sabtechah; Raamah's sons, Sheba and Dedan; Nimrod, mentioned after the rest as Cush's son, was probably a more remote descendant: Cush ethnologically includes not only Ethiopia (meaning the sunburnt, Nubia and N. Abyssinia.) in Africa, its chief representative, but the Cush of Asia, watered by the Gihon river of paradise ( Genesis 2:13). Isaiah couples it with Elam ( Isaiah 40:11), Ezekiel with Persia ( Ezekiel 38:5). Also part of Arabia ( Genesis 10:7;  Isaiah 43:3, especially  2 Chronicles 21:16), Mesopotamia ( Genesis 10:8-10), and still further E. Chuzistan in the region of Susiana, in S. Asia, was their first home. Thence the main body crossed over to Ethiopia. Cush's connection with Midian appears in  Habakkuk 3:7, where Cush-an is joined to Midi-an.

But the Cushan there may be Israel's first oppressor, (See Chushan Rishathaim; the name however shows a Cushite origin. The Babylonian inscriptions of the mounds of Chaldaea proper, the primitive seat of the Babylonian empire close to the Persian gulf, prove there was a Cush on the E. or Asiatic side of the Arabia, gulf, as well as on the W. or African side. So Homer (Odys., 1:23) speaks of the Ethiopians as divided, part towards the E., part toward the W. Nimrod's kingdom began with Babel or Babylon, from whence "he went forth into Assyria and builded Nineveh" ( Genesis 10:11 margin). Two streams of Hamitic migration appear to have taken place:

(1) an earlier one of Nigritians through the Malayan region, the Mizraites spreading along the S. and E. coasts of the Mediterranean resembled the modern seafaring Malays.

(2) A later one of Cushites through Arabia, Babylonia, Susiana, eastward to W. of India.

Meroe of Ethiopia is called in the Assyrian inscriptions by the name Nimrod, which must therefore be a Cushite name. The writing and vocabulary at Ur or Umqueir, near the Persian gulf, is Hamitic rather than Semitic. Ideographic rather than phonetic writing characterizes the Turanian races. Massive architectural remains, and a religion of nature worship from the highest to the lowest (fetish) kind, are found in all the Mizraite and Cushite settlements; and the language is partly Turanian, partly Semitic. The 22nd Egyptian dynasty, to which Zerah the Cusbite who invaded Asa belonged, contains names of Babylonian origin, Shishak = Sheshak, Namuret = Nimrod, Tekhit = Tiglath. (See Babel .)

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [2]

kush ( כּוּשׁ , kush  ; Septuagint Χουσεί , Chouseı́ , Ps 7 title): A B enjamite, perhaps he that "was without cause" the "adversary" of David (compare  Psalm 7:4 ). See Cushi .

References

  1. ↑ Cush from Fausset's Bible Dictionary
  2. ↑ Cush from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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