Difference between revisions of "Colony"

<div> '''1: '''''Κολωνία''''' ''' (Strong'S #2862 — Noun [[Feminine]] — kolonia — kol-o-nee'-ah ) </div> <p> transliterates the Latin colonia. Roman colonies belonged to three periods and classes, (a) those of the earlier republic before 100 B.C., which were simply centers of Roman influence in conquered territory; (b) agrarian "colonies," planted as places for the overflowing population of Rome; (c) military "colonies" during the time of the Civil wars and the Empire, for the settlement of disbanded soldiers. This third class was established by the imperator, who appointed a legate to exercise his authority. To this class Philippi belonged as mentioned in &nbsp;Acts 16:12 , RV, "a Roman colony." They were watch-towers of the Roman State and formed on the model of Rome itself. The full organization of Philippi as such was the work of Augustus, who, after the battle of Actium, 31 B.C., gave his soldiers lands in Italy and transferred most of the inhabitants there to other quarters including Philippi. These communities possessed the right of Roman freedom, and of holding the soil under Roman law, as well as exemption from poll-tax and tribute. Most Roman "colonies" were established on the coast. </p>

<p> Philippi was one, planted with Italian colonists, transplanted from those parts of Italy which had espoused Antony's side, and which [[Augustus]] assigned therefore to his veterans. [[Inscriptions]] and coins of Augustus are still extant, with the designation "colonia" assigned to Philippi. It had the " '''''Jus Ιtalicum''''' ", or privileges of Italian citizens. The accuracy of &nbsp;Acts 16:12 appears in calling Philippi '''''Kolonia''''' (Roman), not Greek '''''Apoikia''''' . </p>

<p> ( '''''Κολώνια''''' , for the Lat. colonia), a distinction applied to the city of Philippi, in [[Macedonia]] (&nbsp;Acts 16:12). After the battle of Actium, Augustus assigned to his veterans those parts of Italy which had espoused the cause of Antony, and transported many of the expelled inhabitants to Macedonia, by which means the towns of Philippi, Dyrrachium, etc., acquired the right of Roman colonies ( ''Dio Cass'' . p. 455). Accordingly, we find Philippi described as a "colonia" both in inscriptions and upon the coins of Augustus (Orelli, Inscr. 512, 3658, 3746, 4064; Rasche, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 1120). See PHILIPPI. Such towns possessed the jus coloniarium (Pliny Nat. Hist. v. 1), i.e. so-called jus Italicum (Digest. Leg. 8:8), consisting, if complete, in a free municipal constitution, such as was customary in Italy, in exemption from personal and land taxes, and in the commerce of the soil, or the right of selling the land. Originally and properly a colony was a body of Roman citizens sent out as volunteers (Livy, 10:21) to possess a commonwealth, with the approbation of their own state (Servius, ad AEneid. 1:12). The old Roman colonies were thus in the nature of garrisons planted in conquered towns, having a portion of the conquered territory (usually a third part) assigned to them, while the native inhabitants retained the rest, and lived together with the new settlers (Dionys. Ant. Rom. 2:53). Such colonists, of course, remained Roman citizens in the fullest sense. The original natives, however, and their descendants, did not become Roman citizens by having a colony planted among them, unless it was conferred, either at the time or subsequently, by a special act of the Roman people, senate, or emperor. Their exact relation in this respect it is somewhat difficult to determine in the absence of such a specific act, as the jus Italicum, readily and often conferred upon provincial cities, and which now would be more likely to obtain than colonial ones, conferred only the above rights upon the community, without making the individual inhabitants Roman citizens in full. (See Smith's Dict. of Class. Antiq. s.v. Colonia.) (See [[Citizenship]]). </p> <p> In one passage of the [[Apocrypha]] (Wisdom of [[Solomon]] 12:7) the term "colony" stands for '''''Ἀποικία''''' , a settlement, referring to [[Palestine]] as the seat of the chosen people of God. </p>

<p> ''''' kol´ō̇ ''''' - ''''' ni ''''' ( κολωνία , <i> ''''' kolōnı́a ''''' </i> , Greek transliteration of Latin <i> colonia </i> , from the root, <i> col </i> , "cultivate"): The word occurs but once (&nbsp;Acts 16:12 ) in reference to Philippi in Macedonia. Roman colonies were of three kinds and of three periods: (1) Those of the early republic, in which the colonists, established in conquered towns to serve the state as guardians of the frontier, were exempt from ordinary military service. They were distinguished as ( <i> a </i> ) <i> c. civium Romanorum </i> , wherein the colonists retained Roman citizenship, also called <i> c. maritumae </i> , because situated on the coast, and ( <i> b </i> ) <i> c. Latinae </i> , situated inland among the allies ( <i> socii </i> ), wherein the colonists possessed the <i> ius Latinum </i> , entitling them to invoke the Roman law of property ( <i> commercium </i> ), but not that of the family ( <i> connubium </i> ), and received Roman citizenship only when elected to magistracies. (2) The colonies of the Gracchan period, established in pursuance of the scheme of agrarian reforms, to provide land for the poorer citizens. (3) After the time of Sulla colonies were founded in Italy by the [[Republic]] as a device for granting lands to retiring veterans, who of course retained citizenship. This privilege was appropriated by [[Caesar]] and the emperors, who employed it to establish military colonies, chiefly in the provinces, with various rights and internal organizations. To this class belonged Philippi. [[Partly]] organized after the great battle of 42 bc, fought in the neighboring plain by Brutus and Cassius, the champions of the fated Republic, and [[Antonius]] and Octavian, it was fully established as a colony by [[Octavian]] (afterward styled Augustus) after the battle of [[Actium]] (31 bc), under the name Colonia Aug. Iul. Philippi or Philippensis. It received the <i> ius Italicum </i> , whereby provincial cities acquired the same status as Italian cities, which possessed municipal self-government and exemption from poll and land taxes. See Citizenship; Philippi; [[Roman]] . </p>