Difference between revisions of "Chittim"

== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_15706" /> ==

<p> Or [[Genesis]] 10:4 . [[Chittim]] seems to denote primarily the island Cyprus, and also to be employed, in a wider sense, to designate other islands and countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, as for instance, Macedonia, Daniel 11:30 , and Rome, Numbers 24:24 . </p>

== Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31050" /> ==

[[Genesis]] 10:4Numbers 24:24 <p> The references elsewhere made to [[Chittim]] (Isaiah 23:1,12; Jeremiah 2:10; Ezekiel 27:6 ) are to be explained on the ground that while the name originally designated the Phoenicians only, it came latterly to be used of all the islands and various settlements on the sea-coasts which they had occupied, and then of the people who succeeded them when the [[Phoenician]] power decayed. [[Hence]] it designates generally the islands and coasts of the [[Mediterranean]] and the races that inhabit them. </p>

== Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_34948" /> ==

<p> A race sprung from Javan, i.e. of [[Ionian]] or [[Greek]] origin (Genesis 10:4; 1 Chronicles 1:7). [[Balaam]] foretold that a fleet from [[Chittim]] should "afflict Asshur" (Numbers 24:24). There Tyre's fleets resorted (Isaiah 23:2; Isaiah 23:12). The name Chittim is applied by the [[Hebrew]] to Cyprus, of which the cities, including Citium, its capital, were mostly Phoenician. [[Thence]] the Tyrians procured the boxwood which they inlaid with ivory (Ezekiel 27:6). (Hebrew, instead of "the company of the Ashurites," "they have made thy (rowing) benches of ivory inlaid in the daughter of cedars," i.e. the best boxwood, which came from [[Cypress]] and Macedonia. "Chittim" was applied subsequently to the other islands of the AEgean, and to the maritime mainlands of [[Greece]] and Italy. </p> <p> The [[Assyrians]] in an inscription 710 B.C. designate [[Cyprus]] as "the land of Yavnan," as the [[Scripture]] traces it to Javan. The Ionian stream of migration proceeding from [[Asia]] to Greece would leave some of the race in Cyprus or Chittim on its way, as it did in [[Magnesia]] under Sipylus. When Cyprus first comes before us in history it is predominantly a Greek island (G. Rawlinson). The Phoenicians also colonized it. Chittim = Hittim, the Hittites, a [[Canaanite]] race. The "ships of Chittim" in Daniel 11:30 are the Macedonian-Greek or even [[Italian]] vessels, in which the [[Roman]] ambassador Popilius Laenas arrived to check [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes. As [[Kedar]] expresses generally the East, so Chittim the West (Jeremiah 2:10). </p>

== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_39382" /> ==

== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_50290" /> ==

<p> <strong> CHITTIM </strong> ( Malachi 1:1 Malachi 1:1; 1Ma 8:5 ) for <strong> [[Kittim]] </strong> (wh. see). </p>

<p> [[Several]] times referred to in the O.T. in connection with its 'ships.' It points originally to [[Cyprus]] (see KITTIM); but in Jeremiah 2:10; Ezekiel 27:6 the 'isles of Chittim' are spoken of, so it is evident that in the [[Prophets]] other islands are associated with Cyprus. Numbers 24:24; Isaiah 23:1,12; Daniel 11:30 . See CYPRUS. </p>

== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_69912" /> ==

<p> [[Chittim]] or [[Kittim]] (kit'tîm). Numbers 24:24; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:12; Jeremiah 2:10; Ezekiel 27:6; Daniel 11:30. R. V. always reads Kittim. In these passages the "Isles," "ships," "products," and "people"of Kittim are mentioned or alluded to; hence the name has generally been supposed to mean the island of Cyprus, though Kitto thinks it a general term applied to islands and coasts west of Palestine. </p>

<p> Chit'tim. (bruisers). A family or race descended from Javan. [[Genesis]] 10:4; 1 Chronicles 1:7. [[Authorized]] Version, Kittim. [[Chittim]] is frequently noticed in Scripture. Numbers 24:24; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:12; Jeremiah 2:10; Ezekiel 27:6; Daniel 11:30. </p> <p> In the above passages, the "isles of Chittim," the "ships of Chittim", the "coasts of Chittim," are supposed to refer to the island of Cyprus. [[Josephus]] considered Cyprus, the original seat of the Chittim. The name Chittim, which in the first instance, had implied to Phoenicians only, passed over to the islands which they had occupied, and thence, to the people who succeeded the Phoenicians in the occupation of them. </p>

<p> The country, or countries, implied by this name in Scripture, are variously interpreted by historians and commentators. [[Chittim]] has been taken, by Hales and Lowth, for all the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean; which appears most consonant with the general use of the word by the different inspired writers. </p>

== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_2405" /> ==

<p> '''''kit´im''''' . See [[Kittim]] . </p>

== Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15277" /> ==

<p> Chit′tim, or Kittim, a branch of the descendants of Javan, the son of [[Japheth]] . On the authority of Josephus, who is followed by [[Epiphanius]] and Jerome, it has been generally admitted that the [[Chittim]] migrated from [[Phoenicia]] to Cyprus, and founded there the town of Citium, the modern Chitti. 'Chethimus possessed the island of Chethima, which is now called Cyprus, and from this, all islands and maritime places are called Chethim by the Hebrews.' Cicero, it may be remarked, speaks of the Citians as a [[Phoenician]] colony. Some passages in the prophets (;; ) imply an intimate connection between Chittim and Tyre. At a later period the name was applied to the Macedonians. [[Hengstenberg]] has lately endeavored to prove that in every passage in the Old [[Testament]] where the word occurs, it means Cyprus, or the Cyprians. </p> <p> After a careful examination of the works in which this point is discussed, the writer is disposed to acquiesce in the opinion expressed by the editor of the [[Pictorial]] Bible: 'Chittim seems to be a name of large signification (such as our Levant), applied to the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, in a loose sense, without fixing the particular part, though particular and different parts of the whole are probably in most cases to be understood' (verse notes on ). </p>

<p> (Heb. Kittim´, כַּתַּים, a [[Gentile]] plur. form of foreign origin, [[Genesis]] 10:4; Sept. Κήτιοι , A. V. "Kittim;" Numbers 24:24, Κιτιαῖοι; 1 Chronicles 1:7 ["Kittim"], and Daniel 11:10, Κίτιοι v. r. ῾Ρωμαῖοι; Isaiah 23:1, Κητιαῖοι v. r. Κιτιαῖοι; or in the longer and more properly national form Kittiyim´, כַּתַּיַּים, Jeremiah 2:10, Κεττιείμ; </p> <p> כַּתַּייֹם, Isaiah 23:12, Κητιείμ v. r. Κιτιεῖς; כַּתַּיֹּם, Ezekiel 27:6, Χεττιείμ v. r. Χετιεἱμ ), a branch of the descendants of Javan, the son of [[Japheth]] (Genesis 10:4; 1 Chronicles 1:7), closely related to the Dodanim, and remotely (as we may conclude from the absence of the conjunction before it) to the other descendants of [[Javan]] (see Hiller, Syntagm. hermeneut. p. 135). [[Balaam]] foretold "that ships should come from the coast of Chittim, and should afflict [[Asshur]] [the Assyrians], and afflict Eber" [the Hebrews] (Numbers 24:24), thus foretelling the [[Grecian]] and [[Roman]] invasions. Daniel prophesied (Daniel 11:13) that the ships of [[Chittim]] should come against the king of the North, and that he should therefore be grieved and return, which was fulfilled when [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, the king of Syria, having invaded Egypt, was by the Roman ambassadors commanded to desist, and withdrew to his own country (Livy, 44:29; 45:10). In Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:12, it appears as a resort of the fleets of Tyre; in Jeremiah 2:10, the "isles (אַיַּים , i.e. maritime districts) of Chittim" are to the far west, as [[Kedar]] to the east of Palestine; the Tyrians procured thence the cedar or box-wood, which they inlaid with ivory for the decks of their vessels (Ezekiel 27:6, בִּתאּאֲשֻׁרַים, A. V. "the company of the Ashurites," but rather [ivory] the daughter of box- wood, i.e. inclosed in it). At a later period the name was applied to the [[Macedonians]] under [[Alexander]] the [[Great]] (1 [[Maccabees]] 1:1, Χεττειείμ, A. V. "Chettiim") and [[Perseus]] (8:1, Κιτιέων "Citims"). On the authority of Josephus, who is followed by [[Epiphanius]] (Haer. 30:25, p. 150) and [[Jerome]] (Quaest. in Genesis 10), it has generally been admitted that the Chittim migrated from [[Phoenicia]] to Cyprus, and founded there the town of Citium, the modern Chitti: " Chethimus possessed the island of Chethima, which is now called Cyprus, and from this all islands and maritime places are called Chethim (Χεθίμ ) by the Hebrews" (Joseph. Ant. 1:6, 1). Other ancient writers, it may be remarked, speak of the Citians as a [[Phoenician]] colony (Pliny: 5:35; 31:39; Strabo, 15:682; Cicero, [[De]] Finibus, 4:20). Pococke copied at Citium thirty-three inscriptions in Phoenician characters, of which an engraving is given in his Description of the East (2:213), and which have more recently been explained by [[Gesenius]] in his Monum. Phaonic. (p. 124-133). </p> <p> From the town the name extended to the whole island of Cyprus, which was occupied by Phoenician colonies, and remained under [[Tyre]] certainly until about B.C. 720 (Josephus, Ant. 9:14, 2). With the decay of the Phoenician power (circ. B.C. 600) the [[Greeks]] began to found flourishing settlements on its coasts, as they had also done in Crete, Rhodes, and the islands of the AEgaean Sea. The name Chittim, which in the first instance had applied to Phoenicians only (for כַּתַּים = תַתַּים , Hittites, a branch of the [[Canaanitish]] race — Gesenius, Comment. zu Jesa. 1:721 sq.), passed over to the islands which they had occupied, and thence to the people who succeeded the Phoenicians in the occupation of them. The use of the term was extended vet farther so as to embrace [[Italy]] (Bochart, Phaleg. 3:5, compares the Cetia, Κετία, in Latium, mentioned by Dionys. Hal. 8, 100:36), according to the Sept. (Dan.), and the [[Vulgate]] (Numbers and Dan.), to which we may add the rendering of the [[Chaldee]] Targum, which gives [[Italian]] (אטליון ) in 1 Chronicles 1:7, and Apulia (אפוליא ) in Ezekiel 27:6. </p> <p> In an ethnological point of view, Chittim, associated as the name is with Javan and Elishah, must be regarded as applying, not to the original Phoenician settlers of Cyprus, but to the race which succeeded them, viz. the Carians, who were widely dispersed over the [[Mediterranean]] coasts, and were settled in the [[Cyclades]] (Thucyd. 1:8), [[Crete]] (Herod. 1:171), and in the islands called Macariae Insulae, perhaps as being the residence of the Carians. From these islands they were displaced by the [[Dorians]] and lonians (Herod. l. c.), and emigrated to the main land, where they occupied the district named after them. The Carians were connected with the Leleges, and must be considered as related to the [[Pelasgic]] family, though quite distinct from the [[Hellenic]] branch (Knobel, Vö lkertafel, p. 95 sq.). [[Hengstenberg]] has lately endeavored (Hist. of Balaam, p. 500) to prove that in every passage in the Old [[Testament]] where the word occurs it means Cyprus, or the Cyprians. </p> <p> The most probable view, however, is that expressed by Kitto: "Chittim seems to be a name of large signification (such as our Levant), applied to the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean in a loose sense, without fixing the particular part, though particular and different parts of the whole are probably in most cases to be understood" (Pict. Bible, note on Ezekiel 27:6). (For further discussion, see Michaelis, Spicilegium, 1:1-7, 103-114; also Supplem. p. 1138, 1377-1380; Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 726; Newton, On the Prophecies, 5; Rosenmü ller, Bibl. Geogr. 3:378.) (See [[Ethnology]]). </p>

<p> The [[Bible]] name for Cyprus. </p>

<ref name="term_15706"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/chittim Chittim from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_31050"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/chittim Chittim from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_34948"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/chittim Chittim from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_39382"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/chittim Chittim from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_50290"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/chittim Chittim from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>

<ref name="term_69912"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/chittim Chittim from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>

<ref name="term_72153"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/chittim Chittim from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>

<ref name="term_2405"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/chittim Chittim from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>

<ref name="term_15277"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/chittim Chittim from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref>