Caliph
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Webster's Dictionary [1]
(n.) Successor or vicar; - a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia [2]
The title adopted by the successors of Mahomet, as supreme in both civil and religious matters. The principal caliphates are: the Caliphate of the East, established by Abubekr at Mecca, transferred to Bagdad by the Abassides (632-1258); the Caliphate of Cordova, established at Cordova by Abderrahman (756-1031); the Caliphate of Egypt, established by the Fatimites (909-1171). It was at Bagdad that Moslem civilisation achieved its final development.
