Difference between revisions of "Asia"

<p> (Ἀσία) </p> <p> Asia had a great variety of meanings in ancient writers. It might denote (1) the western coast-land of Asia Minor; (2) the kingdom of [[Troy]] (poetical); (3) the kingdom of the early Seleucids, <i> i.e. </i> Asia Minor and Syria (frequent in 1 and 2 Mac.); (4) the kingdom of [[Pergamum]] (Livy); (5) the Roman province Asia; (6) the Asiatic continent (Pliny). In Strabo’s time-the beginning of the 1st Cent. a.d.-the province was ἡ ἰδίως καλουμένη Ἀσία ( <i> Geog </i> . p. 118), and in the NT (where the name is found 22 times-15 times in Acts , 4 times in the [[Pauline]] Epistles, once in 1 Peter, twice in Rev.) Asia almost invariably denotes proconsular Asia. St. Paul the Roman citizen naturally assumed the Imperial standpoint, and made use of Roman political designations, while the Hellenic Luke, though he frequently employed geographical terms in their popular non-Roman sense, was probably to some extent influenced by St. Paul’s practice of using the technical phraseology of the Empire. </p> <p> The province of Asia was founded after the death of [[Attalus]] III. of Pergamum (133 b.c.), who bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman Republic. The province was much smaller than the kingdom had been, until, on the death of [[Mithridates]] (120 b.c.), Phrygia Major was added to it. Cicero indicates its extent in the words: ‘Namque, ut opinor, Asia vestra constat ex Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, Lydia’ ( <i> Flac </i> . 27); but the Troad and the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Patmos, and [[Cos]] should be added. Pergamum, so long a royal city, naturally became the capital of the province, and officially retained this position till the beginning of the 2nd cent. a.d.; but long before that time [[Ephesus]] ( <i> q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] </i> ) was recognized as the real administrative centre. When the provinces were arranged by [[Augustus]] in 27 b.c., Asia was given to the Senate; it was therefore governed by proconsuls (ἀνθύπατοι, &nbsp;Acts 19:38). Its beauty, wealth, and culture made it the most desirable of all provinces. </p> <p> The only passage in which St. Luke certainly uses ‘Asia’ in the popular Greek sense is &nbsp;Acts 2:9, where he names Asia and Phrygia together as distinct countries, whereas in Roman provincial language the greater part of Phrygia belonged to Asia. In such an expression as ‘the places on the coast of Asia’ (&nbsp;Acts 27:2) the sense is doubtful; but it is probable that, where the historian refers to [[Jews]] of Asia (&nbsp;Acts 6:9; &nbsp;Acts 21:27; &nbsp;Acts 24:18), to ‘all the dwellers in Asia’ (&nbsp;Acts 19:10; cf. &nbsp;Acts 19:26 f.), and to St. Paul’s sojourn in Asia (&nbsp;Acts 19:32; &nbsp;Acts 20:16; &nbsp;Acts 20:18), he has the province in view. St. Paul almost certainly uses the word in its Roman sense when he speaks of ‘the firstfruits of Asia’ (&nbsp;Romans 16:5 Revised Version), the churches of Asia (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:19), afflictions in Asia (&nbsp;2 Corinthians 1:8), apostates in Asia (&nbsp;2 Timothy 1:15). </p> <p> Though the Roman meaning of Asia is generally assumed by adherents of the S. [[Galatian]] theory, it is not incompatible with the other view. Thus Lightfoot, an advocate of the N. Galatian theory, holds that, while St. Luke usually gives geographical terms their popular significance, ‘the case of Asia is an exception. The foundation of this province dating very far back, its official name had to a great extent superseded the local designations of the districts which it comprised. Hence Asia in the NT is always Proconsular Asia’ ( <i> Gal </i> .5 1876, p. 19, n.[Note: . note.]6). Only those who find ‘the Phrygian and Galatic region’ (&nbsp;Acts 16:6) in the north of Pisidian [[Antioch]] are obliged (like Conybeare-Howson, i. 324) to assume that Asia ‘is simply viewed as the western portion of Asia Minor, for the Paroreios belonged to proconsular Asia, in which preaching was expressly forbidden (&nbsp;Acts 16:6). See Phrygia and Galatia. </p> <p> &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 is a clear instance of the use of geographical terms in the Roman administrative sense. The four provinces named-Bithynia and Pontus, though here separated, being really one-sum up the whole of Asia Minor north of Taurus. The Seven Churches of Revelation were all in proconsular Asia (&nbsp;Revelation 1:4; &nbsp;Revelation 1:11), and it is possible that the so-called ‘Epistle to the Ephesians’ was an <i> encycla </i> to a group of churches in that province. </p> <p> For the ‘Asiarchs’ (Revised Version margin) of &nbsp;Acts 19:31, see following article. </p> <p> Literature.-F. [[J. A]]  Hort, <i> The First [[Epistle]] of St. Peter </i> , London, 1898, p. 157f.; [[A. C]]  McGiffert, <i> [[Apostolic]] Age </i> , Edinburgh, 1897, p. 273f.; [[W. M]]  Ramsay, <i> Church in Roman [[Empire]] </i> , London, 1893, and <i> St. Paul the [[Traveller]] and the Roman [[Citizen]] </i> , do. 1895, <i> passim </i> . </p> <p> James Strahan. </p>

<p> ( '''''Ασία''''' , referred by the [[Greeks]] to a person, Herod. 4:45, but by moderns to an Eastern, usually Shemitic etymology, comp. Bochart, ''Phaleg, 4:'' 33, p. 3379; Sickler, Alte Geogr. p. 89; Wahl, in the Hall. Encycl. 6:76 sq.; Forbiger, Alte Geogr. ii, 39; Hitzig, Philist. p. 93), a geographical name which is employed by the writers of. antiquity to denote regions of very different extent, designating as early as the time of [[Herodotus]] (iv, 36) an entire continent, in contrast with Europe and Africa (comp. Josephus, Ant. 14:10, 1), the boundaries of which have been clearly defined (Forbiger, Alte Geogr. ii, 39) since the descriptions of Strabo (i, 35) and [[Ptolemy]] (iv, 5); in the Roman period, however, it was generally applied only to a single district of Western Asia (Asia Minor). It is in the latter sense alone that the word occurs in the [[Apocrypha]] (&nbsp;1 [[Maccabees]] 8:6; &nbsp;1 Maccabees 11:13; &nbsp;1 Maccabees 12:39; &nbsp;1 Maccabees 13:32; &nbsp;2 Maccabees 3:3; &nbsp;2 Maccabees 10:24) and New Test. (&nbsp;Acts 2:9; &nbsp;Acts 6:9; &nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 19:10; &nbsp;Acts 19:22; &nbsp;Acts 19:26-27; &nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 20:16; &nbsp;Acts 20:18; &nbsp;Acts 21:27; &nbsp;Acts 27:2; &nbsp;Romans 16:5 [where the true reading is ' '''''Ασίας''''' ]; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:19; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 1:8; &nbsp;2 Timothy 1:15; &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1; &nbsp;Revelation 1:4; &nbsp;Revelation 1:11). </p> <p> '''1.''' [[Continent Of Asia]]  The ancient Hebrews were strangers to the division of the earth into parts or quarters, and hence we never find the word Asia in any [[Hebrew]] book. It occurs first in Biblical writers in the books of the Maccabees, and there in a restricted sense. In its widest application, however, as designating in modern geography a leading division of the globe, it is of the deepest interest in sacred literature. This part of the world is regarded as having been the most favored. Here the first man was created; here the patriarchs lived; here the law was given; here the greatest and most celebrated monarchies were formed; and from hence the first founders of cities and nations in other parts of the world conducted their colonies. In Asia our blessed [[Redeemer]] appeared, wrought salvation for mankind, died, and rose again; and from hence the light of the [[Gospel]] has been diffused over the world. Laws, arts, sciences, and religions almost all have had their origin in Asia. (See [[Ethnology]]). </p> <p> '''I.''' ''Geographical Description.-Asia,'' which forms the eastern and northern portion of the great tract of land in the eastern hemisphere, is the oldest known portion of the globe, and is usually called the cradle of the human race, of nations, and of arts. It is separated from [[Australia]] by the Indian and Pacific Oceans; from [[America]] on the north-east by Behring's Straits, and on the east by the great Eastern or Pacific Ocean; from Africa by the [[Arabian]] Sea (at the west by the [[Mediterranean]] Sea) and by the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, with the Straits of Babelmandeb; from Europe by the Kaskaia [[Gulf]] (at the extreme north-west), by the Caspian Sea and the River Ural, by the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, by the Sea of Marmora and the Dardanelles, and by the [[Grecian]] Archipelago. It is united with Africa by the desert Isthmus of Suez, and with Europe by the lofty Caucasian Mountains and the long [[Ural]] range. The area is, about 16,175,000 square miles. </p> <p> The inhabitants of Asia (whose number is variously estimated at from 500,000,000 to 800,000,000) are divided -into three great branches: The Tatar-Caucasian, in the Western Asia, exhibits the finest features of our race in the Circassian fom; the Mongolian race is spread through Eastern Asia; the Malay in Southern Asia and the islands. The north is inhabited by the Samoiedes, Tchooktches, and others. The following tribes, of different language and origin, may be distinguished, some of which are relics of scattered tribes of nomades: Kamtschatdales, Ostiacs, Samoiedes, Koriacks, Kurilians, Aleutians, Coreans, Mongols, and Kalmucks, Mantchoos (Tungoos, Daurians, and Mantchoos Proper), Finns, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, [[Syrians]] and Armenians, Tatars and Turks, [[Persians]] and Afghans, Thibetans, Hindoos, Siamese, Malays, Annamites (in [[Cochin]] China and Tonquin), Burmese, Chinese and Japanese, besides the indigenous inhabitants of the East Indian islands, Jews and Europeans. The principal languages are the Arabian, Persian, Armenian, Turkish, Tatar, Hindoo,,Malayan, Mongol, ai antchoo, Chinese, and Sanscrit. The principal reliions which prevail are [[Mohammedanism]] in the western parts, the worship of the [[Lama]] of Thibet in the central region, [[Buddhism]] in the Burmese territory, and Hindooism or [[Brahminism]] in India. For farther details and statistics of the Asiatic countries, see each in its alphabetical place, especially Turkey, Persia, China, and India. </p> <p> From this great continent must undoubtedly have issued at some unknown period that extraordinary emigration which peopled America. It cannot be questioned that the inhabitants of the north-eastern parts of Asia, little attached to the soil, and subsisting chiefly by hunting and fishing, might pass either in their canoes in summer, or upon the ice in winter, from their own country to the American shore. Or a passage of this kind may not be necessary, for it is by no means unlikely that the Straits of Behring were formerly occupied by the land, and that the isthmus which joined the old world to the new was subverted and overwhelmed by one of those great revolutions of nature which shake whole continents, and extend the dominion of the sea to places where its waters are unknown. Dr. Prichard, in his Researches into the [[Physical]] History of Man, is decidedly of opinion that America was peopled by an Asiatic migration; and in the examples he gives of the coincidences of words, he has fully established the fact of an intercourse between the nations of Northern Asia and those of America, long before the very existence of the latter continent was known to modern Europe. Later investigations have, almost without exception, tended to confirm this conclusion. </p> <p> The [[Scriptures]] make no mention of many of the empires and nations of Asia, such as the Chinese empire, the Hindoos, and the numerous tribes inhabiting the extensive region of [[Siberia]] or Asiatic Russia. India is mentioned in the Book of Esther, but only in reference to- the extensive dominions of Ahasuerus. The Medo-Persian branch of the [[Indo-European]] nations who inhabited Asia, of whom were-the [[Medes]] and ancient Persians, Parthians, and Armenians, are, however, mentioned in sacred history; and among the nations of Asia Minor we have the Phrygians, the Mysians, and the Bithynians. Of the ancient western Asiatic nations, those connected with sacred history are the Elamites, or descendants of Elam; the Assyrians, or descendants of Ashur; Hebrews and Idumaeans, or Edomites; Beni-Jaktan, or Arabs; the Chasdim, or Chaldaeans; the Aramaeans, who inhabited Syria and Mesopotamia; the Phoenicians, or descendants of Canaan; the Mizraim, or the Egyptians; the Cushites, or Ethiopians; and the Philistines. Of the ancient empires mentioned in the Scriptures, the [[Assyrian]] is the earliest, so called from Asshur, the son of Shem. Out of the empire founded by Naimrod at [[Babylon]] sprung the [[Babylonian]] or Chaldaean, the capital of which was Babylon, while that of [[Assyria]] was Nineveh. The empire of the Medes also sprung, from the Assyrian, and was at length united by [[Cyrus]] with Persia, a country which, previous to the reign of that great prince, did not contain more than a single province of the present extensive kingdom, and a hich continued to rule over Asia upward of two centuries, until its power was overthrown by [[Alexander]] the Great. Elam, which originally denoted the country of the Elymaei in the modern Khusistan, afterward became the Hebrew term for Persia and the Persians, who were allied to the [[Madai]] or Medes. The other nations of Asia mentioned in the Scriptures have each their appropriate designations, such as the Arphaxad, or Arph-Chesad, supposed to be the Chaldzeans; the [[Lud]] or Ludim, alleged by [[Josephus]] and Bochart to be the Lydians; and the Aramites or the Syrians. The Asiatic countries more especially mentioned as the scenes of great events and important transactions are Arabia, Armenia, Assyria, Babylonia, Syria, and [[Judaea]] or Palestine, [[Phoenicia]] and Persia. See each in its alphabetical order. </p> <p> '''II.''' ''Church History.-Christianity'' spread rapidly in the first centuries in Western Asia, which, after the times of Constantine, belonged among the [[Christi]] n countries. The apostolic churches of Antioch (q.v.) and Jerusalem (q.v.) received along with Rome and [[Alexandria]] the rank of patriarchates. The diocese of Asia, of which Ephesus was the metropolis, was reckoned next in rank to the four patriarchates up till the council of Chalcedon, which subordinated the diocese to the [[Patriarch]] of Constantinople. In the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries the Nestorians and [[Monophysites]] were excluded by ecumenical synods from the Church, and organized themselves as independent denominations, which still exist. (See [[Nestorians]]); (See [[Armenians]]); (See [[Jacobites]]). </p> <p> Down to the twelfth century the churches of Western Asia were still in a moderately flourishing condition; but about that time the [[Saracens]] succeeded in establishing several principalities, which were the cause of sad desolation to the Church. The Turks, who succeeded, completed the wreck. For the Church history of the following centuries, we refer, besides to the articles already mentioned, to (See Turmey); (See [[Greek Church]]). </p> <p> Also in other portions of Asia the Gospel was early proclaimed, and [[Christianity]] flourished for some time in Persia, till it succumbed to the rising power of Mohammedanism. The outposts of Christianity in China and India, which probably reach back to an early period, were lost sight of by the Latin and Greek churches. The Roman Church, in the Middle Ages and modern times, made great effort to unite with itself the churches of Western Asia, and to convert the pagans in various Asiatic countries. She succeeded in most of the Portuguese and Spanish possessions, and founded a number of dioceses in other countries. The history of [[Protestantism]] begins with the establishment of the rule of the East India Company; and in the nineteenth century its missions have developed on so large a scale that the time appears to be near when it will have the ascendency in a large portion of Eastern Asia. For more details on the history of both the Roman and the [[Protestant]] churches, we refer to the articles (See [[Persia]]); (See [[China]]); (See [[India]]); (See [[Farther]] India); (See Indian Archipelago); (See [[Japan]]). </p> <p> '''III.''' ''Ecclesiastical Statistics.-The'' following tabular survey of the total [[Christian]] population is taken from the latest accessible sources (1880), the number of Mohammedans in Asia being about 115,144,000. </p> <table> <tr> <td> <p> Countries </p> </td> <td> <p> Sum. </p> </td> <td> <p> Rom.Cath </p> </td> <td> <p> Protestant </p> </td> <td> <p> Eastern </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Russia]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 13,471,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 51,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 15,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 5,941,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Turkey]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 16,170,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 260,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 25,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 3,000,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Persia </p> </td> <td> <p> 7,000,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 10,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 3,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 50,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> China and Depend-encies </p> </td> <td> <p> 435,000,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 483,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 50,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 5,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Japan </p> </td> <td> <p> 34,338,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 21,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 4,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 6,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Burmah]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 21,000,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 480,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> [[Siam]] </p> </td> <td> <p> 5,750,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 25,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 4,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 6,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> British possessions </p> </td> <td> <p> 243,898,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 1,264,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 2,600,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 400,000 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> French " </p> </td> <td> <p> 2,770,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 300,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Spanish " </p> </td> <td> <p> 6,300,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 5,501,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Portuguese " </p> </td> <td> <p> 882,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 350,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Dutch " </p> </td> <td> <p> 26,745,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 80,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 170,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Other Countries </p> </td> <td> <p> 17,443,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> <td> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Totals </p> </td> <td> <p> 834,767,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 8,830,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 2,868,000 </p> </td> <td> <p> 9,402,000 </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p> ''''' ''''' </p> <p> The Greek Church is the largest Christian body in Asiatic Russia and Asiatic Turkey, and is at present spreading, together with Russian influence, in Central Asia and China. Armenians are numerous in Russia, Turkey, and Persia, and scattered in India. Nestorians and Jacobites are mostly found in Turkey and India, the former also in Persia. By many it is believed that there are still numerous descendants of Christians in various parts of Asia as yet unknown to the rest of the Christian world. In 1859 it was asserted that 30,000 native Christians had been discovered in the island of Celebes. Buddhism, Brahminism, and the other religious systems of India, China, and Japan, count together a population of about 600 millions. Mohammedanism prevails in Asiatic Turkey, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and Tartary, and is, in general, professed by a population of about 50 millions. The Jews in Asiatic Turkey are estimated at about 350,000; small numbers live scattered in nearly every country. The rest belong to a great variety of pagan systems. </p> <p> '''2.''' [[Asia Minor]]  was the name anciently given to the region nearly inclosed by the Euxine, AEgaean, and Mediterranean Seas, and now forming a part of Turkey. Respecting the Biblical notices of this district we have to remark: </p> <p> '''(a)''' [[Antiochus]] the Great is called king of Asia in &nbsp;1 Maccabees 8:6; a title that he assumed as master (not only of Syria, but also) of the greater part of Asia Minor (which had passed over to the Macedonian princes as a [[Persian]] province), but was compelled (B.C. 189) to relinquish all the Asiatic districts west of the [[Taurus]] to the Romans (Liv. 38:38; &nbsp;1 Maccabees 8:8), who committed Mysia, Lydia, and Phrygia to [[Eumenes]] (II), king of Pergamus (Liv. 37:55; 38:39). Hence </p> <p> '''(b)''' the kingdom of Pergamus was called the Asiatic empire, although the [[Syrian]] Seleucidae, who only occupied Cilicia, likewise (perhaps only out of empty pretence) assumed this title (&nbsp;1 Maccabees 12:39; &nbsp;1 Maccabees 13:32; &nbsp;2 Maccabees 3:3), and so the empires of Egypt and Asia are found in contrast (&nbsp;1 Maccabees 13:13). </p> <p> '''(c)''' By the will of Attalus (III) [[Philometor]] (q.v.), the kingdom of Pergamus passed over (B.C. 133) as a province into the hands of the Romans, in whose diplomatic phraseology Asia was now termedc simply '''Asia [[Cis]] Tanurum"'' (comp. Cicero, ''Flacc.'' 27; Nep. ''Attic.'' 54; Plin. 40), i.e. including the districts Mysia, Lydia, Phrygia, and [[Caria]] (which last the Rhodians obtained after the conquest of Antiochus the Great). It was governed by a praetor until the [[Emperor]] Augustus made it a proconsular province. In this extent it is styled Asia [[Proper]] ( '''''Ἡ''''' '''''Ἰδίως''''' '''''Καλουμένη''''' '''''Ἀσία''''' , Ptolem. v, 2; comp. Strabo, 12:577). To this connection appear to belong the following passages of the N.T. &nbsp;Acts 6:9 (where Asia and [[Cilicia]] are names of Roman provinces in Asia Minor); 20:16; &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1 (see Steiger, in loc.); &nbsp;Revelation 1:4; comp. 2 and 3, where letters to the Christian communities in the seven cities of (proconsular) Asia designate those in Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea (q.v. severally) (see Lucke, ''Ofenbar. Joh.'' p. 201; comp. T. Smith, Septemn Asice ecclesiar. notitia, Lond. 1671, Utr. 1694; Arundell, [[Visit]] to the Seven Churches of Asia, Lond. 1828). On the other hand, in Acts ii, 9 (comp. 16:6; see Wiggers, in the Stud. u. Krit. 1838, i, 169), it appears to denote Phryia, or, as the commentators will have it, only [[Ionia]] (see Kuinol, in loc.); but it is not certain that in Roman times Ionia was called Asia by pre-eminence (see Pliny, v, 28; comp. Solin. 43). The extent in &nbsp;2 Corinthians 1:8, is uncertain, and, moreover, the boundaries of Asia Minor varied at different periods (see Mannert, VI, ii, 15 -sq.; Wetstein, ii, 464). Thus it may be retarded as pretty well settled: </p> <p> '''(1.)''' That "Asia" denotes the whole of [[Asia Minor]]  in the texts &nbsp;Acts 19:26-27; &nbsp;Acts 21:27; &nbsp;Acts 24:18; &nbsp;Acts 27:2; but </p> <p> '''(2.),''' that only [[Asia Proper]]  the Roman or Proconsular Asia, is denoted in &nbsp;Acts 2:9; &nbsp;Acts 6:9; &nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 19:10; &nbsp;Acts 19:22; &nbsp;Acts 20:4; &nbsp;Acts 20:16; &nbsp;Acts 20:18 [&nbsp;Romans 16:5]; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 16:19; &nbsp;2 Corinthians 1:8; &nbsp;2 Timothy 1:15; &nbsp;1 Peter 1:1; &nbsp;Revelation 1:4; &nbsp;Revelation 1:11. [[Asia Minor]]  comprehended Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Mysia, [[Troas]] (all of which are mentioned in the New Testament), Lydia, Ionia, AEolis (which are sometimes included under Lydia), Caria, Doris, and Lycia. [[Asia Proper]]  or Proconsular Asia, comprehended the provinces of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and [[Lydia]] (Cicero, ''Ep. Fam.'' ii, 15). But it is evident that Luke uses the term Asia in a sense still more restricted; for in one place he counts Phrygia (&nbsp;Acts 2:9-10), and in another Mysia (&nbsp;Acts 16:6-7), as provinces distinct from Asia. Hence it is probable that in many, if not all, of the second set of references above, the word Asia denotes only Ionia, or the entire western coast, of which Ephesus was the capital, and in which the seven churches were situated. See generally, Usher, ''De Asia Proconsulari'' (Lond. 1681); id. ''De Episcop. Metropol. In Asia Proconsulari'' (Lond. 1687); Carpzov, ''De Asice Ecclesis'' (Lips. 1698); Cellarius, ''Id.'' (Hal. 1701); Conybeare and Howson's ''St. Paul,'' i, 237; [[Penny]] Cyc. s.v. Anatolia; Smith's Diet. of Class. Geogr. i, 232 sq., 238 sq.; Texier, Asie Mineure (Paris, 1863); Le Bas and Cbheron, Hist. Ancienne de I'As. Min. (Par. 1864); Perrot, [[Voyage]] en As. Min. (Paris, 1864). </p> <p> '''3.''' [[Proconsular Asia]]  therefore, seems to be usually that designated in the New Test., being a Roman province which embraced the western part of the peninsula of Asia Minor, and of which Ephesus was the capital. This province originated in the bequest of Attalus, king of Pergamus, or king of Asia, who left by will to the Roman [[Republic]] his hereditary dominions in the west of the peninsula (B.C. 133). Some rectifications of the frontier were made, and "Asia" was constituted a province. Under the early emperors it was rich and flourishing, though it had been severely plundered under the republic. In the division made by Augustus of senatorial and imperial provinces, it was placed in the former class, and was governed by a proconsul. (Hence '''''Ἀνθύπατοι''''' '','' &nbsp;Acts 19:38, and on coins.) It contained many important cities, among which were the seven churches of the Apocalypse, and it was divided into assize districts for judicial business. (Hence '''''Ἀγοραῖοι''''' , i.e. '''''Ἡμέραι''''' , Acts, ''Ibid.)'' It is not possible absolutely to define the inland boundary of this province during the life of the' [[Apostle]] Paul; indeed, the limits of the provinces were frequently undergoing change; but generally it may be said that it included the territory anciently subdivided into AEolis, Ionia, and Doris, and afterward into Mysia, Lydia, and Caria. (See Mysia); (See [[Lycia]]); (See [[Bithynia]]); (See Phrygia); (See Galatia). These were originally Greek colonies (see Smith's ''Smaller Hist. Of Greece,'' p. 40 sq.). Meyer (in his ''Comment.'' on &nbsp;Acts 16:6) unnecessarily imagines that the divine intimation given to Paul had reference to the continent of Asia, as opposed to Europe, and that the apostle supposed it might have reference simply to "Asia cis Taurum," and therefore attempted to penetrate into Bithynia. The view of Meyer and De Wette on &nbsp;Acts 27:2 (and of the former on &nbsp;Acts 19:10), viz. that the peninsula of Asia Minor is intended, involves a bad geographical mistake; for this term "Asia Minor" does not seem to have been so applied till some centuries after the Christian era. Neither is it strictly correct to speak of Asia in the N.T. as being at that time called ''A. Proconsularis;'' for this phrase also was of later date, and denoted one of Constantine's subdivisions of the province of which we are speaking. (See Conybeare and Howson's ''Life And [[Epistles]] Of St. Paul,'' ch. xiv; Marquardt's Roim. Alterthiimer, iii, 130-146.) (See [[Asiarch]]). '''4.''' [[Seven Churches Of Asia]]  '''''—''''' These, celebrated in the Apocalypse, in the apostolic times, and in ecclesiastical history, were, as they are classified by the writer of the book of Revelation (ch. i-iii), Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, which see under the respective names. (See [[Asia Minor]]) (No. 2, above); see REVELATION. </p>

<p> ''''' ā´shi ''''' - ''''' a ''''' ( Ἀσία , <i> ''''' Ası́a ''''' </i> ): [[A R]]  oman province embracing the greater part of western Asia Minor, including the older countries of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and a part of Phrygia, also several of the independent coast cities, the Troad, and apparently the islands of Lesbos, Samos, Patmos, Cos and others near the Asia Minor coast (&nbsp;Acts 16:6; &nbsp;Acts 19:10 , &nbsp;Acts 19:27 ). It is exceedingly difficult to determine the exact boundaries of the several countries which later constituted the Roman province, for they seem to have been somewhat vague to the ancients themselves, and were constantly shifting; it is therefore impossible to trace the exact borders of the province of Asia. Its history previous to 133 bc coincides with that of Asia Minor of which it was a part. However, in that year, Attalus Iii (Philometer), king of Pergamos, bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Empire. It was not until 129 bc that the province of Asia was really formed by Rome. Its first capital was Pergamos, the old capital of Mysia, but in the time of Augustus, when Asia had become the most wealthy province of the Empire, the seat of the government was transferred to Ephesus. Smyrna was also an important rival of Ephesus. The governor of Asia was a pro-consul, chosen by lot by the Roman senate from among the former consuls who had been out of office for at least five years, and he seldom continued in office for more than a single year. The diet of the province, composed of representatives from its various districts, met each year in the different cities. Over it presided the asiarch, whose duty it was, among other things, to offer sacrifices for the welfare of the emperor and his family. </p> <p> In 285 ad the province was reduced in size, as Caria, Lydia, Mysia and Phrygia were separated from it, and apart from the cities of the coast little remained. The history of Asia consists almost entirely of the history of its important cities, which were Adramyttium, Assos, Cnidus, Ephesus, Laodicea, Miletus, Pergamos, Philadelphia, Sardis, Smyrna, Thyatira, Troas, etc. </p>