Difference between revisions of "Amorites"

<p> [[Amorites]] ( ''Ăm'O-R'' ''Îtes'' ), ''Mountaineers.'' &nbsp;Genesis 10:16. A [[Syrian]] tribe descended from Canaan, and among the most formidable of the tribes with whom the Israelites contended. They were of gigantic stature and great courage, &nbsp;Amos 2:9, and inhabited one of the most fertile districts of the country, being bounded on three sides by the rivers Amon, Jabbok, and Jordan. The Israelites asked permission of the king to travel through their territory, promising to injure nothing, not even to draw water from their wells; but the request was refused. The Amorites collected and attempted to oppose their progress, but were totally defeated, and their territory taken and divided between the tribes of Reuben and Gad. </p>

<p> ''''' am´o ''''' - ''''' rı̄ts ''''' ; Amorites ( אמרי , <i> ''''' 'emōrı̄ ''''' </i> , always in the singular like the [[Babylonian]] <i> ''''' Amurrū ''''' </i> from which it is taken; Ἀμορραῖοι , <i> ''''' Amorraı́oi ''''' </i> ): </p> <p> 1. Varying Use of the Name Explained </p> <p> 2. The Amorite [[Kingdom]] </p> <p> 3. Sihon's Conquest </p> <p> 4. Disappearance of the Amorite Kingdom </p> <p> 5. [[Physical]] Characteristics of the Amorites </p> <p> The name Amorite is used in the Old [[Testament]] to denote (1) The inhabitants of Palestine generally, (2) The population of the hills as opposed to the plain, and (3) a specific people under a king of their own. Thus (1) we hear of them on the west shore of the Dead Sea (&nbsp;Genesis 14:7 ), at Hebron (&nbsp;Genesis 14:13 ), and [[Shechem]] (&nbsp;Genesis 48:22 ), in [[Gilead]] and [[Bashan]] (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:10 ) and under Hermon (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:8; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 4:48 ). They are named instead of the Canaanites as the inhabitants of Palestine whom the Israelites were required to exterminate (&nbsp;Genesis 15:16; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 20:17; &nbsp;Judges 6:10; &nbsp;1 Samuel 7:14; &nbsp;1 Kings 21:26; &nbsp;2 Kings 21:11 ); the older population of Judah is called Amorite in &nbsp;Joshua 10:5 , &nbsp;Joshua 10:6 , in conformity with which Ezek (&nbsp;Joshua 16:3 ) states that Jerusalem had an Amorite father; and the Gibeonites are said to have been "of the remnant of the Amorites" (&nbsp;2 Samuel 21:2 ). On the other hand (2), in &nbsp;Numbers 13:29 the Amorites are described as dwelling in the mountains like the [[Hittites]] and Jebusites of Jerusalem, while the [[Amalekites]] or [[Bedouins]] lived in the south and the Canaanites on the seacoast and in the valley of the Jordan. Lastly (3) we hear of Sihon, "king of the Amorites," who had conquered the northern half of Moab (&nbsp; Numbers 21:21-31; &nbsp;Deuteronomy 2:26-35 ). </p> 1. Varying Use of the Name Explained <p> Assyriological discovery has explained the varying use of the name. The [[Hebrew]] form of it is a transliteration of the Babylonian <i> ''''' Amurrū ''''' </i> , which was both sing. and plural. In the age of Abraham the Amurru were the dominant people in western Asia; hence Syria and Palestine were called by the [[Babylonians]] "the land of the Amorites." In the [[Assyrian]] period this was replaced by "land of the Hittites," the Hittites in the [[Mosaic]] age having made themselves masters of Syria and Canaan. The use of the name "Amorite" in its general sense belongs to the Babylonian period of oriental history. </p> 2. The Amorite Kingdom <p> The Amorite kingdom was of great antiquity. About 2500 bc it embraced the larger part of Mesopotamia and Syria, with its capital probably at Harran, and a few centuries later northern Babylonia was occupied by an "Amorite" dynasty of kings who traced theft descent from Samu or Sumu (the Biblical Shem), and made Babylon their capital. To this dynasty belonged Khammu-rabi, the [[Amraphel]] of &nbsp;Genesis 14:1 . In the astrological documents of the period frequent reference is made to "the king of the Amorites." This king of the Amorites was subject to Babylonia in the age of the dynasty of Ur, two or three centuries before the birth of Abraham He claimed suzerainty over a number of "Amorite" kinglets, among whom those of Khana on the Euphrates, near the mouth of the Khabur, may be named, since in the Abrahamic age one of them was called Khammu-rapikh and another Isarlim or Israel. A payment of a cadastral survey made at this time by a Babylonian governor with the Canaanite name of Urimelech is now in the Louvre. Numerous Amorites were settled in [[Ur]] and other Babylonian cities, chiefly for the purpose of trade. They seem to have enjoyed the same rights and privileges as the native Babylonians. Some of them were commercial travelers, but we hear also of the heads of the great firms making journeys to the Mediterranean coast. </p> <p> In an inscription found near [[Diarbekir]] and dedicated to Khammu-rabi by Ibirum (= Eber), the governor of the district, the only title given to the Babylonian monarch is "king of the Amorites," where instead of <i> ''''' Amurrū ''''' </i> the Sumerian <i> ''''' Martu ''''' </i> (Hebrew <i> ''''' mōreh ''''' </i> ) is used. The great-grandson of Khammu-rabi still calls himself "king of the widespread land of the Amorites," but two generations later Babylonia was invaded by the Hittites, the Amorite dynasty came to an end, and there was once more a "king of the Amorites" who was not also king of Babylonia. </p> <p> The Amorite kingdom continued to exist down to the time of the Israelite invasion of Palestine, and mention is made of it in the [[Egyptian]] records as well as in the cuneiform <i> Tell el-Amarna [[Letters]] </i> , and the Hittite archives recently discovered at Boghaz-keui, the site of the Hittite capital in Cappadocia. The Egyptian conquest of Canaan by the kings of the 18th Dynasty had put an end to the effective government of that country by the Amorite princes, but their rule still extended eastward to the borders of Babylonia, while its southern limits coincided approximately with what was afterward the northern frontier of Naphtali. The Amorite kings, however, became, at all events in name, the vassals of the Egyptian Pharaoh. When the Egyptian empire began to break up, under the "heretic king" Amenhotep IV, at the end of the 18th Dynasty (1400 bc), the Amorite princes naturally turned to their more powerful neighbors in the north. One of the letters in the Tell el-Amarna correspondence is from the [[Pharaoh]] to his Amorite vassal Aziru the son of Ebed-Asherah, accusing him of rebellion and threatening him with punishment. Eventually Aziru found it advisable to go over openly to the Hittites, and pay the Hittite government an annual tribute of 300 shekels of gold. From that time forward the Amorite kingdom was a dependency of the Hittite empire, which, on the strength of this, claimed dominion over Palestine as far as the Egyptian frontier. </p> <p> The second successor of Aziru was Abi-Amurru (or Abi-Hadad), whose successor bore, in addition to a Semitic name, the Mitannian name of Bentesinas. Bente-sinas was dethroned by the Hittite King Muttallis and imprisoned in Cappadocia, where he seems to have met the Hittite prince Khattu-sil, who on the death of his brother Muttallis seized the crown and restored Bente-sinas to his kingdom. Bente-sinas married the daughter of Khattu-sil, while his own daughter was wedded to the son of his Hittite suzerain, and an agreement was made that the succession to the Amorite throne should be confined to her descendants. Two or three generations later the Hittite empire was destroyed by an invasion of "northern barbarians," the Phrygians, probably, of Greek history, who marched southward, through Palestine, against Egypt, carrying with them "the king of the Amorites." The invaders, however, were defeated and practically exterminated by Ramses Iii of the 20th Egyptian Dynasty (1200 bc). The Amorite king, captured on this occasion by the Egyptians, was probably the immediate predecessor of the Sihon of the Old Testament. </p> 3. Sihon's Conquest <p> Egyptian influence in Canaan had finally ceased with the invasion of Egypt by the Libyans and peoples of the Aegean in the fifth year of Meneptah, the successor of Ramses II, at the time of the Israelite Exodus. Though the invaders were repulsed, the Egyptian garrisons had to be withdrawn from the cities of southern Palestine, where their place was taken by the [[Philistines]] who thus blocked the way from Egypt to the north. The Amorites, in the name of their distant Hittite suzerains, were accordingly able to overrun the old Egyptian provinces on the east side of the Jordan; the Amorite chieftain [[Og]] possessed himself of Bashan (&nbsp;Deuteronomy 3:8 ), and Sihon, "king of the Amorites," conquered the northern part of Moab. </p> <p> The conquest must have been recent at the time of the Israelite invasion, as the Amorite song of triumph is quoted in &nbsp;Numbers 21:27-29 , and adapted to the overthrow of Sihon himself by the Israelites. 'Woe unto thee,' it reads, 'O Moab; thou art undone, [[O]] people of Chemosh! (Chemosh) hath given thy sons who escaped (the battle) and thy daughters into captivity to Sihon king of the Amorites.' The flame that had thus consumed Heshbon, it is further declared, shall spread southward through Moab, while Heshbon itself is rebuilt and made the capital of the conqueror: "Come to Heshbon, that the city of Sihon (like the city of David, &nbsp;2 Samuel 5:9 ) may be rebuilt and restored. For the fire has spread from Heshbon, the flame from the capital of Sihon, devouring as far as Moab (reading <i> ''''' ‛adh ''''' </i> with the [[Septuagint]] instead of <i> ''''' ‛ār ''''' </i> ), and swallowing up (reading <i> ''''' bāle‛āh ''''' </i> with the Septuagint) the high places of Arnon." The Israelite invasion, however, prevented the expected conquest of southern Moab from taking place. </p> 4. Disappearance of the Amorite Kingdom <p> After the fall of Sihon the Amorite kingdom disappears. The [[Syrians]] of Zobah, of [[Hamath]] and of [[Damascus]] take its place, while with the rise of [[Assyria]] the "Amorites" cease to be the representatives in contemporary literature of the inhabitants of western Asia. At one time their power had extended to the Babylonian frontier, and Bente-sinas was summoned to [[Cappadocia]] by his Hittite overlord to answer a charge made by the Babylonian ambassadors of his having raided northern Babylonia. The Amorite king urged, however, that the raid was merely an attempt to recover a debt of 30 talents of silver. </p> 5. Physical Characteristics of the Amorites <p> In &nbsp;Numbers 13:29 the Amorites are described as mountaineers, and in harmony with thins, according to Professor Petrie's notes, the Egyptian artists represent them with fair complexions, blue eyes and light hair. It would, therefore, seem that they belonged to the [[Libyan]] race of northern Africa rather than to the Semitic stock. In western Asia, however, they were mixed with other racial elements derived from the subject populations, and as they spoke a Semitic language one of the most important of these elements would have been the Semites. In its general sense, moreover, the name "Amorite" included in the Babylonian period all the settled and civilized peoples west of the [[Euphrates]] to whatever race they might belong. </p> Literature <p> [[Hugo]] Winckler, <i> Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft </i> (1907), No. 35, Berlin; Sayce, <i> The [[Races]] of the Old Testament </i> , [[Religious]] [[Tract]] Soc., 1890. </p>