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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament <ref name="term_54982" /> == | | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31237" /> == |
| <p> <b> [[Abomination]] [[Of]] [[Desolation]] </b> <b> ( </b> τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως).—This phrase is found in the [[Nt]] only in Matthew 24:15 and Mark 13:14, in both cases forming part of the passage in which Christ predicts the woes to come on the Jews, culminating in the destruction of Jerusalem. St. Mark’s words, which are probably move exact than those of St. Matthew, are: ὃταν δὲ ἴδητε τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως ἐστηκότα ὅπου οὐ δεῖ (ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω), τότε οἵ ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ φευγέτωσαν εἰς τὰ ὄρη, κ.τ.λ. Three points in this account are to be noticed: (1) the change of gender* [Note: Dr. [[A.]] Wright (Synopsis2, 131) says that the masculine indicates that St. Mark interprets τὀ βδελυγμα to signify a man. But this does not seem necessary. The masc. appears to denote a personification rather than a person. Such personifications are not uncommon in prophetic and apocalyptic literature (Ezekiel 38, Revelation 2:1 [ἄγγελος] 2:20 [Ἱεζαβελ] 12:3 [δράκων]. In 2 Thessalonians 2:3ἁ ἄγθρωτος τῆς ἀνομιας (אִישׁבִּליַעַל = Βελίαρ) may denote not a person, but a sin (ἀτοστασια); see Nestle in . Times, July 1905, p. 472 f.] τὸ βδέλυγμα—ἑστηκότα (cf. 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7, Revelation 21:14); (2) the ‘editorial note’ ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω, calling special attention to the prophecy (cf. Daniel 9:25, Revelation 2:7; Revelation 13:18); (3) the command to flee to the mountains, which seems to have been obeyed by the [[Christians]] who escaped to [[Pella]] (Euseb. <i> Historia Ecclesiastica </i> iii. 5; Epiphan. <i> Haeres </i> . xxix. 7). St. Matthew characteristically adds the words (absent from the best [[Mss]] [Note: [[Ss]] Manuscripts.] [א [[Bl]] [Note: [[L]] Bampton Lecture.] ] of St. Mark) τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Δανιὴλ τοῦ προφήτου; substitutes the neuter ἑστηκότα for the masc. ἑστηκότα; and instead of the quite general phrase ὅπου οὐ δεῖ has the more definite ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ,—an expression which may refer to the [[Temple]] (cf. Acts 6:13; Acts 21:28), but (without the article) may mean nothing more than ‘on holy ground.’ To the [[Jews]] all [[Jerusalem]] (and, indeed, all Palestine) was holy ( 2 [[Maccabees]] 1:7; 2 Maccabees 3:1). St. Luke, writing most probably after the destruction of Jerusalem, omits the ‘editorial note’; and for ὅταν ἴδητε τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως substitutes ὅταν ἴδητε κυκλουμένην ὑπὸ στρατοπέδων Ἰερουσαλήμ ( Luke 21:20). </p> <p> The phrase we are considering occurs three times in the [[Lxx]] [[Septuagint]] of Daniel:† [Note: The [[Hebrew]] text and its meaning are doubtful (see [[A.]] [[A.]] Bevan, Daniel, p. 192). Our Lord adopted the current view with which the [[Lxx]] had made the Jews familiar.] Daniel 9:27 (βδ. τῶν ἐρημώσεων), Daniel 11:31 (βδ. τῶν ἐρημώσεων) and Daniel 12:11 (cf. Daniel 8:13), and is quoted in 1 Maccabees 1:54. The original reference is clearly to the desecration of the Temple by the soldiers of [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, the ceasing of the daily burnt-offering, and the election of an idol-altar upon the great [[Altar]] of [[Sacrifice]] in b.c. 168 ( 1 Maccabees 1:33-59; [[Josephus]] <i> Ant. </i> xii. v. 4, <i> [[Bj]] </i> i. i. 1). Thus it is plain that Christ, in quoting the words of Daniel, intends to foretell a desecration of the Temple (or perhaps of the [[Holy]] City) resembling that of Antiochus, and resulting in the destruction of the national life and religion. Josephus ( <i> Ant. </i> x. xi. 7) draws a similar parallel between the [[Jewish]] misfortunes under Antiochus and the desolation caused by the Romans (ὁ Δανίηλος καὶ περὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας ἀνέγραψε, καὶ ὅτι ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἐρημωθήσεται). But the precise reference is not so clear. </p> <p> (1) Blcek, Alford, Mansel, and others explain it of the desecration of the Temple by the [[Zealots]] just before the investment of Jerusalem by Titus (Josephus <i> [[Bj]] </i> iv. iii. 6–8, vi. 3). Having seized the Temple, they made it a stronghold, and ‘entered the sanctuary with polluted feet’ (μεμιασμένοις τοῖς ποσὶ παρῄεσαν εἰς τὸ ἄγιον). In opposition to Ananus, they set up as high priest one Phannias, ‘a man not only unworthy of the high priesthood, but ignorant of what the high priesthood was’ (ἀνὴρ οὑ μόνον ἀνάξιος ἀρχιερεὺς ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἐπιστάμενος σαφῶς τί ποτʼ ἧν ἀρχιερωσύνη). The Temple precincts were defiled with blood, and [[Ananus]] was murdered. His murder, says Josephus, was the beginning of the capture of the city (οὑκ ἂν ἁμάρτοιμι δʼ εἰπὼν ἀλώσεως ἄρξαι τῇ πολει τὸν Ἀνάνου θάνατον). In support of this view it is urged ( <i> a </i> ) that the ‘little Apocalypse’ ( 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12, a passage closely resembling this) clearly contemplates a <i> Jewish </i> apostasy; ( <i> b </i> ) that the word used in Daniel (שׁקּוּץ = βδέλυγμα) is properly used not of idolatry in the abstract, but of idolatry or false worship <i> adopted by Jews </i> ( 1 Kings 11:5, 2 Kings 23:13, Ezekiel 5:11); ( <i> c </i> ) that there was among the Jews a tradition to the effect that Jerusalem would be destroyed if their own hands should pollute the Temple of God (ἐὰν χεῖρες οἰκεῖαι προμιάνωσι τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ τέμενος, Josephus <i> [[Bj]] </i> iv vi. 3). </p> <p> (2) Others (Bengel, Swete, Weiss) explain it by reference to the investment of Jerusalem by the Roman armies. [[A]] modification of this view is that of [[H.]] [[A.]] [[W.]] Meyer, who explains it of the ‘doings of the heathen conquerors during and after the capture of the Temple.’ When the city was taken, sacrifices were offered in the Temple to the standards ( <i> [[Bj]] </i> vi. vi. 1, cf. Tertullian, <i> Apol. </i> 16). Between the first appearance of the Roman armies before Jerusalem (a.d. 66) and the final investment by Titus (just before [[Passover]] a.d. 70), there would be ample time for flight ‘to the mountains.’ Even after the final investment there would be opportunities for ‘those in Judaea’ to escape. St. Luke’s words ( Luke 21:20) are quoted in support of this view. </p> <p> (3) [[Theodoret]] and other early Commentators refer the prophecy to the attempt of [[Pilate]] to set up effigies of the emperor in Jerusalem ( <i> [[Bj]] </i> ii. ix. 2). </p> <p> (4) Spitta ( <i> Offenb. des Joh. </i> 493) thinks it has to do with the order of [[Caligula]] to erect in the Temple a statue of himself, to which [[Divine]] honours were to be paid ( <i> Ant. </i> xviii. viii. 8). This order, though never executed, caused widespread apprehension among the Jews. </p> <p> (5) [[Jerome]] (Commentary on Matthew 24) suggests that the words may be understood of the equestrian statue of Hadrian, which in his time stood on the site of the Holy of Holies. Similarly, Chrysostom and others refer them to the statue of Titus erected on the site of the Temple. </p> <p> (6) Bousset treats the passage as strictly eschatological, and as referring to an [[Antichrist]] who should appear in the ‘last days.’* [Note: Some (Keim, Holtzmann, Cheyne) hold the passage to be part of an independent Jewish (or Jewish-Christian) [[Apocalypse]] inserted subsequently in the Gospels. But it occurs in all the Synoptists, and ‘it is difficult to think that even these words … are without a substantial basis in the words of Christ’ (Driver).] </p> <p> Of these views (1) and (2) are the most probable. Considerations of chronology make (3), (4), and (5) more than doubtful, while the warnings that the events predicted should come to pass soon ( Matthew 24:33-34, Mark 13:28-30, Luke 21:29-33) and the command to flee ‘to the mountains’ seem fatal to (6). Between (1) and (2) the choice is not easy, though the balance of evidence is on the whole in favour of (1). St. Luke’s language (ὅταν ἵδητε κυκλουμένην ὑπὸ στρατοπέδων Ἰερουσαλήμ) is not decisive. He may not have intended his words to be an exact reproduction of Christ’s words so much as an accommodation of them which would be readily understood by his [[Gentile]] readers. </p> <p> Literature.—R. [[W.]] Newton on Matthew 24 (1879); Bousset, <i> Der Antichrist </i> (1885), English translation by [[A.]] [[H.]] Keane, 1896; [[J.]] [[H.]] Russell, <i> The [[Parousia]] </i> (1887); articles in Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible (by [[S.]] [[R.]] Driver), <i> Encyc. Bibl. </i> (by [[T.]] [[K.]] Cheyne), Smith’s <i> [[D]] </i> [[B]] [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] 2 [Note: designates the particular edition of the work referred] (by [[W.]] [[L.]] Bevan) the [[Commentaries]] of Bengel, [[Cornelius]] a Lapide, [[H.]] [[A.]] [[W.]] Meyer, Alford, Wordsworth, Mansel (in <i> Speaker’s [[Commentary]] on [[Nt]] </i> , i. 139), [[H.]] [[B.]] Swete, <i> St. Mark, ad loc. </i> ; [[A.]] [[A.]] Bevan, <i> The Book of Daniel, ad loc. </i> </p> <p> [[H.]] [[W.]] Fulford. </p>
| | Matthew 24:15 Mark 13:14 Luke 21:20 Daniel 9:27[[Abomination]] |
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| == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_34340" /> == | | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_36945" /> == |
| <p> "The idol (See [[Abomination)]] of the desolator," or "the idol that causeth desolation." Abomination refers especially to such idolatry only as is perpetrated by apostates from [[Jehovah]] ( 2 Kings 21:2-7; 2 Kings 23:13). Josephus [[(B.]] [[J.,]] 4:6, sec. 3) refers to the Jews' tradition that the temple would be destroyed "if domestic hands should first pollute it." The Lord quotes Daniel 9:27; Daniel 11:31; Daniel 12:11, in Matthew 24:15 "the abomination of desolation," as the sign of Jerusalem's coming destruction. Daniel makes the ceasing of the sacrifice and oblation the preliminary to it. Jewish rabbis considered the prophecy fulfilled when the Jews erected an idol altar, described as "the abomination of desolation" in 1 Maccabees 1:54; 1 Maccabees 6:7. This was necessarily followed by the profanation of the temple under the Old [[Testament]] antichrist, Antiochus Epiphanes. He built an idolatrous altar on the altar of burnt offering to [[Jupiter]] Olympius, and dedicated the temple to him, and offered swine's flesh. </p> <p> The divine law is that where the church corrupts herself, the world, the instrument of her sin, is made also the instrument of her punishment ( Matthew 24:28; Revelation 17:3; Revelation 17:16). The bringing of the idolatrous, Roman, image crowned standards into the temple, where they were set over the [[E.]] gate, and sacrificed to, upon the destruction of Jerusalem under the Roman Titus, 37 years after Jesus' prophecy [[(A.D.]] 70), is not enough to meet the requirements of the term "abomination," unless it were shown that the Jews shared in the idolatry. Perhaps the Zealots perpetrated some abomination which was to be the sign of the nation's ruin. They had taken possession of the temple, and having made a profane country fellow, Phannias, their high priest, they made a mock of the sacred rites of the law. </p> <p> Some such desecration within the city, "in the holy place," coinciding with Cestius Gallus' encampment without, "in a holy place," was the sign foretold by Jesus; noting it, the Christians fled from the city to Pella, and all escaped. The final fulfillment is probably future. The last antichrist, many think, is about to set up an idol on a wing of the restored temple (compare Matthew 4:5; John 5:43) in the latter half of the last, or 70th, of Daniel's prophetic weeks; for the former three and a half days (years) of the prophetic week he keeps his covenant with the Jews; in the latter three and a half breaks it ( Zechariah 11:16-17; Zechariah 11:12; Zechariah 11:13; Zechariah 11:14; Daniel 9; 11). The Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] erected a temple to Jupiter upon the site of the Jewish temple; but probably "the consummation to be poured upon the desolate" is yet future. </p> | | <p> (βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως, Matthew 24:15; Mark 13:14, as a translation of שַׁקּוּוֹ מְשֹׁמֵם ), especially in Daniel 9:27, "and for the overspreading (כָּנָ, wing) of abominations he shall make it desolate"' (so the [[A.V.]] vaguely and inaccurately renders). Here an especial difficulty in the interpretation of the phrase is created by the ambiguity of the term כָּנָ, which is usually regarded as equivalent to the πτερύγιον, or winglet ("pinnacle") of the [[Temple]] ( Matthew 4:5; Matthew 4:9). (See [[Pinnacle]]). "We believe," says Havernick, "that of all the meanings of כָּנָ that are sufficiently supported, none so commends itself as that of border, properly of a garment, e.g. 1 Samuel 15:27; Numbers 15:36; Ezra 5:3; Zechariah 8:23; [[Haggi]] 2:12; then secondarily of places, regions of the earth, hence הָאֶרֶוֹ כְּנָפוֹת, the ends, limits, uttermost parts of the earth, Job 37:3; Job 38:13; Isaiah 11:12; Ezekiel 7:2. (Sept. πτέρυγες τῆς γῆς, the extremity of the earth.)... According to this, כָּנָ would denote here extremitas regionis, the utmost point or part of a district or of a place, and עִלאּכְּנִ שׁקּוּצַים, on the utmost height of abomination, i.e. on the highest place where abomination could be committed. But the highest point in [[Jerusalem]] was the Temple, and it must be this which is thus designated here. We admit that this meaning would be obscure before the fulfillment of the prediction; but this we hold to be only a characteristic feature of such predictions... As respects the form מְשֹׁמֵם, most interpreters take it as nomen participiale for ‘ destruction;' but this is against the usage of the form elsewhere in Daniel ( Daniel 11:31), and the meaning is brought out much more vividly and poetically by our construction. ‘ On the summit of abomination is a destroyer,' probably collectively for ‘ destroyers' in general.... . According to this explanation, there can be no doubt that the Sept, has already rightly given the meaning of the passage when it translates καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν βδέλυγμα τῶν ἐρημώσεων ἔσται, and so the Syr. Ambros. [[Somewhat]] different from this is Theodotion, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις (these two words aire wanting in the ''Vatican Codex'' ) ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως (''Cod. Vat'' . τῶν ἐρημώσεων ), and so Jacob of [[Edessa]] (ap. Bugati, p. 151), except that he seems to have read καὶ ἐρήμωσις . The ''Peshito'' gives ‘ on the wings of abhorrence,' and this Ephraem refers to the Roman eagles. The Vulg., ''Et erit in templo abominatio desolationis'' : Ven. Gr., καπὶ πτέρυγος βδελύγματα ἐρημοῦν᾿᾿ (''Commentatar ib. Dan'' . in loc.). Some codices read יהיה שיקווֹ ובהיכל, and in the temple of [[Jehovah]] an abomination (see Kennicott, ''Bib.'' Heb. in loc.; De Rossi, Var. Lectt. 4:147). </p> <p> This agrees with the reading of the Sept. and Jerome, as also of the Memphitic and Sahidic versions, and with the citation of the evangelists. It may be a mere correction; but there is a curious fact urged by Michaelis which seems to give it some weight. Josephus, in recording the destruction of the Arx Antonia, says that the [[Jews]] thus made the Temple building a square, not considering that it was written in the prophecies that the city and Temple should be taken when the Temple was made four-square (War, 6:5, 4). To what prediction the historian here refers has always appeared obscure, and his whole statement has been perplexing. But Michaelis argues that if the reading of Daniel 9:27 was in his day that given above, the difficulty is solved; for we have only to suppose he read the last word שֶׁיָּקוֹוֹ, ''she-yakots''' , in which case the meaning would be "and in the Temple shall he who cuts off (from קצוֹ ) be a desolator" (Orient. u. exegeto Bibliothek, 2:194). If we may take [[Josephus]] as a representative of the common opinions of his countrymen. they must have regarded these predictions as finding their fulfillment not merely in the acts of [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, but also in the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (Ant. 10:7). As against the opinion that שַׁקּוּוֹ is to be understood of idolatrous objects carried by heathens into the Temple, it has been objected that this word designates idols only as adopted by the Jews. But this is wholly unfounded, as 1 Kings 11:5; 2 Kings 23:13, and other passages abundantly show. Indeed, the word is always used objectively, to designate that which is an abomination, not in, but to the parties spoken of. (See [[Abomination]]). </p> |
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| == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_49300" /> ==
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| <p> <strong> [[Abomination]] [[Of]] [[Desolation]] </strong> . [[A]] term found only in Mark 13:14 and its parallel Matthew 24:15 . It is obviously derived, as St. Matthew indicates, from Daniel 11:31; Daniel 12:11; cf. Daniel 9:27 . In these passages the most natural reference is to the desecration of the Temple under Antiochus Epihanes, when an altar to Olympian [[Zeus]] was erected on the altar of burnt sacrifices. As interpreted in the revision by St. Luke ( Luke 21:20 ), the reference in the [[Gospel]] is to the encompassing of Jerusalem by the Roman army. It is very difficult, however, to adjust this interpretation to the expression of Mk. ‘standing where he ought not,’ and that of Mt. ‘standing in the holy place.’ Other interpretations would be: (1) the threatened erection of the statue of Caligula in the Temple; or (2) the desecration of the Temple area by the Zealots, who during the siege made it a fortress; or (3) the desecration of the Temple by the presence of Titus after its capture by that general. While it is impossible to reach any final choice between these different interpretations, it seems probable that the reference of Mark 13:14 is prior to the destruction of Jerusalem, because of its insistence that the appearance of the ‘abomination of desolation’ (or the ‘abomination that makes desolate’) is to be taken as a warning for those who are in Judæa to flee to the mountains. It would seem to follow, therefore, that the reference is to some event, portending the fall of Jerusalem, which might also be interpreted by the Christians as a premonition of the Parousia ( 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 ). It would seem natural to see this event in the coming of the Romans ( Luke 21:20 ), or in the seizure of the Temple by the Zealots under John of Giscala, before the city was completely invested by the Romans. [[A]] measure of probability is given to the latter conjecture by the tradition (Eusebius, <em> [[He]] </em> iii. v. 3) that the Jewish Christians, because of a Divine oracle, fled from Jerusalem during the early course of the siege. </p> <p> Shailer Mathews. </p>
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| == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_64770" /> ==
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| <p> This exact expression occurs only in Matthew 24:15 and Mark 13:14 , referring to what had been revealed to Daniel in Daniel 12:11 , where it is connected with the great tribulation (ver. 1) spoken of by the Lord in those Gospels. Daniel 9:27 shows that the time of the abomination is in the last half of the last of the seventy weeks of Daniel named in Daniel 9:24 . The person who makes a covenant with the Jews in those days and afterwards breaks it, we know to be the head of the future Roman empire. See [[Seventy]] [[Weeks.]] Of this person an image will be made, and the people will be constrained to worship it, Revelation 13:14,15; but we do not read that it will be carried into the future temple; whereas our Lord says that the abomination will stand in the holy place. On the other hand we read that the Antichrist "exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he, as God, <i> sitteth in </i> <i> the temple of God, </i> showing himself that he is God." 2 Thessalonians 2:4 . The 'abomination of desolation' is evidently connected with the trinity of evil spoken of in Revelation 13 and will be the work of Satan, the Roman beast, and the false prophet. It will end in dire desolation. The desolator is the Assyrian, Isaiah 8:7,8; Isaiah 28:2,18 the northern king who will then hold the territory of Assyria. Daniel 11:40 . </p>
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| == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_71323" /> ==
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| <p> '''Abomination of Desolation.''' [[Mentioned]] by our Saviour, Matthew 24:15, as a sign of the approaching destruction of Jerusalem, with reference to Daniel 9:27; Daniel 11:31; Daniel 12:11. The prophecy referred ultimately to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, and consequently the "abomination" must describe some occurrence connected with that event. </p> <p> It appears most probable that the profanities of the Zealots constituted the abomination, which was the sign of the impending ruin; but most people refer it to the standards or banners of the Roman army. They were abomination because there were idolatrous images upon them. </p>
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| == American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_15438" /> ==
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| <p> The Daniel 9:27 denotes, probably, the image of Jupiter, erected in the temple of Jerusalem by command of Antiochus Epiphanes. But by the Abomination of Desolation spoken of by our Lord, Matthew 24:15 Mark 13:14 , and foretold as about to be seen at Jerusalem during the last siege of that city by the Romans under Titus, is probably meant the Roman army, whose standards had the images of their gods and emperors upon them, and were worshipped in the precincts of the temple when that and the city were taken. Luke 21:20 . See [[Armor.]] </p>
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| == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_14985" /> ==
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| == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_374" /> ==
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| <p> '''''des''''' -'''''o''''' -'''''lā´shun''''' : The Hebrew root for abomination is שׁקץ , <i> '''''shāḳac''''' </i> , "to be filthy," "to loathe," "to abhor," from which is derived שׁקּץ or שׁקּוּץ , <i> '''''shiḳḳuc''''' </i> or <i> '''''shiḳḳūc''''' </i> , "filthy," especially "idolatrous." This word is used to describe specific forms of idolatrous worship that were specially abhorrent, as of the [[Ammonites]] ( 1 Kings 11:5 , 1 Kings 11:7 ); of the [[Moabites]] ( 1 Kings 11:7; 2 Kings 23:13 ). When Daniel undertook to specify an abomination so surpassingly disgusting to the sense of morality and decency, and so aggressive against everything that was godly as to drive all from its presence and leave its abode desolate, he chose this as the strongest among the several synonyms, adding the qualification "that maketh desolate" ( Daniel 11:31; Daniel 12:11 ), Septuagint βδέλυγμα ἐρημώσεως , <i> '''''bdél''''' </i> - <i> '''''ug''''' </i> - <i> '''''ma er''''' </i> - <i> '''''ē''''' </i> - <i> '''''mō̇''''' </i> - <i> '''''se''''' </i> - <i> '''''ōs''''' </i> ̌ . The same noun, though in the plural, occurs in Deuteronomy 29:17; 2 Kings 23:24; Isaiah 66:3; Jeremiah 4:1; Jeremiah 7:30; Jeremiah 13:27; Jeremiah 32:34; Ezekiel 20:7 , Ezekiel 20:8 , Ezekiel 20:30; Daniel 9:27; Hosea 9:10; Zechariah 9:7 . The New Testament equivalent of the noun is βδέλυγμα , <i> '''''bdél''''' </i> - <i> '''''ug''''' </i> - <i> '''''ma''''' </i> = "detestable," i.e. (specially) "idolatrous." Alluding to Daniel, Christ spoke of the "abomination of desolation" ( Matthew 24:15; Mark 13:14 ). </p> <p> Since the invasion of the [[Assyrians]] and Chaldeans, the Jewish people, both of the Northern and of the Southern kingdom, had been without political independence. From the [[Chaldeans]] the rulership of [[Judea]] had been transferred to the Persians, and from the Persians, after an interval of 200 years, to [[Alexander]] the Great. From the beginning of the [[Persian]] sovereignty, the Jews had been permitted to organize anew their religious and political commonwealth, thus establishing a state under the rulership of priests, for the high priest was not only the highest functionary of the cult, but also the chief magistrate in so far as these prerogatives were not exercised by the king of the conquering nation. Ezra had given a new significance to the <i> '''''tōrāh''''' </i> by having it read to the whole congregation of [[Israel]] and by his vigorous enforcement of the law of separation from the Gentiles. His emphasis of the law introduced the period of legalism and finical interpretation of the letter which called forth some of the bitterest invectives of our Saviour. Specialists of the law known as "scribes" devoted themselves to its study and subtle interpretation, and the pious beheld the highest moral accomplishment in the extremely conscientious observance of every precept. But in opposition to this class, there were those who, influenced by the [[Hellenistic]] culture, introduced by the conquests of Alexander the Great, were inclined to a more "liberal" policy. Thus, two opposing parties were developed: the Hellenistic, and the party of the Pious, or the Chasidim, <i> '''''ḥăṣı̄dhı̄m''''' </i> (Hasidaeans, 1 Macc 2:42; 7:13), who held fast to the strict ideal of the scribes. The former gradually came into ascendancy. Judea was rapidly becoming Hellenistic in all phases of its political, social and religious life, and the "Pious" were dwindling to a small minority sect. This was the situation when Antiochus [[Epiphanes]] set out to suppress the last vestige of the Jewish cult by the application of brute force. </p> <p> Antiochus [[Iv,]] son of Antiochus the Great, became the successor of his brother, [[Seleucus]] [[Iv,]] who had been murdered by his minister, Heliodorus, as king of Syria (175-164 bc). He was by nature a despot; eccentric and unreliable; sometimes a spendthrift in his liberality, fraternizing in an affected manner with those of lower station; sometimes cruel and tyrannical, as witness his aggressions against Judea. [[Polybius]] (26 10) tells us that his eccentric ideas caused some to speak of him as a man of pure motive and humble character, while others hinted at insanity. The epithet Epiphanes is an abbreviation of <i> '''''theós epı̄phanḗs''''' </i> , which is the designation given himself by Antiochus on his coins, and means "the god who appears or reveals himself." [[Egyptian]] writers translate the inscription, "God which comes forth," namely, like the burning sun, Horos, on the horizon, thus identifying the king with the triumphal, appearing god. When Antiochus Epiphanes arose to the throne, [[Onias]] [[Iii,]] as high priest, was the leader of the old orthodox party in Judea; the head of the [[Hellenists]] was his own brother Jesus, or, as he preferred to designate himself, Jason, this being the Greek form of his name and indicating the trend of his mind. [[Jason]] promised the king large sums of money for the transfer of the office of high priest from his brother to himself and the privilege of erecting a gymnasium and a temple to Phallus, and for the granting of the privilege "to enroll the inhabitants of Jerusalem as citizens of Antioch." Antiochus gladly agreed to everything. Onias was removed, Jason became high priest, and henceforth the process of Hellenizing Judea was pushed energetically. The Jewish cult was not attacked, but the "legal institutions were set aside, and illegal practices were introduced" (2 Macc 4:11). [[A]] gymnasium was erected outside the castle; the youth of Jerusalem exercised themselves in the gymnastic art of the Greeks, and even priests left their services at the altar to take part in the contest of the palaestra. The disregard of Jewish custom went so far that many artificially removed the traces of circumcision from their bodies, and with characteristic liberality, Jason even sent a contribution to the sacrifices in honor of [[Heracles]] on the occasion of the quadrennial festivities in Tyre. </p> <p> Under these conditions it is not surprising that Antiochus should have had both the inclination and the courage to undertake the total eradication of the Jewish religion and the establishment of Greek polytheism in its stead. The observance of all Jewish laws, especially those relating to the [[Sabbath]] and to circumcision, were forbidden under pain of death. The Jewish cult was set aside, and in all cities of Judea, sacrifices must be brought to the pagan deities. Representatives of the crown everywhere enforced the edict. Once a month a search was instituted, and whoever had secreted a copy of the Law or had observed the rite of circumcision was condemned to death. In Jerusalem on the 15th of [[Chislev]] of the year 145 <i> aet Sel </i> , i.e. in December 168 bc, a pagan altar was built on the Great Altar of [[Burnt]] Sacrifices, and on the 25th of Chislev, sacrifice was brought on this altar for the first time (1 Macc 1:54, 59). This evidently was the "abomination of desolation." The sacrifice, according to 2 Macc was brought to the Olympian Zeus, to whom the temple of Jerusalem had been dedicated. At the feast of Dionysus, the Jews were obliged to march in the Bacchanalian procession, crowned with laurel leaves. Christ applies the phrase to what was to take place at the advance of the Romans against Jerusalem. They who would behold the "abomination of desolation" standing in the holy place, He bids flee to the mountains, which probably refers to the advance of the Roman army into the city and temple, carrying standards which bore images of the Roman gods and were the objects of pagan worship. </p>
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| <ref name="term_54982"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-new-testament/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament]</ref> | | <ref name="term_31237"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/desolation,+abomination+of Abomination Of Desolation from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> |
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| <ref name="term_34340"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_49300"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_64770"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_71323"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_15438"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_14985"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref>
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| <ref name="term_374"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/abomination+of+desolation Abomination Of Desolation from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | | <ref name="term_36945"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/desolation,+abomination+of Abomination Of Desolation from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> |
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Easton's Bible Dictionary [1]
Matthew 24:15 Mark 13:14 Luke 21:20 Daniel 9:27Abomination
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature [2]
(βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως, Matthew 24:15; Mark 13:14, as a translation of שַׁקּוּוֹ מְשֹׁמֵם ), especially in Daniel 9:27, "and for the overspreading (כָּנָ, wing) of abominations he shall make it desolate"' (so the A.V. vaguely and inaccurately renders). Here an especial difficulty in the interpretation of the phrase is created by the ambiguity of the term כָּנָ, which is usually regarded as equivalent to the πτερύγιον, or winglet ("pinnacle") of the Temple ( Matthew 4:5; Matthew 4:9). (See Pinnacle). "We believe," says Havernick, "that of all the meanings of כָּנָ that are sufficiently supported, none so commends itself as that of border, properly of a garment, e.g. 1 Samuel 15:27; Numbers 15:36; Ezra 5:3; Zechariah 8:23; Haggi 2:12; then secondarily of places, regions of the earth, hence הָאֶרֶוֹ כְּנָפוֹת, the ends, limits, uttermost parts of the earth, Job 37:3; Job 38:13; Isaiah 11:12; Ezekiel 7:2. (Sept. πτέρυγες τῆς γῆς, the extremity of the earth.)... According to this, כָּנָ would denote here extremitas regionis, the utmost point or part of a district or of a place, and עִלאּכְּנִ שׁקּוּצַים, on the utmost height of abomination, i.e. on the highest place where abomination could be committed. But the highest point in Jerusalem was the Temple, and it must be this which is thus designated here. We admit that this meaning would be obscure before the fulfillment of the prediction; but this we hold to be only a characteristic feature of such predictions... As respects the form מְשֹׁמֵם, most interpreters take it as nomen participiale for ‘ destruction;' but this is against the usage of the form elsewhere in Daniel ( Daniel 11:31), and the meaning is brought out much more vividly and poetically by our construction. ‘ On the summit of abomination is a destroyer,' probably collectively for ‘ destroyers' in general.... . According to this explanation, there can be no doubt that the Sept, has already rightly given the meaning of the passage when it translates καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν βδέλυγμα τῶν ἐρημώσεων ἔσται, and so the Syr. Ambros. Somewhat different from this is Theodotion, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις (these two words aire wanting in the Vatican Codex ) ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως (Cod. Vat . τῶν ἐρημώσεων ), and so Jacob of Edessa (ap. Bugati, p. 151), except that he seems to have read καὶ ἐρήμωσις . The Peshito gives ‘ on the wings of abhorrence,' and this Ephraem refers to the Roman eagles. The Vulg., Et erit in templo abominatio desolationis : Ven. Gr., καπὶ πτέρυγος βδελύγματα ἐρημοῦν᾿᾿ (Commentatar ib. Dan . in loc.). Some codices read יהיה שיקווֹ ובהיכל, and in the temple of Jehovah an abomination (see Kennicott, Bib. Heb. in loc.; De Rossi, Var. Lectt. 4:147).
This agrees with the reading of the Sept. and Jerome, as also of the Memphitic and Sahidic versions, and with the citation of the evangelists. It may be a mere correction; but there is a curious fact urged by Michaelis which seems to give it some weight. Josephus, in recording the destruction of the Arx Antonia, says that the Jews thus made the Temple building a square, not considering that it was written in the prophecies that the city and Temple should be taken when the Temple was made four-square (War, 6:5, 4). To what prediction the historian here refers has always appeared obscure, and his whole statement has been perplexing. But Michaelis argues that if the reading of Daniel 9:27 was in his day that given above, the difficulty is solved; for we have only to suppose he read the last word שֶׁיָּקוֹוֹ, she-yakots' , in which case the meaning would be "and in the Temple shall he who cuts off (from קצוֹ ) be a desolator" (Orient. u. exegeto Bibliothek, 2:194). If we may take Josephus as a representative of the common opinions of his countrymen. they must have regarded these predictions as finding their fulfillment not merely in the acts of Antiochus Epiphanes, but also in the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (Ant. 10:7). As against the opinion that שַׁקּוּוֹ is to be understood of idolatrous objects carried by heathens into the Temple, it has been objected that this word designates idols only as adopted by the Jews. But this is wholly unfounded, as 1 Kings 11:5; 2 Kings 23:13, and other passages abundantly show. Indeed, the word is always used objectively, to designate that which is an abomination, not in, but to the parties spoken of. (See Abomination).
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