Difference between revisions of "Leviathan"

<p> <strong> LEVIATHAN. </strong> In four of the five passages where this word appears, the LXX [Note: Septuagint.] have <em> dragon </em> , and their belief that a creature of serpentine form was meant is coo-firmed by the derivation of Heb. <em> lavâh </em> , which signifies ‘to twist <em> or </em> wind.’ The leviathan of &nbsp; Job 41:1-34 is the crocodile, with added traits drawn from the ancient [[Creation]] myths. On the assumption that &nbsp; Psalms 74:2-17 refers to the Exodus, we should again find the crocodile in &nbsp; Psalms 74:14 . But it is at least equally probable that the allusion is to the creation of the world (&nbsp; Psalms 74:16-17 ), and to the mythological <strong> sea-monsters </strong> then vanquished. [[Leviathan]] here has several heads; the great serpent of [[Babylonian]] tradition had seven. &nbsp; Isaiah 27:1 distinguishes between two leviathans, the flying serpent, and the crooked or coiled serpent symbols of two heathen kingdoms. The identification of the kingdoms depends on the date of the prophecy: [[Assyria]] and Babylon, [[Persia]] and Greece, Syria and Parthia, are rival suggestions. The species of sea-monster pointed to in &nbsp; Psalms 104:26 is left indefinite. The leviathan (RV [Note: Revised Version.]; AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘their mourning’) aroused by magicians (&nbsp; Job 3:8 ) is most likely a denizen of the abyss which threatens the world with destruction. Many, however, take him to be the mythical sky-dragon which was supposed to cause eclipses. It will be noted that there is a close connexion between leviathan and the watery world. Robertson Smith held that it is a personification of the water-spout ( <em> RS </em> <em> [Note: S [[Religion]] of the Semites.] </em> 2 , p. 176). The [[Apocalyptic]] and Rabbinical writers gave full scope to their fancy in dealing with this theme. Leviathan and <strong> [[Behemoth]] </strong> were created on the fifth day, and the depths of the sea were assigned to the former as his abode; during the last quarter of each day God plays with him (as the LXX [Note: Septuagint.] and some recent expositors interpret &nbsp; Psalms 104:26 ); the [[Jordan]] empties itself into his mouth; his flesh will be for food to the godly in the days of the Messiah; part of his skin will be made into a tent for them, whilst the rest is spread on the walls of Jerusalem, and its brightness is visible to the ends of the earth (En 60.7ff., 2Es 6:40 , Apoc. [Note: Apocalypse, Apocalyptic.] Bar 29:4; <em> Aboda zara </em> , 3 <em> b </em> ; <em> [[Baba]] bathra </em> , 74 <em> b </em> ; Targ. on &nbsp; Numbers 11:26 f.). Cf. art. Behemoth. </p> <p> J. Taylor. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Psalm 74:14 &nbsp; 104:26 , an aquatic monster described in the book of Job, &nbsp;Job 41:1-34 . Probably the animal denoted is the crocodile, the terror of the Nile; as &nbsp;Job 40:1-24 , is the hippopotamus of the same river. </p> <p> The crocodile is a native of the Nile, and other Asiatis and African rivers; in some instances even thirty feet in length; of enormous voracity and strength, as well as fleetness in swimming; attacks mankind and the largest animals, with most daring impetuosity; when taken by means of a powerful net, will often overturn the boats that surround it; has proportionally the largest mouth of all monsters whatever; moves both its jaws alike, the upper of which has not less than thirty-six, and the lower thirty sharp, but strong and massy teeth; and is furnished with a coat of mail so scaly and callous as to resist the force of a musket-ball in every part, except under the belly. The general character of the &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1 &nbsp; Ezekiel 29:3 . </p> <p> The following extract of a letter from an American gentleman in [[Manila]] gives a graphic view of the strength and size of the crocodile: "My last operation in the sporting line, was no less than killing a crocodile, which for a year or two before had infested a village on the borders of the lake, taking off horses and cows, and sometimes a man. Having understood that he had killed a horse a day or two before, and had taken him into a small river, I proceeded to the spot, accompanied by my host, closed the mouth of the river with strong nets, and attacked the huge brute with guns and spears. After something of a desperate battle, we succeeded in driving him against the nets, where, being considerably exhausted by the wounds he had received from balls and lances, he got entangled, was dragged on shore, and the coup de grace given to him. He measured twenty feet in length, and from eleven to thirteen feet in circumference, the smallest part being eleven and the largest thirteen. The head alone weighed two hundred and seventy-five pounds. He had nearly the whole of the horse in him, and the legs, with the hoofs, were taken out entire." </p>

&nbsp;Isaiah 27:1 <p> The sea creature is used interchangably with other mysterious creations of the divine. Again, &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1 refers to leviathan as “the dragon that is in the sea.” The psalmist in &nbsp; Psalm 74:14 presents leviathan among the supernatural enemies of God dwelling in the sea with many heads. &nbsp; Job 3:8; &nbsp;Job 41:1-9 present the sea creature as too formidable a foe for a person to consider arousing. Yet, leviathan was created by God and subject to Him (&nbsp; Psalm 104:24-30 ). </p> <p> Apocalyptic literature depicts leviathan as throwing off his fetters at the end of the present age, only to be defeated in a final conflict with the divine. See Apocalyptic . Ugaritic literature of Ras Shamra during the 1300s B.C. depicts the mythical [[Baal]] defeating the sea creature called <i> [[Lotan]] </i> (another linguistic form for Leviathan). The [[Hittites]] wrote of a struggle between the dragon <i> Illuyankas </i> and the mortal <i> Hupasiyos </i> . A cylinder seal found at Tel Asmar dated about 2350 B.C. shows two men fighting a seven-headed serpent. </p> <p> Leviathan was seen in ancient legend as a sea monster engaged in primordial warfare with the gods. This creature represented chaos in a personified manner which any creator deity had to overcome in order to create. Leviathan was also seen as a threat to the orderliness of the universe and ultimately to be subdued at the end of time. </p> <p> The ancient pagan myths concerning Leviathan were familiar to the Hebrews of the Old Testament. To what degree these myths of Leviathan influenced the Hebrews, if any, may never be known. [[Scripture]] used the name known to so many people and removed fear connected with it, showing God easily controlled Leviathan, who thus offered no threat to God's people. See [[Rahab]]; Creation . </p> <p> Steve Wyrick </p>

<p> '''Leviathan.''' ''(Jointed Monster).'' Leviathan occurs five times in the text of the Authorized Version, and once in the margin of &nbsp;Job 3:8 where the text has "mourning." In the [[Hebrew]] Bible, the word '''livyathan''' , which is, with the foregoing exception, always left untranslated in the Authorized Version, is found only in the following passages: &nbsp;Job 3:8; &nbsp;Job 41:1; &nbsp;Psalms 74:14; &nbsp;Psalms 104:26; &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1. </p> <p> In the margin of &nbsp;Job 3:8 and text of &nbsp;Job 41:1, the crocodile is most clearly the animal denoted by the Hebrew word. &nbsp;Psalms 74:14 also clearly points to this same saurian. The context of &nbsp;Psalms 104:26 seems to show that, in this passage, the name represents some animal of the whale tribe, which is common in the Mediterranean; but it is somewhat uncertain what animal is denoted in &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1. </p> <p> As the term [[Leviathan]] is evidently used in no limited sense, it is not improbable that the "leviathan the piercing serpent," or "leviathan the crooked serpent," may denote some species of the great rock-snakes which are common in south and west Africa. </p>

<p> [[Leviathan]] (''Jointed Monster'' ). This word occurs five times in the A. V., and once in the margin, &nbsp;Job 3:8, where the text has "mourning." In Hebrew the word ''Livya-Than'' is found only in &nbsp;Job 3:8; &nbsp;Job 41:1; &nbsp;Psalms 74:14; &nbsp;Psalms 104:26; &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1. In the margin of &nbsp;Job 3:8 and text of &nbsp;Job 41:1 the crocodile is no doubt the animal meant, and also in &nbsp;Psalms 74:14. In &nbsp;Psalms 104:26 the name represents some animal of the whale tribe in the Mediterranean; but it is uncertain what animal is intended in &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1. The term may denote some species of snakes which are common in south and west Africa. </p>

<p> LEVI'ATHAN, n. Heb. </p> 1. An aquatic animal, described in &nbsp;Job 41 , and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. In Isaiah, it is called the crooked serpent. It is not agreed what animal is intended by the writers, whether the crocodile, the whale, or a species of serpent. 2. The whale, or a great whale.

<p> (Heb. לוְיָתָן, usually derived from לַוְיָה, a ''Wreath,'' with adject. ending ןָ but perhaps compounded of לַוי, wreathed, and תִּן, a [[Sea]] -''Monster;'' occurs &nbsp;Job 3:8; Job 41, I [Hebrew xl, 25], &nbsp;Psalms 74:14; &nbsp;Psalms 104:26; &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1; Sept. δράκων, but τὸμέγα κῆτος in &nbsp;Job 3:8; Vulg. ''Leviathan,'' but [[Draco]] in Psa.; Auth. Vers. "Leviathan," but ‘"their mourning" in &nbsp;Job 3:8) probably has different significations, e.g.: </p> <p> '''(1.)''' A ''Serpent,'' especially a large one (&nbsp;Job 3:8), hence as the symbol of the hostile kingdom of [[Babylon]] (&nbsp;Isaiah 27:1). </p> <p> '''(2.)''' Specially, the [[Crocodile]] (&nbsp;Job 41:1). </p> <p> '''(3.)''' A [[Sea-Monster]] (&nbsp;Psalms 104:26); tropically, for a cruel enemy (&nbsp;Psalms 74:14; compare &nbsp;Isaiah 51:9; &nbsp;Ezekiel 29:3). </p> <p> This Heb. word, which denotes any twisted animal, is especially applicable to every great tenant of the waters, such as the great marine serpents and crocodiles, and, it may be added, the colossal serpents and great monitors of the desert. (See Behemoth); (See Dragon). </p> <p> In general it points to the crocodile, and Job 41 is unequivocally descriptive of that saurian. But in Isaiah and the Psalms foreign kings are evidently apostrophized under the name of Leviathan, though other texts more naturally apply to the whale, notwithstanding the objections that have been made to that interpretation of the term. "It is quite an error to assert, as Dr. Harris (''Dict. Nat. Hist. Bib.'' )'','' [[Mason]] Good (''Book Of Job Translated'' )'','' Michaelis (Supp. 1297), and Rosenmü ller (quoting Michaelis in not. ad Bsochart Wie roz. 3:738) have done, that the whale is not found in the Mediterranean. The Orca gladiator (Gray) — the grampus mentioned by [[Lee]] — the Physalus antiquorumn (Gray), or the Rorqual de la Mediterranee (Cuvier), are not uncommon in the [[Mediterranean]] (Fischer, Synops. Mamm. p. 525, and Lacepede, H. N. des Cetac. p. 115), and in ancient times the species may have been more numerous." (See [[Whale]]). </p> <p> The word crocodile does not occur in the Auth.Vers., although its Greek form κροκόδειλος ''''' is found in the Sept. (&nbsp;Leviticus 11:29, where for the "tortoise, צָב, it has κροκόδειλος χερσαῖος, Vulg. ''Crocodilus'' )'';'' but there is no specific word in the Hebrew of which it is the acknowledged representative." Bochart (3:769, edit. Rosenmü ller) says that the [[Talmudists]] use the word ''Livyathâ N'' to denote the crocodile; this, however, is denied by Lewysohn (''Zool. Des Talm.'' p. 155, 355), who says that in the [[Talmud]] it always denotes a ''Wchale,'' and never a ''Crocodile.'' For the Talmudical fables about the leviathan, see Lewysohn (''Zool. Des Talm.'' )'','' in passages referred to above, and Buxtorf, ''Lexicon Chald. Talm.'' s.v. לויתן (Smith). Some of these seem to be alluded to in &nbsp;2 [[Esdras]] 6:49; &nbsp;2 Esdras 6:52. The [[Egyptians]] called it ''Tsmok'' (see Biunsen's ''Aegyptens Stellung,'' 1:581), the Arabs name it ''Tamse'' (compare χάμψη, Herod. 2:69); but [[Strabo]] says that the [[Egyptian]] crocodile was knolwn by the name stuchus, σοῦχος '','' probably referring to the sacred species). It is not only denoted by the leviathan of &nbsp;Job 41:1, but probably also by the [[Tannin]] of &nbsp;Ezekiel 29:3; &nbsp;Ezekiel 32:2 (compare &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1; &nbsp;Isaiah 51:9); and perhaps by the ''Reedbeast'' ( חִיִּת קָנֶה "spearmen") of &nbsp;Psalms 68:30. Others confound the leviathan with the ''Orca'' of Pliny (9:5), i.e. probably the ''Physter Macrocephalus'' of Linn. (see Th. Hase, ''De Leviacthan Jobi,'' Brem. 1723); Schultens understands the fabulous [[Dragon]] ''S'' (''Comment. In Job.'' p. 1174 sq.; compare Oedmann, ''Satnmml.'' 3:1. sq.); not to dwell upon the supposed identification with fossil species of lizards (Koch, in Lidde's ''Zeitschrift Verygleich Erdk.'' Magdleb. 1844). In the detailed description of Job (ch. 41), probably; the Egyptian crocodile is depicted in all its magnitude, ferocity, and indolence, such as it was in early days, when as yet unconscious of the power of man, and only individually tamed for the purposes of an imposture, which had sufficient authority to intimidate the public and protect the species, under the sanctified pretext that it was a type of pure water, and an emblem of the importance of irrigation; though the people in general seem ever to have been disposed to consider it a personification of the destructive principle. At a later period the Egyptians, probably of such places as Tentyris, where crocodiles were not held in veneration, not only hunted and slew them, but it appears from a statue that a sort of Bestiarii could tame them sufficiently to perform certain exhibitions mounted on their backs. The intense musky odor of its flesh must have rendered the crocodile at all times very unpalatable food, but breast-armor was made of the horny and ridged parts of its back. [[Viewed]] as the crocodile of the Thebaid, it is not clear that the leviathan symbolized the Pharaoh, or was a type of Egypt, any more than of several Roman colonies (even where it was not indigenous, as at Nismcs, in Gaul, on the ancient coins of which the figure of one chained occurs), and of cities in Phoenicia, Egypt, and other parts of the coast of Africa. During the Roman sway in Egypt, crocodiles had not disappeared in the Lower Nile, for Seneca and others allude to a great battle fought by them and a school of dolphins in the Heracleotic branch of the Delta. During the decline of the state even the hippopotamus reappeared about Pelusium, and was shot at in the 17th century (Radzivil). In the time of the [[Crusades]] crocodiles were found in the Crocodilon river of early writers, and in the Crocodilorum lacus, still called Moiat el-Temsah, which appear to be the Kerseos river and marsh, three miles south of Casarea, though the nature of the locality is most appropri ta at Nahr-el Arsuf or el-Haddar" (For a full account of the treatment of the crocodile and its worship in Egypt, see Wilkinson's Anc. Agypt. 1:243 sq.). (See Rahab). </p> <p> Most of the popular accounts of the crocodile have been taken from the American alligator, a smaller animal, but very similar in its habits to the true crocodile. See generally Herod. 2:68 sq.; Diod. Sic. 1:35, ''A'' Elian, Hist. Anim. 5:23; 17; 1:6; 2, Ammianus Marcell. 22:15; Hasselquist, Trav. p. 344 sq., Pococke, East, 1:301 sq.; Oken, Naturgeschichte, I, 2:329 sq.; Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. 2:21; Thom, in the [[Halle]] Encyklop. 21:456 sq.; Bochart, Hieroz. 3:737 sq., Oedmann, 3:1 sq.; 6:53 sq.; Annales du Museum d'histoire nattu. vol. 9, 10; Minutoli, Trav. p. 246 Rosenmü ller, Altertshum, sk. IV, 2:244 sq. Denon, Trav. p. 291; Norden, Reise, p. 302. (See Crocodile). </p>

<p> ''''' lḗ ''''' - ''''' vi´a ''''' - ''''' than ''''' ( לויתן , <i> ''''' liwyāthān ''''' </i> (&nbsp; Job 41:1-34 ), from לוה , <i> ''''' lāwāh ''''' </i> , "to fold"; compare Arabic name of the wry neck, <i> ''''' Iynx ''''' </i> <i> ''''' torq̱uilla ''''' </i> , <i> ''''' abū ''''' </i> - <i> ''''' luwā ''''' </i> , from kindred , <i> ''''' lawā ''''' </i> , "to bend"): </p> <p> (1) The word "leviathan" also occurs in &nbsp;Isaiah 27:1 , where it is characterized as "the swift serpent ... the crooked serpent"; in &nbsp;Psalm 104:26 , where a marine monster is indicated; also in &nbsp;Psalm 74:14 and &nbsp; Job 3:8 . The description in Job 41 has been thought by some to refer to the whale, but while the whale suits better the expressions denoting great strength, the words apply best on the whole to the crocodile. Moreover, the whale is very seldom found in the Mediterranean, while the crocodile is abundant in the Nile, and has been known to occur in at least one river of Palestine, the <i> '''''Zarḳa''''' </i> , North of Jaffa. For a discussion of the behemoth and leviathan as mythical creatures, see <i> EB </i> , under the word "Behemoth" and "Leviathan." The points in the description which may well apply to the crocodile are the great invulnerability, the strong and close scales, the limbs and the teeth. It must be admitted that there are many expressions which a modern scientist would not use with reference to the crocodile, but the Book of Job is neither modern nor scientific, but poetical and ancient. </p> <p> (2) See [[Astronomy]] , II, 2,5. </p>

<p> Levi´athan ( [mourning—A.V.]; 41:1;;; ) [BEHEMOTH, CROCODILE, DRAGON]. [[Gesenius]] very justly remarks that this word, which denotes any twisted animal, is especially applicable to every great tenant of the waters, such as the great marine serpents and crocodiles, and, it may be added, the colossal serpents and great monitors of the desert. In general it points to the crocodile, and Job 41 is unequivocally descriptive of that Saurian. Probably the Egyptian crocodile is therein depicted in all its magnitude, ferocity, and indolence, such as it was in early days, when as yet unconscious of the power of man, and only individually tamed for the purposes of an imposture, which had sufficient authority to intimidate the public and protect the species, under the sanctified pretext that it was a type of pure water, and an emblem of the importance of irrigation; though the people in general seem ever to have been disposed to consider it a personification of the destructive principle. At a later period the Egyptians, probably of such places as Tentyris, where crocodiles were not held in veneration, not only hunted and slew them, but it appears from a statue that a sort of Bestiarii could tame them sufficiently to perform certain exhibitions mounted on their backs. The intense musky odor of its flesh must have rendered the crocodile, at all times, very unpalatable food, but breast-armor was made of the horny and ridged parts of its back. We have ourselves witnessed a periodical abstinence in the great Saurians, and have known negro women, while bathing, play with young alligators; which, they asserted, they could do without danger, unless they hurt them and thereby attracted the vengeance of the mother; but the impunity most likely resulted from the period of inactivity coinciding with the then state of the young animals, or from the negro women being many in the water at the same time. The occurrence took place at Old Harbor, Jamaica. </p>