|
|
| (5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_30341" /> == | | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_1340" /> == |
| Isaiah 44:14 <i> [[Aran]] </i>
| | < p> ''''' ash ''''' ( ארן , <i> ' '''' 'ōren ''''' </ i> ; the Revised Version ( British and American) [[ Fir Tree]] ; the Revised Version, margin Ash): A maker of idols "planteth a fir-tree (margin, " ash" ), and the rain doth nourish it" ( Isaiah 44:14 ). It is a suggestion as old as Luther that the final letter ן , "n", was originally a ז , "z", and that the word should be < i> ''''' 'erez ''''' </ i> , " cedar" ; the chief objection is that cedar occurs just before in the same verse. The word <i> ''''' 'ōren ''''' </i> seems to be connected with the [[ Assyrian]] <i> ''''' irin ''''' </ i> , meaning fir or cedar or allied tree. "Fir" has support from the [[ Septuagint]] and from the rabbis. Post ( < i> HDB </ i> ) suggests as probable the stone pine, < i> Pinus pinea </ i> , which has been extensively planted round Beirût and unlike most planted trees flourishes without artificial watering - "the rain doth nourish it. " </p> <p> The translation "ash" was probably suggested by the fanciful resemblance of the [[Hebrew]] <i > ''''' 'ōren ''''' </i> and the Latin < i> ornus < /i> , the manna ash of Europe. Three varieties of ash flourish in Syria, <i> Fraxinus ornus </i> , <i > F. excelsior </ i> and < i> F. oxycarpa </i> . The last mentioned, which is common in parts of North Palestine, being a large tree some 30 to 40 ft. high, might suit the context were there anything philological to support the idea. </p> |
|
| |
| == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_34427" /> ==
| |
| <p> (Isaiah 44:14): [[Hebrew]] oren , akin to [[Arabic]] atari , "slender", "graceful". [[Probably]] a pine; so the [[Septuagint]] and [[Vulgate]] The [[Latin]] ornus seems akin. </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_38628" /> ==
| |
| Isaiah 44:14 | |
|
| |
| == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_49403" /> ==
| |
| <p> <strong> ASH </strong> . See Fir. </p>
| |
|
| |
| == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_58070" /> ==
| |
| <p> ASH, n. </p> 1. A well known tree, of which there are many species. There is no hermaphrodite calyx, or it is quadripartite and no corol, or it is tetrapetalous. There are two stamens one pistil one seed, contained in a membranous, lanceolate capsule, and the pistil of the female flower is lanceolate. The leaves are pinnate, and the capsules grow in cluster. This wood is valuable, for fuel, as well as for timber and the tree, when it grows in an open field, often forms, with its branches, a beautiful oval figure and a thick shade. 2. The wood of the ash tree. <p> ASH, a. [[Pertaining]] to or like the ash made of ash. </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_64840" /> ==
| |
| <p> The particular tree pointed out by the [[Hebrew]] word <i> oren </i> is not known. Isaiah 44:14 . The LXX and the [[Vulgate]] call it 'pine.' </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_71480" /> ==
| |
| <p> Ash. (Hebrew, oren), only in Isaiah 44:14. As the true ash is not a native of Palestine, some understand this to be a species of pine tree. [[Perhaps]] the larch (Laryx europaea) may be intended. </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_89053" /> ==
| |
| <p> (1): </p> <p> (n.) sing. of Ashes. </p> <p> (2): </p> <p> (v. t.) To strew or sprinkle with ashes. </p> <p> (3): </p> <p> (n.) The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree. </p> <p> (4): </p> <p> (n.) A genus of trees of the [[Olive]] family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the [[European]] ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature <ref name="term_15007" /> ==
| |
| <p> Ash, The word thus translated occurs only; once in [[Scripture]] (Isaiah 44:14), and is variously translated. Some consider pine-tree to be the correct translation, others the rubus or bramble. [[Celsius]] quotes from the [[Arab]] author, 'Abul Fadli, the description of a tree called aran, which appears well suited to the passage, though it has not yet been ascertained what tree is intended. The aran is said to be a tree of [[Arabia]] Petraea, of a thorny nature, inhabiting the valleys, but found also in the mountains, where it is however less thorny. The wood is said to be much valued for cleaning the teeth. The fruit is in bunches like small grapes. The berry is noxious while green, and bitter like galls; as it ripens it becomes red, then black and somewhat sweetish, and when eaten is grateful to the stomach, etc. and seems to act as a stimulant medicine. Sprengel supposes this to be the caper plant. To us it appears to agree in some respects with Salvadora persica, but not in all points, and therefore it is preferable to leave it as one of those still requiring investigation by some traveler in [[Syria]] conversant both with plants and their [[Oriental]] names and uses. </p>
| |
|
| |
| == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_21360" /> ==
| |
| <p> (ארֶן, o'ren, probably tremulous, from the motion of the leaves) occurs only once in [[Scripture]] as the name of a tree, in connection with other trees, of whose timber idols were made, Isaiah 44:14 : "He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the forest; he planteth an ash (oren), and the rain doth nourish it." Others consider pine-tree to be the correct translation; but for neither does there appear to be any decisive proof, nor for the rubus or bramble adopted for oren in the fable of the [[Cedar]] and Rubus, translated from the [[Hebrew]] of R. Berechia Hannakdan by [[Celsius]] (Hierobot. i, 186). [[Oren]] is translated pine-tree both in the Sept. (πίτυς ) and the Vulg., and this has been acquiesced in by several of the most learned critics, and among them by Calvin and Bochart. Celsius (ut sup. p. 191) states, moreover, that some of the rabbins also consider oren to be the same as the [[Arabic]] sunober (which is no doubt a pine), and that they often join together arzim, orn'm, and beroshim, as trees of the same nature (אִרְזִים אָרְנִים וּבְרֹוֹשִׂים עֲצֵי, "cedars" and "ash-trees" and "cypresses," [[Talmud]] Ba.byl. Pora, fol. xcvi, 1). </p> <p> Luther and the [[Portuguese]] version read cedar. Rosenmuller (Alierth. IV, i, 243 sq.; comp. Gesenius, Thes. Heb. p. 152) contends that it is not the common wild pine (Pinus sylvestri,) which is intended, but what the ancients called the domestic pine, which was raised in gardens en account of its elegant shape and the pleasant fruit it yields, the Pignole nuts of the Italians (Pinus pinea of Linnaeus), and quotes [[Virgil]] (Ecl. 7:65; Georg. 4:112). The [[English]] version, in the translation of oren, follows those interpreters who have adopted ornus, apparently only because the elementary letters of the Hebrew are found also in the [[Latin]] word. (See [[Pine]]). Celsius objects to this as an insufficient reason for supposing that the ash was intended; and there does not appear to be any other proof. Ornus Europea, or manna ash (Fraxinus ornus, Linnaeus, Pranzensyst. ii, 516), does, however, grow in Syria, but, being a cultivated plant, it may have been introduced. (See [[Manna]]). The common ash was anciently associated with the oak (Stat. Theb. 6:102) as a hard (Ovid, Met. 12:337; Lucan. 6:390; Colum. 11:2) and durable (Horace, Od. i, 9, 2) tree (Pliny, 16:30; Virg. Geo. ii, 65 sq.), of hardy growth (Virar. Geo. ii, 111; AEn. ii, 626). Celsius (ut sup. p. 192) quotes from the [[Arab]] author 'Abu-l-Fadli the description of a tree called aran, which appears well suited to the passage, though it has not yet been ascertained what tree is intended. </p> <p> The aran is said to be a tree of [[Arabia]] Petraea, of a thorny nature, inhabiting the valleys, but found also in the mountains, where it is, however, less thorny. The wood is said to be much valued for cleaning the teeth. The fruit is in bunches like small grapes. The berry is noxious while green, and bitter like galls; as it ripens it becomes red, then black and somewhat sweetish, and when eaten is grateful to the stomach, and seems to act as a stimulant medicine. Sprengel (Hist. reilherb. i, 14) supposes this to be the caper plant (Capparis Spinosa of Linnaeus). [[Faber]] thought it to be the Rhlamnus siculus pentaphyllus of Shaw. [[Link]] (in Schrader's Journ. of. Botan. 4:252) identifies it with Flacourtia sepiaria of Roxburgh, a tree, however, which has not been found in Syria. It appears to agree in some respects with the Salvadora Persica, but not in all points, and therefore it requires further investigation by some traveller in [[Syria]] conversant both with plants and their [[Oriental]] names and uses. (See [[Botany]]). </p> <p> (See [[Arcturus]]); (See [[Moth]]). </p> | |
| | | |
| ==References == | | ==References == |
| <references> | | <references> |
|
| |
|
| <ref name="term_30341"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/ash Ash from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | | <ref name="term_1340"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/ash+(1) Ash from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_34427"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/ash Ash from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_38628"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/ash Ash from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_49403"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/ash Ash from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_58070"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/ash Ash from King James Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_64840"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/ash Ash from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_71480"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/ash Ash from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_89053"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/ash Ash from Webster's Dictionary]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_15007"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/kitto-s-popular-cyclopedia-of-biblial-literature/ash Ash from Kitto's Popular Cyclopedia of Biblial Literature]</ref>
| |
|
| |
| <ref name="term_21360"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/ash Ash from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
| |
| | | |
| </references> | | </references> |
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [1]
ash ( ארן , 'ōren ; the Revised Version (British and American) Fir Tree; the Revised Version, margin Ash): A maker of idols "planteth a fir-tree (margin, "ash"), and the rain doth nourish it" ( Isaiah 44:14 ). It is a suggestion as old as Luther that the final letter ן , "n", was originally a ז , "z", and that the word should be 'erez , "cedar"; the chief objection is that cedar occurs just before in the same verse. The word 'ōren seems to be connected with the Assyrian irin , meaning fir or cedar or allied tree. "Fir" has support from the Septuagint and from the rabbis. Post ( HDB ) suggests as probable the stone pine, Pinus pinea , which has been extensively planted round Beirût and unlike most planted trees flourishes without artificial watering - "the rain doth nourish it."
The translation "ash" was probably suggested by the fanciful resemblance of the Hebrew 'ōren and the Latin ornus , the manna ash of Europe. Three varieties of ash flourish in Syria, Fraxinus ornus , F. excelsior and F. oxycarpa . The last mentioned, which is common in parts of North Palestine, being a large tree some 30 to 40 ft. high, might suit the context were there anything philological to support the idea.
References
