Difference between revisions of "Duke"

<p> ''''' dūk ''''' : The rendering in the King James Version in &nbsp;Genesis 36:15; &nbsp;Exodus 15:15 , and &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:51 of אלּוּף , <i> ''''' 'allūph ''''' </i> (the American Standard Revised Version and the English Revised Version, margin "chief"), and in &nbsp;Joshua 13:21 of ם , <i> ''''' neṣı̄khı̄m ''''' </i> ("dukes," the Revised Version (British and American) "princes"). It occurs also, as the rendering of <i> ''''' stratēgós ''''' </i> , in 1 Macc 10:65 (the Revised Version (British and American) "captain"). [[Elsewhere]] <i> ''''' neṣı̄khı̄m ''''' </i> is translated "princes" or "principal men." The fact that with two exceptions the term is applied in English [[Versions]] of the Bible only to the chiefs of [[Edom]] has led to the impression that in the family of [[Esau]] the chiefs bore a special and hereditary title. But <i> ''''' 'allūph ''''' </i> was a general term for tribal chief or prince (compare &nbsp;Zechariah 9:7; &nbsp;Zechariah 12:5 , &nbsp;Zechariah 12:6; the Revised Version (British and American) "chieftains," the King James Version "governors"). </p> <p> Moreover, at the time the King James Version was made the word "duke" was not used as a title in England: the term had the same general force as <i> dux </i> , the word employed in the [[Vulgate]] (Jerome's <i> Latin Bible </i> , 390-405 ad) So Sir T. Elyot (died 1546) speaks of "Hannibal, duke of Carthage" ( <i> The Governour </i> , II, 233); Shakespeare, <i> Henry V </i> , III, 2, 20, "Be merciful, great duke, to men of mould" (compare <i> Midsummer Night's [[Dream]] </i> , I, 1, 21); Sylvester (1591) <i> Du Bartas </i> , "The great Duke, that (in dreadful aw) (Upon Mt. [[Horeb]] learn'd th' eternal law." In a still earlier age Wycliff uses the word of the [[Messiah]] (&nbsp;Matthew 2:6 ); and in <i> Select Works </i> , III, 137, "Jesus Christ, duke of oure batel." </p> <p> Yet in all probability the [[Hebrew]] word was more specific than "chief" or "duke" in the broad sense. For if <i> ''''' 'allūph ''''' </i> is derived from <i> ''''' 'eleph ''''' </i> , "thousand," "tribe," the term would mean the leader of a clan, a "chiliarch" (compare Septuagint, &nbsp;Zechariah 9:7; &nbsp;Zechariah 12:5 , &nbsp;Zechariah 12:6 ). the American Standard Revised Version has eliminated the word "duke." See Chief . </p>

<p> (from the Latin dux, a leader) stands in our version for two Hebrews terms: '''''אִלּוּ''''' (see a dissertation on this word by Sprenger, in the ''Zeitschr. F. Deutsch. Nmorgen. Gesellschvft'' , XII, 2:316), ''Alluph''' , a leader, which, besides its ordinary sense of guide or friend, is used technically of the [[Phylarch]] , or head of a tribe or nation, especially of the Edomitish chieftains (&nbsp;Genesis 36:15-43; &nbsp;Exodus 15:15; &nbsp;1 Chronicles 1:51-54), rarely of the [[Jews]] ("governor," &nbsp;Zechariah 9:7; &nbsp;Zechariah 12:5-6), and once of chiefs in general ("captain," &nbsp;Jeremiah 13:21); also '''''נָסַיךְ''''' , ''Nasik''' , one anointed (usually in poetry), spoken of the magnates of Sihon, perhaps by a paraphrase for that king himself (&nbsp;Joshua 13:21), elsewhere of other "princes" (&nbsp;Psalms 83:11; &nbsp;Ezekiel 32:30; &nbsp;Daniel 11:8; "principal men," &nbsp;Micah 5:5). </p>