Difference between revisions of "Carbuncle"

<p> &nbsp;ברקת , &nbsp;Exodus 28:17; &nbsp;Exodus 39:10; &nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13; and &nbsp;ανθρεξ , Ecclesiastes 32:5; Tob_13:17; a very elegant and rare gem, known to the ancients by the name &nbsp;ανθραξ , or <em> coal, </em> because, when held up before the sun, it appears like a piece of bright burning charcoal: the name <em> carbunculus </em> has the same meaning. It was the third stone in the first row of the pectoral; and is mentioned among the glorious stones of which the new [[Jerusalem]] is figuratively said to be built. [[Bishop]] Lowth observes that the precious stones, mentioned &nbsp; Isaiah 54:11-12 , and &nbsp;Revelation 21:18 , seem to be general images to express beauty, magnificence, purity, strength, and solidity, agreeably to the ideas of the eastern nations; and to have never been intended to be strictly scrutinized, and minutely and particularly explained, as if they had some precise moral or spiritual meaning. Tobit, in his prophecy of the final restoration of Israel, Tob_12:16-17 , describes the new Jerusalem in the same oriental manner. </p>

<p> &nbsp;(1): (n.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the [[Greeks]] anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet. </p> <p> &nbsp;(2): (n.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle. </p> <p> &nbsp;(3): (n.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax. </p>

<p> (in English "a little coal," "a bright red gem"): &nbsp;eqedach , &nbsp;boreqeth , the former in &nbsp;Isaiah 54:12 from &nbsp;qadach "to burn," the latter from &nbsp;baraq "to flash." A brightly flashing stone. A smaragd (Septuagint) or corundum, of green glass color, transparent, and doubly refractive; the emerald (&nbsp;Exodus 28:17); third stone in the first row m the high priest's breast-plate (&nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13). </p>

<p> &nbsp;Carbuncle. One of the gems in the high priest's breast-plate, &nbsp;Exodus 28:17; &nbsp;Exodus 39:10; it is also mentioned in &nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13. It must, from the derivation of the [[Hebrew]] word, have been a bright flashing gem. Some have supposed it the emerald. [[Carbuncle]] occurs again as the rendering of another term in &nbsp;Isaiah 54:12. The original words here may mean "sparkling stones;" perhaps the Oriental garnet is intended. </p>

<p> &nbsp;Carbuncle. This word represents two Hebrew words. The first may be a general term to denote any &nbsp;bright,sparkling gem, &nbsp;Isaiah 54:12; the second term, &nbsp;Exodus 28:17; &nbsp;Exodus 39:10; &nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13, is supposed to be any &nbsp;smaragdus or &nbsp;emerald. </p>

<p> <strong> CARBUNCLE </strong> . See [[Jewels]] and [[Precious]] Stones. </p>

<p> is the rendering in the Auth. Vers. of the following Hebrews and Gr. words: 1. &nbsp;אֶקְדָּח, &nbsp;ekdach', only &nbsp;Isaiah 54:12 (Sept. &nbsp;κρύσταλλος, Vulg. &nbsp;[lapis] sculptus), some &nbsp;sparkling gem (from &nbsp;קָדִח, to &nbsp;inflame). 2. &nbsp;בָּרֶקֶת, &nbsp;bare'keth, only &nbsp;Exodus 28:17; &nbsp;Exodus 39:10, as the third in the first row of the high-priest's breastplate (Sept. &nbsp;σμάραγδος, Vulg. &nbsp;smaragdus, i.e. emerald); or &nbsp;בּ &nbsp;רקִת, &nbsp;barekath', only &nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13 (Sept. &nbsp;ὀνύχιον, Vulg. &nbsp;smaragdus). From the etymology (&nbsp;בָּרִק, &nbsp;to flash), we assume that a stone of a bright coruscant color is meant. Kalisch translates it &nbsp;smaragd, or emerald, and says it is a sort of precious corundum of strong glass luster, a beautiful green color, with many degrees of shade, pellucid and doubly refractive. Pliny enumerates twelve species of emerald. They are not rare in [[Egypt]] (see Braun. &nbsp;de Vest. Sacerdott. p. 517 sq.). 3. &nbsp;῎Ανθραξ, lit. a &nbsp;coal of fire, &nbsp;Tobit 13:17; &nbsp;Sirach 32:5. 4. The carbuncle is thought by many to be denoted by the word &nbsp;נֹפֶךְ, &nbsp;no'phek ("emerald," &nbsp;Exodus 28:18; &nbsp;Exodus 39:11; &nbsp;Ezekiel 27:16; &nbsp;Ezekiel 28:13). (See [[Emerald]]). Under the name "carbuncle" are comprehended several brilliant red stones of the clay family which resemble a glowing coal, such as the ruby, the garnet, the spinel, but particularly the almandin, that is, the noble Oriental garnet, a transparent red stone with a violet shade and strong glass luster. Probably it is not so hard as the ruby, which, indeed, is the most beautiful and costly of the precious stones of red color, but, at the same time, so hard that engravings cannot easily be made in it (Rosenm&nbsp;ü ller, Alterth. 4:1, 34). In the present state of our knowled e respecting the ancient Hebrew mineralogy, it is impossible to determine with precision what particular gem is denoted by either of these terms, although they all evidently were precious stones of a brilliant fiery hue. (See [[Gem]]). </p>