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Difference between revisions of "Gammadim"

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== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51210" /> ==
<p> <strong> GAMMADIM </strong> . A term of very doubtful meaning, occurring in Ezekiel 27:11 ‘The [[Gammadim]] (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] -ims) were in thy towers.’ No place of the name of Gammad is known, but a proper name is what the context seems to demand. RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘valorous men’ has not commended itself to the majority of scholars. </p>
       
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66286" /> ==
<p> A [[Hebrew]] word, the definite meaning of which is not known. By the connection ("the [[Gammadims]] were in thy towers") it appears to refer to the 'guards,' as translated in the LXX. Ezekiel 27:11 . The margin of the R.V. has 'valorous men.' </p>
       
== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16155" /> ==
== American Tract Society Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_16155" /> ==
<p> Is used in the English Bible, Ezekiel 27:11 , as the name of a people; but it rather means simply the brave, the warlike. </p>
<p> Is used in the English Bible, Ezekiel 27:11 , as the name of a people; but it rather means simply the brave, the warlike. </p>
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Ezekiel 27:11
Ezekiel 27:11
          
          
== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51210" /> ==
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_41016" /> ==
<p> <strong> GAMMADIM </strong> . A term of very doubtful meaning, occurring in Ezekiel 27:11 ‘The [[Gammadim]] (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] -ims) were in thy towers.’ No place of the name of Gammad is known, but a proper name is what the context seems to demand. RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘valorous men’ has not commended itself to the majority of scholars. </p>
<p> (Heb. Gammadim', גִּמָּדים; Sept. φύλακες, Vulg. Pygmaei, A.V. "Gammadims") is the name of a class of men mentioned in Ezekiel 27:11, as defenders of the towers of [[Tyre]] in connection with the mercenaries from Arad. (See [[Tyre]]). A variety of explanations of the term have been offered. </p> <p> (1.) Some (e.g. Forster, Dict. Ebr. Nov. s.v.) suppose a connection with גֹּמֶד, go'med, a cubit, q.d. cubit-high men, whence the Vulg. has pigmies (so Rashi, Kimchi, and others). Michaelis (Supplem. page 326) thinks that the apparent height alone is referred to, with the intention of conveying an idea of the great height of the towers. Spencer (De Leg. Heb. Rit. 2, cap. 24) explains it of small images of the tutelar gods, like the [[Lares]] of the Romans (see also his Dissert. de Gammadim, in Ugolini Thesaur. 23:18). This view seems to be refuted by Anthing, Dissertat. de sublesta τῶς גִּמָּדים per Pymaeos interpretatione (Vitemb. 1710). </p> <p> (2.) Others (e.g. Pfeiffer, Dub. Vex. page 783; Ludolf, Comment. hist. AEthiop. pages 73, 74) treat it as a geographical or local term; [[Grotius]] holds [[Gamad]] to be a Hebraized form (ἄγκων for גֹּמֶד ) of the name Ancon, a Phoenician town; the [[Chaldee]] paraphrase has Cappadocians, as though reading גְּפָדִים; [[Fuller]] (Miscell. 6:698) identifies them as the inhabitants of Gamala (Plin. 5:14); and again the word has been broken up into מָדיםגִּם=also the Medes. Rosenmuller (Schol. ad loc.) thinks it the name of some obscure Phoenician town, not elsewhere mentioned. But these conjectures are equally without foundation (see Harduin, ad loc.; Reland, Palaest. page 784). </p> <p> (3.) Most later interpreters give a more general military sense to the word. [[Gesenius]] (Thesaur. page 292) connects it with גֹּמֶד, a bough, whence the sense of brave warriors. [[Lee]] reiders short-swordsmen, from the same Arabie root. Havernick (ad loc.) understands daring ones, from an Aramaean root. Hitzig (ad loc.) suggests deserters (Ueberlä ufer), and draws attention to the preposition in as favoring this sense: he inclines, however, to the opinion that the pro'phet had in view Song of [[Solomon]] 4:4, and that the word גּבּורים in that passage has been successively corrupted into שֹׁמְרים, as read by the Sept., which gives φύλακες and </p> <p> גִּמָּדִים, as in the present text. The Syr. and [[Arabian]] interpreters agree with the Sept., rendering watchmen (so Luther, "Wachter"). Fü rst (Heb. Lex. s.v.) refers the word to an obsolete גֶּמִד to place or make stand (akin with the above Arabic gamad, to be firm), and translates garrison (Besatzung), a view that seems to agree with the context. The following words of the verse — "They hanged their shields upon thy walls round about" — are illustrated by one of the bas-reliefs found at Kouyunjik (Layard, Nineveh, 2:296). — Smith, s.v. </p>
       
== Morrish Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_66286" /> ==
<p> A [[Hebrew]] word, the definite meaning of which is not known. By the connection ("the [[Gammadims]] were in thy towers") it appears to refer to the 'guards,' as translated in the LXX. Ezekiel 27:11 . The margin of the R.V. has 'valorous men.' </p>
          
          
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4191" /> ==
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4191" /> ==
<p> ''''' gam´a ''''' - ''''' dim ''''' ( גּמּדים , <i> ''''' gammādhı̄m ''''' </i> ): The word occurs only in Ezekiel 27:11 , in the King James Version in form "Gammadims," in the English Revised Version "Gammadim." In the American Standard Revised Version, as also in the English Revised Version, margin, it is rendered "valorous men." Some think a proper name is required, but identification is not possible, and the meaning remains doubtful. </p>
<p> ''''' gam´a ''''' - ''''' dim ''''' ( גּמּדים , <i> ''''' gammādhı̄m ''''' </i> ): The word occurs only in Ezekiel 27:11 , in the King James Version in form "Gammadims," in the English Revised Version "Gammadim." In the American Standard Revised Version, as also in the English Revised Version, margin, it is rendered "valorous men." Some think a proper name is required, but identification is not possible, and the meaning remains doubtful. </p>
       
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_41016" /> ==
<p> (Heb. Gammadim', גִּמָּדים; Sept. φύλακες, Vulg. Pygmaei, A.V. "Gammadims") is the name of a class of men mentioned in Ezekiel 27:11, as defenders of the towers of [[Tyre]] in connection with the mercenaries from Arad. (See [[Tyre]]). A variety of explanations of the term have been offered. </p> <p> (1.) Some (e.g. Forster, Dict. Ebr. Nov. s.v.) suppose a connection with גֹּמֶד, go'med, a cubit, q.d. cubit-high men, whence the Vulg. has pigmies (so Rashi, Kimchi, and others). Michaelis (Supplem. page 326) thinks that the apparent height alone is referred to, with the intention of conveying an idea of the great height of the towers. Spencer (De Leg. Heb. Rit. 2, cap. 24) explains it of small images of the tutelar gods, like the [[Lares]] of the Romans (see also his Dissert. de Gammadim, in Ugolini Thesaur. 23:18). This view seems to be refuted by Anthing, Dissertat. de sublesta τῶς גִּמָּדים per Pymaeos interpretatione (Vitemb. 1710). </p> <p> (2.) Others (e.g. Pfeiffer, Dub. Vex. page 783; Ludolf, Comment. hist. AEthiop. pages 73, 74) treat it as a geographical or local term; [[Grotius]] holds [[Gamad]] to be a Hebraized form (ἄγκων for גֹּמֶד ) of the name Ancon, a Phoenician town; the [[Chaldee]] paraphrase has Cappadocians, as though reading גְּפָדִים; [[Fuller]] (Miscell. 6:698) identifies them as the inhabitants of Gamala (Plin. 5:14); and again the word has been broken up into מָדיםגִּם=also the Medes. Rosenmuller (Schol. ad loc.) thinks it the name of some obscure Phoenician town, not elsewhere mentioned. But these conjectures are equally without foundation (see Harduin, ad loc.; Reland, Palaest. page 784). </p> <p> (3.) Most later interpreters give a more general military sense to the word. [[Gesenius]] (Thesaur. page 292) connects it with גֹּמֶד, a bough, whence the sense of brave warriors. [[Lee]] reiders short-swordsmen, from the same Arabie root. Havernick (ad loc.) understands daring ones, from an Aramaean root. Hitzig (ad loc.) suggests deserters (Ueberlä ufer), and draws attention to the preposition in as favoring this sense: he inclines, however, to the opinion that the pro'phet had in view [[Song]] of [[Solomon]] 4:4, and that the word גּבּורים in that passage has been successively corrupted into שֹׁמְרים, as read by the Sept., which gives φύλακες and </p> <p> גִּמָּדִים, as in the present text. The Syr. and [[Arabian]] interpreters agree with the Sept., rendering watchmen (so Luther, "Wachter"). Fü rst (Heb. Lex. s.v.) refers the word to an obsolete גֶּמִד to place or make stand (akin with the above Arabic gamad, to be firm), and translates garrison (Besatzung), a view that seems to agree with the context. The following words of the verse — "They hanged their shields upon thy walls round about" — are illustrated by one of the bas-reliefs found at Kouyunjik (Layard, Nineveh, 2:296). — Smith, s.v. </p>
          
          
==References ==
==References ==
<references>
<references>


<ref name="term_51210"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/gammadim Gammadim from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_66286"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_16155"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
<ref name="term_16155"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/american-tract-society-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary]</ref>
          
          
<ref name="term_31615"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
<ref name="term_31615"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref>
          
          
<ref name="term_51210"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/gammadim Gammadim from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref>
<ref name="term_41016"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/gammadim Gammadim from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_66286"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/morrish-bible-dictionary/gammadim Gammadim from Morrish Bible Dictionary]</ref>
          
          
<ref name="term_4191"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/gammadim Gammadim from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
<ref name="term_4191"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/gammadim Gammadim from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref>
       
<ref name="term_41016"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/gammadim Gammadim from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref>
          
          
</references>
</references>