Difference between revisions of "Harrow"
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== | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_51569" /> == | ||
2 Samuel 12: | <p> <strong> HARROW </strong> . In 2 Samuel 12:31 a passage which had become corrupt before the date of 1 Chronicles 20:3 as rendered in EV [Note: English Version.] , [[David]] is represented as torturing the [[Ammonites]] ‘under harrows of iron.’ The true text and rendering, however, have reference to various forms of forced labour (see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ), and the ‘harrows’ become ‘picks of iron’ or some similar instrument. </p> <p> The Heb. verb tr. [Note: translate or translation.] ‘harrow’ in Job 39:10 is elsewhere correctly rendered ‘break the clods’ ( Hosea 10:11; also Isaiah 28:24 , but Amer. RV [Note: Revised Version.] has here ‘harrow’). In Hastings’ <em> DB </em> <em> [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] </em> ii. 306 several reasons were given for rejecting the universal modern rendering of the original by ‘harrow.’ This conclusion has since been confirmed by the discovery of the original [[Hebrew]] of [[Sir]] 38:26 where ‘who setteth his mind to “harrow” in the furrows’ would be an absurd rendering. There is no evidence that the Hebrews at any time made use of an implement corresponding to our harrow. [[Stiff]] soil was broken up by the plough or the mattock. Cf. Agriculture, § <strong> 1 </strong> . </p> <p> A. R. S. Kennedy. </p> | ||
== Webster's Dictionary <ref name="term_125415" /> == | |||
<p> (1): (n.) An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried. </p> <p> (2): (n.) An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown. </p> <p> (3): (n.) To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as, to harrow land. </p> <p> (4): (interj.) Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor;-the ancient Norman hue and cry. </p> <p> (5): (n.) To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex. </p> <p> (6): (v. t.) To pillage; to harry; to oppress. </p> | |||
== | == King James Dictionary <ref name="term_60805" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> HAR'ROW, n. An instrument of agriculture, formed of pieces of timber sometimes crossing each other, and set with iron teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, and to cover seed when sown. </p> <p> HAR'ROW, To draw a harrow over, for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed sown as, to harrow land or ground. </p> 1. To break or tear with a harrow. <p> Will he harrow the valleys after thee? Job 39 </p> 2. To tear to lacerate to torment. <p> I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word </p> <p> [[Would]] harrow up thy soul-- </p> 3. To pillage to strip to lay waste by violence. Not used. 4. To disturb to agitate. | ||
== Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_40592" /> == | == Holman Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_40592" /> == | ||
Job 39:10Isaiah 28:24Hosea 10:11Job 39:10Hosea 10:11 <p> Modern translations replace the harrow of the KJV with iron picks (NIV, NRSV); iron hoes (TEV), or sharp iron instruments (NAS) at 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3 . See [[Agriculture]]; [[Tools]] . </p> | Job 39:10Isaiah 28:24Hosea 10:11Job 39:10Hosea 10:11 <p> Modern translations replace the harrow of the KJV with iron picks (NIV, NRSV); iron hoes (TEV), or sharp iron instruments (NAS) at 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3 . See [[Agriculture]]; [[Tools]] . </p> | ||
== | == Smith's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_72811" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> Harrow. The word so rendered, 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3, is probably a threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow," Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11, expresses apparently the breaking of the clods, and is so far analogous to our harrowing - but whether done by any such machine as we call a "harrow" is very doubtful. </p> | ||
== People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70190" /> == | == People's Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_70190" /> == | ||
<p> Harrow. It is very questionable whether the Hebrews used a harrow in our sense of the term. In Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:12, breaking the clods is alluded to; but this was before sowing the seed, just to level the ground. The word translated "harrow" in 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3, means a sharp threshing-sledge. </p> | <p> Harrow. It is very questionable whether the Hebrews used a harrow in our sense of the term. In Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:12, breaking the clods is alluded to; but this was before sowing the seed, just to level the ground. The word translated "harrow" in 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3, means a sharp threshing-sledge. </p> | ||
== | == Easton's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_31774" /> == | ||
2 Samuel 12:311 Chronicles 20:3 <p> Heb. verb <i> Sadad </i> , To harrow a field, break its clods ( Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:4; Hosea 10 :: 11 ). Its form is unknown. It may have resembled the instrument still in use in Egypt. </p> | |||
== | == Fausset's Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_35651" /> == | ||
<p> | <p> charits 2 Samuel 12:31. Possibly a "threshing instrument." In modern [[Palestine]] no such instrument as our harrow exists, and it is unlikely it did in ancient times. </p> | ||
== International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4333" /> == | == International Standard Bible Encyclopedia <ref name="term_4333" /> == | ||
<p> ''''' har´ō ''''' ( שׂדד , <i> ''''' sādhadh ''''' </i> ): <i> ''''' Sādhadh ''''' </i> occurs in 3 passages ( Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11 ). In the first 2 it is translated "harrow," in the last "break the clods." That this was a separate operation from plowing, and that it was performed with an instrument drawn by animals, seems certain. As to whether it corresponded to our modern harrowing is a question. The reasons for this uncertainty are: (1) The ancient [[Egyptians]] have left no records of its use; (2) at the present time, in those parts of [[Palestine]] and [[Syria]] where foreign methods have not been introduced, harrowing is not commonly known, although the writer has been told that in some districts the ground is leveled after plowing with the threshing-sledge or a log drawn by oxen. Cross-plowing is resorted to for breaking up the lumpy soil, especially where the ground has been baked during the long rainless summer. Lumps not reduced in this way are further broken up with a hoe or pick. [[Seed]] is always sown before plowing, so that harrowing to cover the seed is unnecessary. See [[Agriculture]] . Figuratively used of affliction, discipline, etc. ( Isaiah 28:24 ). </p> | <p> ''''' har´ō ''''' ( שׂדד , <i> ''''' sādhadh ''''' </i> ): <i> ''''' Sādhadh ''''' </i> occurs in 3 passages ( Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11 ). In the first 2 it is translated "harrow," in the last "break the clods." That this was a separate operation from plowing, and that it was performed with an instrument drawn by animals, seems certain. As to whether it corresponded to our modern harrowing is a question. The reasons for this uncertainty are: (1) The ancient [[Egyptians]] have left no records of its use; (2) at the present time, in those parts of [[Palestine]] and [[Syria]] where foreign methods have not been introduced, harrowing is not commonly known, although the writer has been told that in some districts the ground is leveled after plowing with the threshing-sledge or a log drawn by oxen. Cross-plowing is resorted to for breaking up the lumpy soil, especially where the ground has been baked during the long rainless summer. Lumps not reduced in this way are further broken up with a hoe or pick. [[Seed]] is always sown before plowing, so that harrowing to cover the seed is unnecessary. See [[Agriculture]] . Figuratively used of affliction, discipline, etc. ( Isaiah 28:24 ). </p> | ||
== The Nuttall Encyclopedia <ref name="term_74338" /> == | |||
<p> A town of Middlesex, built on an eminence 200 ft. high, 12 m. from St. Paul's, London; its church, St. Mary's, founded by Lanfranc, is a Gothic structure of great architectural interest. [[Harrow]] School, a celebrated public school, was founded in 1571 for the free education of 30 poor boys of the parish, but subsequently opened its doors to "foreigners," and now numbers upwards of 500 pupils. </p> | |||
== Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_43229" /> == | == Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature <ref name="term_43229" /> == | ||
<p> Bibliography InformationMcClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Harrow'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/h/harrow.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. </p> | <p> Bibliography InformationMcClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Harrow'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/h/harrow.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. </p> | ||
==References == | ==References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_51569"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/hastings-dictionary-of-the-bible/harrow Harrow from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_125415"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/webster-s-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Webster's Dictionary]</ref> | |||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_60805"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/king-james-dictionary/harrow Harrow from King James Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_40592"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref> | <ref name="term_40592"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/holman-bible-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Holman Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_72811"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/smith-s-bible-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Smith's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_70190"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/harrow Harrow from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | <ref name="term_70190"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/people-s-dictionary-of-the-bible/harrow Harrow from People's Dictionary of the Bible]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_31774"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/easton-s-bible-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Easton's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name=" | <ref name="term_35651"> [https://bibleportal.com/dictionary/fausset-s-bible-dictionary/harrow Harrow from Fausset's Bible Dictionary]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_4333"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/harrow Harrow from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | <ref name="term_4333"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/international-standard-bible-encyclopedia/harrow Harrow from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]</ref> | ||
<ref name="term_74338"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/the-nuttall-encyclopedia/harrow Harrow from The Nuttall Encyclopedia]</ref> | |||
<ref name="term_43229"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/harrow Harrow from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | <ref name="term_43229"> [https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/harrow Harrow from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
Revision as of 11:01, 12 October 2021
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible [1]
HARROW . In 2 Samuel 12:31 a passage which had become corrupt before the date of 1 Chronicles 20:3 as rendered in EV [Note: English Version.] , David is represented as torturing the Ammonites ‘under harrows of iron.’ The true text and rendering, however, have reference to various forms of forced labour (see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ), and the ‘harrows’ become ‘picks of iron’ or some similar instrument.
The Heb. verb tr. [Note: translate or translation.] ‘harrow’ in Job 39:10 is elsewhere correctly rendered ‘break the clods’ ( Hosea 10:11; also Isaiah 28:24 , but Amer. RV [Note: Revised Version.] has here ‘harrow’). In Hastings’ DB [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] ii. 306 several reasons were given for rejecting the universal modern rendering of the original by ‘harrow.’ This conclusion has since been confirmed by the discovery of the original Hebrew of Sir 38:26 where ‘who setteth his mind to “harrow” in the furrows’ would be an absurd rendering. There is no evidence that the Hebrews at any time made use of an implement corresponding to our harrow. Stiff soil was broken up by the plough or the mattock. Cf. Agriculture, § 1 .
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Webster's Dictionary [2]
(1): (n.) An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried.
(2): (n.) An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown.
(3): (n.) To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as, to harrow land.
(4): (interj.) Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor;-the ancient Norman hue and cry.
(5): (n.) To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex.
(6): (v. t.) To pillage; to harry; to oppress.
King James Dictionary [3]
HAR'ROW, n. An instrument of agriculture, formed of pieces of timber sometimes crossing each other, and set with iron teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, and to cover seed when sown.
HAR'ROW, To draw a harrow over, for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed sown as, to harrow land or ground.
1. To break or tear with a harrow.
Will he harrow the valleys after thee? Job 39
2. To tear to lacerate to torment.
I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul--
3. To pillage to strip to lay waste by violence. Not used. 4. To disturb to agitate.
Holman Bible Dictionary [4]
Job 39:10Isaiah 28:24Hosea 10:11Job 39:10Hosea 10:11
Modern translations replace the harrow of the KJV with iron picks (NIV, NRSV); iron hoes (TEV), or sharp iron instruments (NAS) at 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3 . See Agriculture; Tools .
Smith's Bible Dictionary [5]
Harrow. The word so rendered, 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3, is probably a threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow," Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11, expresses apparently the breaking of the clods, and is so far analogous to our harrowing - but whether done by any such machine as we call a "harrow" is very doubtful.
People's Dictionary of the Bible [6]
Harrow. It is very questionable whether the Hebrews used a harrow in our sense of the term. In Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:12, breaking the clods is alluded to; but this was before sowing the seed, just to level the ground. The word translated "harrow" in 2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3, means a sharp threshing-sledge.
Easton's Bible Dictionary [7]
2 Samuel 12:311 Chronicles 20:3
Heb. verb Sadad , To harrow a field, break its clods ( Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:4; Hosea 10 :: 11 ). Its form is unknown. It may have resembled the instrument still in use in Egypt.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary [8]
charits 2 Samuel 12:31. Possibly a "threshing instrument." In modern Palestine no such instrument as our harrow exists, and it is unlikely it did in ancient times.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [9]
har´ō ( שׂדד , sādhadh ): Sādhadh occurs in 3 passages ( Job 39:10; Isaiah 28:24; Hosea 10:11 ). In the first 2 it is translated "harrow," in the last "break the clods." That this was a separate operation from plowing, and that it was performed with an instrument drawn by animals, seems certain. As to whether it corresponded to our modern harrowing is a question. The reasons for this uncertainty are: (1) The ancient Egyptians have left no records of its use; (2) at the present time, in those parts of Palestine and Syria where foreign methods have not been introduced, harrowing is not commonly known, although the writer has been told that in some districts the ground is leveled after plowing with the threshing-sledge or a log drawn by oxen. Cross-plowing is resorted to for breaking up the lumpy soil, especially where the ground has been baked during the long rainless summer. Lumps not reduced in this way are further broken up with a hoe or pick. Seed is always sown before plowing, so that harrowing to cover the seed is unnecessary. See Agriculture . Figuratively used of affliction, discipline, etc. ( Isaiah 28:24 ).
The Nuttall Encyclopedia [10]
A town of Middlesex, built on an eminence 200 ft. high, 12 m. from St. Paul's, London; its church, St. Mary's, founded by Lanfranc, is a Gothic structure of great architectural interest. Harrow School, a celebrated public school, was founded in 1571 for the free education of 30 poor boys of the parish, but subsequently opened its doors to "foreigners," and now numbers upwards of 500 pupils.
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature [11]
Bibliography InformationMcClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Harrow'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/h/harrow.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
References
- ↑ Harrow from Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
- ↑ Harrow from Webster's Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from King James Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from Holman Bible Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from Smith's Bible Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from People's Dictionary of the Bible
- ↑ Harrow from Easton's Bible Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from Fausset's Bible Dictionary
- ↑ Harrow from International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
- ↑ Harrow from The Nuttall Encyclopedia
- ↑ Harrow from Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
