Difference between revisions of "Aretas"

<p> The name of several kings of northwestern Arabia. The only one mentioned in [[Scripture]] gave his daughter in marriage to [[Herod]] Antipas; but she being repudiated by Herod, [[Aretas]] made war upon him and destroyed his army. [[In]] consequence of this, the emperor [[Tiberius]] directed Vitellius, then proconsul of Syria, to make war upon or dead to Rome. But while [[Vitellius]] was in the midst of preparation for the war, he received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, A. D. 37; on which he immediately recalled his troops, dismissed them into winter quarters, and then left the province. Aretas, taking advantage of this supineness, seems to have made an incursion and got possession of Damascus, over which he appointed a governor or ethnarch, who, A. D. 39, at the instigation of the Jews, attempted to put [[Paul]] in prison, <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> . [[Compare]] <span> Acts 9:24,25 </span> . </p>

<span> [[Luke]] 3:19,20 </span> <span> [[Mark]] 6:17 </span> <span> [[Matthew]] 14:3 </span> <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> <span> Acts 9:25 </span>

<p> A common name of many [[Arabian]] kings. <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> ; "in [[Damascus]] the governor <span> ethnarch) </span> under [[Aretas]] the king kept the city of the [[Damascenes]] with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me; and through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands." The ethnarch did it to please the Jews, who ( <span> Acts 9:24 </span> ) "watched the gates day and night to kill Paul." [[His]] office was to exercise authority under the king, over the many [[Jews]] in large cities: compare <span> Acts 9:25 </span> . Damascus had been a city of the [[Roman]] province, Syria; and we have [[Damascene]] coins of [[Augustus]] and Tiberius, and afterward of Nero, etc., but we have none of Caligula. This implies that some change in the government of Damascus took place under Caligula, Tiberius's successor. Moreover, Aretas, king of [[Arabia]] Nabataea dud its capital Petra, made war on [[Antipas]] for divorcing Aretas' daughter, and defeated him. </p> <p> But Tiberius, at Antipas' entreaty, commanded Vitellius, governor of Syria, to take Aretas dead or alive. [[Before]] the order was executed [[Tiberius]] himself was dead. Then all was reversed. Antipas was banished by [[Caligula]] to Lyons, and his kingdom given to Agrippa, his nephew and his foe. It seems therefore to harmonize with history, as well as with Scripture, to assume that in A.D. 38 or 39, when Caligula made several changes in the E., he also granted Damascus to Aretas. The incidental way in which [[Paul]] alludes to Aretas' kingship over Damascus at the time of his escape from the ethnarch under him, by being let down in a basket from a house on the city wall (compare <span> Acts 9:23-25 </span> ), is a strong presumption for the truth of the Acts and [[Second]] [[Epistle]] to Corinthians. This was three years after Paul's conversion; so that A. D. 36 will be the date of his conversion. </p>

<span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> <span> [[Mark]] 6:17-18 </span>

<p> <strong> ARETAS </strong> . This is the dynastic name (Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] <em> Charethath </em> ) of several kings of the Nahatæan Arabs whose capital was [[Petra]] (Sela), and whose language for purposes of writing and commerce was an [[Aramaic]] dialect, as is seen from the existing inscriptions. (Cooke, <em> N. [[Semitic]] Inscr </em> . p. 214 ff.). The first of the line is mentioned in 2Ma 5:8; the fourth (whose personal name was Æneas) in <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> , where his ‘ethnarch’ is said to have ‘guarded the city of the [[Damascenes]] in order to take’ St. Paul; but the [[Apostle]] escaped. This was within three years after his conversion ( <span> [[Galatians]] 1:17 </span> f., <span> Acts 9:23 </span> ff.). There is a difficulty here, for [[Damascus]] was ordinarily in the [[Roman]] province of Syria. [[Aretas]] III. had held it in b.c. 85; the Roman coins of Damascus end a.d. 34 and begin again a.d. 62 3. It has been supposed that the <strong> Nabatæans </strong> held the city during this interval. [[Yet]] before the death of [[Tiberius]] (a.d. 37) there could hardly have been any regular occupancy by them, as Vitellius, proprætor of Syria, was sent by that emperor to punish Aretas IV. for the vengeance that the latter had taken on [[Herod]] [[Antipas]] for divorcing his sister in favour of Herodias. It has therefore been thought that a.d. 37 is the earliest possible date for St. Paul’s escape; and this will somewhat modify our view of [[Pauline]] chronology (see art. [[Paul]] the Apostle, § 4). Yet the allusion in <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> f. does not necessarily imply anything like a permanent tenure of Damascus by Aretas’ ethnarch. A temporary occupancy may well have taken place in Aretas’ war against Herod Antipas or afterwards; and it would be unsafe to build any chronological theory on this passage. The reign of Aretas IV. lasted from b.c. 9 to a.d. 40; inscriptions (at <em> el-Hejra </em> ) and coins are dated in his 48th year (Cooke, <em> l.c. </em> ). </p> <p> A. J. Maclean. </p>

<p> ( <span> Ἀρέτας </span> , Arab, <i> Ḥâritha </i> ) </p> <p> The Gr. form of a name borne by several rulers of the Nabataean Arabs, whose capital was [[Petra]] in Arabia. </p> <p> <b> 1. </b> The first known to history, ‘Aretas, prince of the Arabians,’ is said to have had the fugitive high-priest [[Jason]] shut up at his court ( <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 5:8 </span> ; the Gr. text is doubtful). [[His]] designation as ‘prince’ ( <span> τύραννος </span> ) indicates that the hereditary chieftain of the tribe had not yet assumed the dignity of king-ship. The royal dynasty was founded by Erotimus about 110-100 b.c., when the [[Greek]] kings of [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] had lost so much of their power, ‘ut adsiduis proeliis consumpti in contemptum finitimorum vencrint praedaeque Arabum geuti, imbelli antea, fuerint’ (Trog. Pomp. <i> ap </i> . Justin., xxxix. 5. 5-6). </p> <p> <b> 2. </b> The second Aretas, called <span> δ </span> ʼ <span> Αράβων βασιλεύς </span> , is mentioned by [[Josephus]] ( <i> [[Ant]] </i> . xiii. xiii. 3) in connexion with the siege of [[Gaza]] by [[Alexander]] [[Jannaeus]] in 96 b.c. </p> <p> <b> 3. </b> [[Aretas]] iii., who reigned from about 85 to 60 b.c., is known as ‘Aretas the Philhellene,’ this being the superscription of the earliest Nabataean coins that are known. Under him the mountain fortress of Petra began to assume the aspect of a [[Hellenistic]] city, and the Nabataean sway was extended as far as Damascus. [[He]] incurred the displeasure of the [[Romans]] by interfering in the quarrel of [[Hyrcanus]] and Aristobulus, but the war which Scaurus waged against him left his power unbroken ( <i> Ant </i> . xiv. v. i.; <i> Bellum Judaicum (Josephus) </i> i. viii. 1). He could not, however, prevent Lollius and Metellus from taking possession of [[Damascus]] ( <i> Ant </i> . xiv. ii. 3; <i> Bellum Judaicum (Josephus) </i> i. vi. 1), which thereafter was permanently under the suzerainty of Rome. </p> <p> <b> 4. </b> Aretas IV., Philopatris, the last and best-known, had a long and successful reign (circa, about9 b.c.-a.d. 40). He was originally called aeneas, but on coming to the throne he assumed the favourite name of the Nabataean kings. He soon found it necessary to ingratiate himself with Rome. </p> <p> [[Augustus]] ‘was angry that Aretas had not sent to him first before he took the kingdom; yet did aeneas send an epistle and presents to Caesar, and a crown of gold of the weight of many talents.’ … The [[Emperor]] ‘admitted Aretas’s ambassadors, and after he had just reproved him for his rashness in not waiting till he had received the kingdom from him, he accepted his presents, and confirmed him in the government’ (Jos. <i> Ant </i> . xvi. ix. 4, x. 9). </p> <p> This Aretas’ daughter became the wife of [[Herod]] Antipas, who divorced her in order to marry [[Herodias]] ( <span> [[Mark]] 6:17 </span> ). [[Border]] disputes gave the injured father an opportunity of revenge. [[Again]] acting, at this new juncture, without consulting Rome, he attacked and defeated [[Antipas]] (a.d. 28); and again fortune smiled on his daring disregard of consequences. The belated expedition which Vitellius, governor of Syria, at Tiberius’ command, led against Petra, had only got as far as Jerusalem, when the tidings of the Emperor’s death (a.d. 37) caused it to be abandoned. </p> <p> There is circumstantial evidence, though perhaps too slender to be quite convincing, that Tiberius’ successor [[Caligula]] favoured the cause of Aretas. St. [[Paul]] was converted probably about a.d. 36 (so Turner), and, some time after, the [[Jews]] of Damascus conspired to kill him ( <span> Acts 9:22 </span> f.). [[In]] recalling this fact he mentions a detail ( <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> ) which the writer of Acts omits, namely, that it was the governor ( <span> ἐθνάρχης </span> ) under Aretas the king who-doubtless at the instigation of the Jews-guarded the city to take him. The question is thus raised when and how Aretas became overlord of Damascus. It is inconceivable either that he captured the city in face of the [[Roman]] legions in Syria, or that Tiberius, who in the end of his reign was strongly hostile, ceded it to him. But it is probable that Caligula favoured the enemy of Herod Antipas. [[One]] of his first imperial acts was to give the tetrarchy of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]] to [[Agrippa]] ( <i> Ant </i> . xviii. vi. 10), and he may at the same time have given Damascus to Aretas as a peace-offering. It was better policy to befriend than to crush the brave Nabataeans. Antipas was ultimately deposed and banished in 39. </p> <p> It was only for a short time, however, that [[Rome]] relaxed her direct hold upon the old [[Syrian]] capital. There are [[Damascene]] coins with the figure of [[Tiberius]] down to a.d. 34, and the fact that none has been found with the image of [[Caius]] or [[Claudius]] is significant of a change of régime; but the image of [[Nero]] appears from 62 onwards. To the view of Marquardt ( <i> Röm. Staatsverwaltung </i> , 1885, i. 405) and Mommsen ( <i> Provinces </i> ² , 1909, ii. 149), based on <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> , that Damascus was continuously in subjection to the Nabataean kings from the beginning of the Roman period down to a.d. 106, there are the strongest objections (see Schürer, <i> [[History]] of the [[Jewish]] [[People]] (Eng. tr. of GJV).] </i> i. ii. 354). Cf. articleArabia. </p> <p> More coins and inscriptions date from the time of Aretas IV. than from any Nabataean reign. While the standing title of Aretas III. was <span> φιλέλληνος </span> , that which the last chose for himself was <span> רחם עמה </span> , ‘Lover of his people.’ He set country above culture; he was a Nabataean patriot first and a [[Hellenist]] afterwards. It was probably this successful reign that Josephus had in view when he wrote of the extension of the Nabataean kingdom from the [[Euphrates]] to the [[Red]] [[Sea]] ( <i> Ant </i> . i. xii. 4). </p> <p> Literature-In addition to the authorities cited in the body of the article, see [[Literature]] appended to articleArabia, and P. Ewald, article‘Aretas,’ In <i> Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche </i> ³ . </p> <p> [[James]] Strahan. </p>

<p> The common appellation (like [[Pharaoh]] for [[Egyptian]] kings) of the [[Arabian]] kings of the northern part of Arabia. The deputy of [[Aretas]] in [[Damascus]] sought to arrest Paul. <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> . This king, who was father-in-law to [[Herod]] Antipas, made war against him for divorcing his daughter, and defeated him. Vitellius, governor of [[Syria]] was ordered to take Aretas dead or alive; but [[Tiberius]] died before this was accomplished. Caligula, who succeeded to the empire, banished Antipas. [[He]] made certain changes in the East, and it is supposed that Damascus was detached from the province of Syria and given to Aretas. </p>

<p> <span> [[Aretas]] </span> ( <span> ăr'e-t </span> <span> âs </span> ), <span> virtuous. </span> <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> . The king of [[Arabia]] Petræa at the time the governor of [[Damascus]] attempted to apprehend Paul. <span> Acts 9:24-25 </span> . [[His]] daughter married [[Herod]] Antipas, but was afterward divorced to allow him to marry Herodias. [[In]] consequence of this insult, Aretas made war upon [[Antipas]] and defeated him. Antipas was soon after banished and his kingdom given to Agrippa. It is likely that Aretas was restored to the good graces of the Romans, and that [[Caligula]] granted him Damascus, which had already formed part of his predecessor's kingdom. In this way we can account for the fact in Paul's life stated above. </p>

<p> <span> Are'tas </span> or <span> Ar'etas. </span> <span> (graver). </span> </p> <p> 1. A contemporary of [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, B.C. 170, and Jason. <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 5:8 </span> . </p> <p> 2. The [[Aretas]] alluded to by St. Paul, <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> , was father-in-law of [[Herod]] Antipas. </p>

<p> '''''ar´ē̇''''' -'''''tas''''' ( <span> Ἀρέτας </span> , <i> '''''Arétas''''' </i> ): The name is a common one among [[Arabian]] princes and signifies "virtuous or pleasing." </p> <h4> 1. 2 Macc 5:8 </h4> <p> It is mentioned several times in [[Biblical]] literature and in Josephus. [[Here]] it refers to an Arabian king, who was a contemporary of [[Antiochus]] [[Epiphanes]] (circa 170 bc), before whom [[Jason]] the high priest was accused. </p> <h4> 2. Obodas </h4> <p> [[Another]] Arabian prince of this name, surnamed Obodas ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xiii , xv, 2; xvi, 2; Xvi , ix, 4) defeated Antiochus [[Dionysius]] and reigned over [[Coele-Syria]] and Damascus. [[He]] participated with [[Hyrcanus]] in the war for the [[Jewish]] throne against his brother Aristobulus, but the allies were completely defeated at Papyron, by [[Aristobulus]] and Scaurus, the [[Roman]] general. The latter carried the war into [[Arabia]] and forced [[Aretas]] to make an ignominious peace, at the price of three hundred talents of silver. [[Of]] that event a memorial denarius still exists, with a Roman chariot in full charge on the one side and a camel on the other, by the side of which an [[Arab]] is kneeling, who holds out a branch of frankincense. </p> <h4> 3. [[Aeneas]] </h4> <p> The successor of Obodas was apparently surnamed Aeneas and this is the Arabian king who figures in the New [[Testament]] ( <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> ; compare <span> Acts 9:24 </span> ). The Aretas, here mentioned, is the father-in-law of [[Herod]] Antipas, who divorced his wife to marry Herodins, the wife of his brother [[Philip]] ( <span> [[Matthew]] 14:3 </span> ; <span> [[Mark]] 6:17 </span> ; <span> [[Luke]] 3:19 </span> ). [[Josephus]] ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xviii , v, 1, 3) gives us a circumstantial narration of the events leading up to and following the conduct of Antipas. [[Coupled]] with a boundary dispute, it occasioned a bitter w ar between the two princes, in which [[Antipas]] was completely overwhelmed, who thereupon invoked the aid of the Romans. [[Tiberius]] ordered Vitellius, proconsul of Syria, to make war on Aretas and to deliver him dead or alive into the hands of the emperor. [[On]] the way, at Jerusalem, [[Vitellius]] received intelligence of the death of Tiberius, [[March]] 16, 37 ad, and stopped all warlike proceedings ( <i> Ant. </i> , Xviii , v, 1, 3). According to <span> 2 Corinthians 11:32 </span> , Damascus, which had formerly belonged to the Arabian princes, was again in the hands of Are tas, when [[Paul]] escaped from it, not immediately after his conversion, but on a subsequent visit, after his Arabian exile ( <span> [[Galatians]] 1:16 </span> , <span> Galatians 1:17 </span> ). It is inconceivable that Aretas should have taken [[Damascus]] by force, in the face of the almost omnipotent power of Rome. The picture moreover, which Josephus draws of the [[Herodian]] events, points to a passive rather than an active attitude on the part of Aretas. The probability is that Cajus Caligula, the new emperor, wishing to settle the affairs of Syria, freely gave Damascu s to Aretas, inasmuch as it had formerly belonged to his territory. [[As]] Tiberius died in 37 ad, and as the Arabian affair was completely settled in 39 ad, it is evident that the date of Paul's conversion must lie somewhere between 34 and 36 ad. This date is further fixed by a Damascus coin, with the image of [[King]] Aretas and the date 101. [[If]] that date points to the [[Pompeian]] era, it equals 37 ad, making the date of Paul's conversion 34 ad (Mionnet, <i> Descript. des médailles antiques </i> , V, 284-85). </p>

<p> Are´tas, the common name of several [[Arabian]] kings. </p> <p> 1. The first of whom we have any notice was a contemporary of the [[Jewish]] high-priest [[Jason]] and of [[Antiochus]] [[Epiphanes]] about B.C. 170 ( <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 5:8 </span> ). </p> <p> 2. [[Josephus]] mentions an Aretas, king of the [[Arabians]] contemporary with [[Alexander]] Jannæus (died b.c 79) and his sons. After defeating Antiochus Dionysus, he reigned over Cœle-Syria, 'being called to the government by those that held [[Damascus]] by reason of the hatred they bore to [[Ptolemy]] Mennæus.' [[He]] took part with [[Hyrcanus]] in his contest for the sovereignty with his brother Aristobulus, and laid siege to Jerusalem, but, on the approach of the [[Roman]] general Scaurus, he retreated to Philadelphia. Hyrcanus and [[Aretas]] were pursued and defeated by Aristobulus, at a place called Papyron, and lost above 6000 men. [[Three]] or four years after, Scaurus, to whom Pompey had committed the government of Cœle-Syria, invaded Petræa, but finding it difficult to obtain provisions for his army, he consented to withdraw on the offer of 300 talents from Aretas. </p> <p> Fig. 47—Coin displaying the name Aretas </p> <p> 3. Aretas, whose name was originally Æneas, succeeded Obodas. He was the father-in-law of [[Herod]] Antipas. The latter made proposals of marriage to the wife of his half-brother Herod-Philip, Herodias, the daughter of [[Aristobulus]] their brother, and the sister of [[Agrippa]] the Great. [[In]] consequence of this, the daughter of Aretas returned to her father, and a war (which had been fomented by previous disputes about the limits of their respective countries) ensued between Aretas and Herod. The army of the latter was totally destroyed, and on his sending an account of his disaster to Rome, the emperor immediately ordered [[Vitellius]] to bring Aretas prisoner alive, or, if dead, to send his head. But while Vitellius was on his march to Petra, news arrived of the death of Tiberius, upon which, after administering the oath of allegiance to his troops, he dismissed them to winter-quarters and returned to Rome. It must have been at this juncture that Aretas took possession of Damascus, and placed a governor in it with a garrison. [[For]] a knowledge of this fact we are indebted to the apostle Paul. </p>

<p> ( <span> Ἀρέτας </span> ; Arab. <span> charresh, </span> Pococke, <span> Spec. Hist. Arab. </span> p. 58, or, in another form, <span> c(haurish= <span> חוֹרֵשׁ </span> </span> , <span> graver, </span> Pococke, 1:70, 76, 77, 89), the common name of several [[Arabian]] kings (see Diod. Sic. 14:70; comp. Wesseling; Michaelis, in Pott's <span> Syllog. 3, </span> 62 sq.). </p> <p> <span> 1. </span> The first of whom we have any notice was a contemporary of the [[Jewish]] high-priest [[Jason]] and of [[Antiochus]] Epiphanes, about B.C. 170 ( <span> 2 [[Maccabees]] 5:8 </span> ): "In the end, therefore, he (Jason) had an unhappy return, being accused before Aretas, the king of the Arabians." </p> <p> <span> 2. </span> [[Josephus]] <span> (Ant. </span> 13, 13, 3) mentions an Aretas, king of the [[Arabians]] </p> <p> (surnamed Obedas, <span> Ο᾿βέδας </span> <span> , Ant. </span> 13, 13, 5), contemporary with [[Alexander]] [[Jannaeus]] (died B.C. 79) and his sons. After defeating Antiochus Dionysus, he reigned over Coele-Syria, "being called to the government by those that held [[Damascus]] ( <span> κληθεὶς </span> <span> εἰς </span> <span> τὴν </span> <span> ἀρχὴν </span> <span> ὑπὸ </span> <span> τῶν </span> <span> τὴν </span> <span> Δαμασκὸνἐχόντων </span> ) by </p>