Difference between revisions of "Tongue"

<div> '''A — 1: γλῶσσα ''' (Strong'S #1100 — Noun [[Feminine]] — glossa — gloce'-sah ) </div> <p> is used of (1) the "tongues ... like as of fire" which appeared at Pentecost; (2) "the tongue," as an organ of speech, e.g., &nbsp;Mark 7:33; &nbsp;Romans 3:13; &nbsp;14:11; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:9; &nbsp;Philippians 2:11; &nbsp;James 1:26; &nbsp;3:5,6,8; &nbsp;1 Peter 3:10; &nbsp;1 John 3:18; &nbsp;Revelation 16:10; (3) (a) "a language," coupled with phule, "a tribe," laos, "a people," ethnos, "a nation," seven times in the Apocalypse, &nbsp;Revelation 5:9; &nbsp;7:9; &nbsp;10:11; &nbsp;11:9; &nbsp;13:7; &nbsp;14:6; &nbsp;17:15; (b) "the supernatural gift of speaking in another language without its having been learnt;" in &nbsp;Acts 2:4-13 the circumstances are recorded from the viewpoint of the hearers; to those in whose language the utterances were made it appeared as a supernatural phenomenon; to others, the stammering of drunkards; what was uttered was not addressed primarily to the audience but consisted in recounting "the mighty works of God;" cp. &nbsp; Acts 2:46; in 1Cor., chapters 12 and 14, the use of the gift of "tongues" is mentioned as exercised in the gatherings of local churches; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 12:10 speaks of the gift in general terms, and couples with it that of "the interpretation of tongues;" chapt. 14 gives instruction concerning the use of the gift, the paramount object being the edification of the church; unless the "tongue" was interpreted the speaker would speak "not unto men, but unto God," &nbsp; 1 Corinthians 14:2; he would edify himself alone, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:4 , unless he interpreted, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:5 , in which case his interpretation would be of the same value as the superior gift of prophesying, as he would edify the church, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:4-6; he must pray that he may interpret, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:13; if there were no interpreter, he must keep silence, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:28 , for all things were to be done "unto edifying," &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:26 . "If I come ... speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you," says the [[Apostle]] (expressing the great object in all oral ministry), "unless I speak to you either by way of revelation, or of knowledge, or of prophesying, or of teaching?" (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:6 ). "Tongues" were for a sign, not to believers, but to unbelievers, &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:22 , and especially to unbelieving [[Jews]] (see &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:21 ): cp. the passages in the Acts. </p> &nbsp;1 Corinthians 13:8&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:6 <div> '''A — 2: διάλεκτος ''' (Strong'S #1258 — Noun Feminine — dialektos — dee-al'-ek-tos ) </div> <p> "language" (Eng., "dialect"), is rendered "tongue" in the AV of &nbsp;Acts 1:19; &nbsp;2:6,8; &nbsp;21:40; &nbsp;22:2; &nbsp;26:14 . See Language. </p> <div> '''B — 1: Κλαύδιος ''' (Strong'S #2804 — Noun Masculine — heteroglossos — klow'-dee-os ) </div> <p> is rendered "strange tongues" in &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:21 , RV (heteros, "another of a different sort," see Another , and A, No. 1), AV, "other tongues." </p> <div> '''C — 1: Ἑβραϊστί ''' (Strong'S #1447 — Adverb — hebraisti — heb-rah-is-tee' ) </div> <p> (or ebraisti, Westcott and Hort) denotes (a) "in Hebrew," &nbsp;Revelation 9:11 , RV (AV, "in the [[Hebrew]] tongue"); so &nbsp;Revelation 16:16; (b) in the [[Aramaic]] vernacular of Palestine, &nbsp;John 5:2 , AV, "in the Hebrew tongue" (RV, "in Hebrew"); in &nbsp;John 19:13,17 , AV, "in the Hebrew" (RV, "in Hebrew"); in &nbsp;John 19:20 , AV and RV, "in Hebrew;" in &nbsp;John 20:16 , RV only, "in Hebrew (Rabboni)." </p> &nbsp;John 19:20&nbsp;Acts 21:37

<p> <em> Lâshôn </em> (לְשֹׁנָה, Strong'S #3956), “tongue; language; speech.” This word is thought to have the root meaning “to lick,” but this is a conjecture. The noun occurs in Ugaritic, [[Akkadian]] ( <em> Lishanu </em> ), Phoenician, and Arabic. In the Hebrew Old [[Testament]] it appears 115 times, mainly in the poetic and, to a lesser extent, in the prophetical books. The first occurrence is in Gen. 10:5: “By these were the isles of the [[Gentiles]] divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.” The basic meaning of <em> lâshôn </em> is “tongue,” which as an organ of the body refers to humans (Lam. 4:4) and animals (Exod. 11:7; Job 41:1)The extended meaning of the word as an organ of speech occurs more frequently. A person may be “heavy” or “slow” of tongue or have a stammering “tongue” (Exod. 4:10); or he may be fluent and clear: “The heart also of the rash shall understand knowledge, and the tongue of the stammerers shall be ready to speak plainly” (Isa. 32:4). And see the description of the “tongue” in Ps. 45:1: “My heart is inditing a good matter: I speak of the things which I have made touching the King: my tongue is the pen of a ready writer.” The word is often better translated as “speech,” because of the negative and positive associations of <em> lâshôn. </em> Especially in the wisdom literature the manner of one’s “speech” is considered to be the external expression of the character of the speaker. The fool’s “speech” is unreliable (Ps. 5:9), deceitful (Ps. 109:2; 120:2-3; Prov. 6:17), boastful (Ps. 140:11), flattering (Prov. 26:28), slanderous (Ps. 15:3), and subversive (Prov. 10:31). The “tongue” of the righteous man heals (Prov. 15:4). While the “tongue” may be as sharp as sword (Ps. 57:4), it is a means of giving life to the righteous and death to the wicked: “Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof” (Prov. 18:21; cf. 21:23; 25:15). The biblical authors speak of divine inspiration as the Lord’s enabling them to speak: “The Spirit of the Lord spake by me, and his word was in my tongue” (2 Sam. 23:2; cf. Prov. 16:1). “Tongue” with the meaning “speech” has as a synonym <em> peh </em> , “mouth” (Ps. 66:17), and more rarely <em> sapah </em> , “lip” (Job 27:4). </p> <p> A further extension of meaning is “language.” In Hebrew both <em> sapah </em> and <em> lâshôn </em> denote a foreign “language”: “For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this people” (Isa. 28:11). The foreigners to the “language” are well described in these words: “Thou shalt not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech than thou canst perceive; of stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand” (Isa. 33:19). </p> <p> <em> Lâshôn </em> also refers to objects that are shaped in the form of a tongue. Most important is the “tongue of fire,” which even takes the character of “eating” or “devouring”: “Therefore as the [tongues of fire] devoureth the stubble, and the flame consumeth the chaff …” (Isa. 5:24). The association in Isaiah of God’s appearance in judgment with smoke and fire gave rise to a fine literary description of the Lord’s anger: “Behold, the name of the Lord cometh from far, burning with his anger, and the burden thereof is heavy: his lips are full of indignation, and his tongue as a devouring fire” (Isa. 30:27). [[Notice]] the words “lips” and “tongue” here with the meaning of “flames of fire,” even though the language evokes the representation of a tongue (as an organ of the body) together with a tongue (of fire). Also a bar of gold (Josh. 7:21) and a bay of the sea (Isa. 11:15) shaped in the form of a tongue were called <em> lâshôn. </em> </p> <p> The [[Septuagint]] translation is <em> glossa </em> (“tongue; language”). </p>

<p> DUTIES OF THE. " </p> <p> 1. To glorify God by magnifying his name. </p> <p> 2. To sing his praises. </p> <p> 3. To declare to others God's goodness. </p> <p> 4. To pray to him for what we want. </p> <p> 5. To make open profession of our subjection to him. </p> <p> 6. To preach his word. </p> <p> 7. To defend the truth. </p> <p> 8. To exhort men to particular duties. </p> <p> 9. To confess our sins to God. </p> <p> 10. To crave the advice of others. </p> <p> 11. To praise that which is good in others. </p> <p> 12. To bear witness to the truth. </p> <p> 13. To defend the cause of the innocent and just. </p> <p> 14. To communicate to others the same good impressions we have received." </p>

<p> (לָשׁוֹן, ''Lash6Nd Γλῶσσα'' ) is used in [[Scripture]] in various senses. </p> <p> '''1.''' It stands, ''Literally,'' for the human tongue (&nbsp;Judges 7:5; &nbsp;Job 27:4; &nbsp;Psalms 35:28; &nbsp;Psalms 39:1; &nbsp;Psalms 39:3; &nbsp;Psalms 51:14; &nbsp;Psalms 66:17; &nbsp;Proverbs 15:2; &nbsp;Zechariah 14:12; &nbsp;Mark 7:33; &nbsp;Mark 7:35; &nbsp;Luke 1:64; &nbsp;Luke 16:24; &nbsp;Romans 3:13; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:9; &nbsp;James 1:26; &nbsp;James 3:5-6; &nbsp;James 3:8; &nbsp;1 Peter 3:10; &nbsp;Revelation 16:10; Eccles. 17:6; &nbsp;Wisdom of Solomon 10:21; &nbsp;2 [[Maccabees]] 7:4); and so for the tongue of the dog (&nbsp;Psalms 68:23), of the viper (&nbsp;Job 20:16), of idols (&nbsp;Baruch 6:8); the tongues of the seven brethren cut out (&nbsp;2 Maccabees 7:4; &nbsp;2 Maccabees 7:10; comp. &nbsp;Proverbs 10:20). </p> <p> Various explanations have been offered why (in the passage first cited above) Gideon's three hundred followers should have been selected because they lapped water out of their hands, standing or perhaps moving onward, while they who stayed and "bowed down to drink" were rejected. [[Josephus]] says that the former thereby showed their timorousness and fear of being overtaken by the enemy, and that these poor-spirited men were chosen on purpose to illustrate the power of God in the victory (Ant. 5, 6, 3). </p> <p> On &nbsp;Mark 7:33; &nbsp;Mark 7:35, Dr. A. Clarke offers the interpretation that it was the deaf and stammering man himself who put his own fingers into his ears to intimate his deafness; spat or emptied his mouth that the [[Savior]] might look at his tongue; touched his own tongue to intimate that he could not speak; looked up to heaven as imploring divine aid; and groaned to denote his distress under his affliction; and that our Savior simply said, "Be opened" ([[Commentary]] )''.'' This explanation certainly clears the passage of some obscurities. </p> <p> &nbsp;James 3:8, Dr. Macknight translates, "But the tongue of men no one can subdue;" that is, the tongue of other men, for the apostle is exhorting the Christian to subdue his own (comp. &nbsp;James 3:13). He observes that (Ecumenius read the passage interrogatively, as much as to say, "Wild beasts, birds, serpents, marine animals, have been tamed by man, and can no man tame the tongue?'" </p> <p> '''2.''' It is ''Personified.'' "Unto me every tongue shall swear," that is, every man (&nbsp;Isaiah 45:23; comp. &nbsp;Romans 14:11; &nbsp;Philippians 2:11; &nbsp;Isaiah 54:17). The tongue is said to rejoice (&nbsp;Acts 2:26); to meditate (&nbsp;Psalms 52:2); to hate (&nbsp;Proverbs 26:28); to be bridled (&nbsp;James 1:26); to be tamed (3:8; comp. &nbsp;Sirach 28:18, etc.). It is apostrophized (&nbsp;Psalms 120:3). </p> <p> '''3.''' It is used by [[Metonymy]] for speech generally. Let us not love in tongue only" (&nbsp;1 John 3:18 ‘ comp. γλώσση φίλος, Theogn. 63, 13; &nbsp;Job 6:30; &nbsp;Job 15:5; &nbsp;Proverbs 6:24); a soft tongue," i.e. soothing language (&nbsp;Proverbs 25:15); "accuse not a servant to his master," literally "hurt not with thy tongue" (&nbsp;Proverbs 30:10); "the law of kindness is in her tongue," i.e. speech (&nbsp;Proverbs 31:26; &nbsp;Isaiah 3:8; &nbsp;Isaiah 1:4; &nbsp;Wisdom of Solomon 1:6). On the "confusion of tongues," (See [[Babel]]); (See [[Ethnology]]); (See Language), etc. </p> <p> '''4.''' For a ''Particular Language'' or dialect spoken by any particular people. "Every one after his tongue" (&nbsp;Genesis 10:5; &nbsp;Genesis 10:20; &nbsp;Genesis 10:31); ‘ So also in &nbsp;Deuteronomy 28:49; &nbsp;Esther 1:22; &nbsp;Daniel 1:4; &nbsp;John 5:2; &nbsp;Acts 1:19; &nbsp;Acts 2:4; &nbsp;Acts 2:8; &nbsp;Acts 2:11; &nbsp;Acts 26:14; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 12:10; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 13:1; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:2; &nbsp;Revelation 16:16). </p> <p> '''5.''' For the [[People]] speaking a language (&nbsp;Isaiah 66:18; &nbsp;Daniel 3:4; &nbsp;Daniel 3:7, etc.; &nbsp;Revelation 5:9; &nbsp;Revelation 7:9; &nbsp;Revelation 10:11; &nbsp;Revelation 11:9; &nbsp;Revelation 14:6; &nbsp;Revelation 17:15). </p> <p> '''6.''' It is ''Used Figuratively'' for anything resembling a tongue in shape. -Thus, ''"'' a wedge of gold," literally a "tongue" (&nbsp;Joshua 7:21; &nbsp;Joshua 7:24; γλῶσσα μία χρυσῆ; Vulg. ''Regula Aurea'' )''.'' The French still say, un ''Lingot Dor,'' "a little tongue of gold," whence, by corruption, our word ''"'' ingot," "The bay that looketh southward," literally "tongue" (&nbsp;Joshua 15:2; &nbsp;Joshua 18:19); "a tongue of fire" (&nbsp;Isaiah 5:24; comp. &nbsp;Acts 2:3; &nbsp;Isaiah 11:15). </p> <p> '''7.''' Some of the Hebrew ''Idioms, Phrases,'' etc., formed of this word are highly expressive. Thus, "an evil speaker" (&nbsp;Psalms 140:11; אַישׁ לָשׁוֹן, literally "a man of tongue;" comp. &nbsp;Sirach 8:3, and see &nbsp;Ecclesiastes 10:11, Hebrew, or margin); "a forward" or rather "false tongue" (&nbsp;Proverbs 10:31; לְשׁוֹן תִּהְפֻּכוֹת, "a tongue of revolvings" ); "a wholesome tongue" (&nbsp;Proverbs 15:4; לָשׁוֹן מִרַפֵּא, literally "the healing of the tongue," reconciliation, etc.; Sept. ἴασις γλώσσης, ''Lingua Placabilis'' ); ''"A'' backbiting tongue" (&nbsp;Proverbs 25:23; סֵתֶר, secret); "slow of speech" (&nbsp;Exodus 4:10; כְּבֹד לָשׁוֹן, literally "heavy of tongue," unfit to be an orator, βραδύγλωσσος; contrast &nbsp;Sirach 4:29); ''"'' the tongue of the stammerer" (&nbsp;Isaiah 32:4), i.e. rude, illiterate (comp. 35:6; on &nbsp;Isaiah 28:11, see Lowth). In &nbsp;Isaiah 33:19, it means a foreign language, which seems gibberish to those who do not understand it (comp. &nbsp;Ezekiel 3:5); "the tongue of the learned" (&nbsp;Isaiah 1:4), i.e. of the instructor. The lexicons will point out many other instances. </p> <p> '''8.''' Some ''Metaphorical'' expressions are highly significant. Thus, &nbsp;Hosea 7:16, "the rage of the tongue," i.e. verbal abuse; "strife of tongues" (&nbsp;Psalms 31:20); scourge of the tongue" (&nbsp;Job 5:21, (See [[Execration]]); comp. &nbsp;Sirach 26:6; &nbsp;Sirach 28:17); "snare of the slanderous tongue" (&nbsp;Sirach 51:2); on the phrase "strange tongue" (&nbsp;Isaiah 28:11), see Lowth, notes on &nbsp;Isaiah 28:9-12, and afterwards the vivid -rendering of the Vulg.; "to slip with the tongue" (&nbsp;Sirach 20:18; &nbsp;Sirach 25:8), i.e. use inadvertent or unguarded speech; "they bend their tongues, their bows, for lies" (&nbsp;Jeremiah 9:3), i.e. tell determined and malicious falsehoods; "they sharpen their tongues" (&nbsp;Psalms 104:3), i.e. prepare cutting speeches (comp. &nbsp;Psalms 57:4) ) "to smooth the tongue" (&nbsp;Jeremiah 23:31), employ flattering language; "to smite with the tongue" (&nbsp;Jeremiah 18:18), i.e. to traduce-if it should not be rendered, "[[On]] the tongue," alluding to a punishment for false witness; ''‘'' to lie in wait with the tongue" (&nbsp;Sirach 5:14); "to stick out the tongue" (&nbsp;Isaiah 57:4), i.e. to mock; "against any of the children of [[Israel]] shall not a dog move his tongue" (&nbsp;Exodus 11:7), i.e. none shall hurt them; but both Sept. and Vulg. have "not a dog belonging to the children of Israel shall howl," which, as opposed to the "great cry" in Egypt over the first-born, means, not one of the children of Israel shall have cause to wail (&nbsp;Joshua 10:21; &nbsp;Judith 11:9). "To hide under the tongue" means to have in the mouth, whether spoken of hidden wickedness (&nbsp;Job 20:12; comp. &nbsp;Psalms 10:7) or delicious language (&nbsp;Song of Solomon 4:11); "the word of God in the tongue" denotes inspiration (&nbsp;2 Samuel 23:2); "to divide the tongues of the wicked" is to raise up dissensions among them (&nbsp;Psalms 55:9; comp. &nbsp;2 Samuel 15:34; &nbsp;2 Samuel 17:14-15). "The tongue cleaving to the palate" signifies profound attention (&nbsp;Job 29:10) or excessive thirst (&nbsp;Lamentations 4:4; comp. 22:16); "to cause the tongue to cleave to the palate" is to inflict supernatural dumbness (&nbsp;Ezekiel 3:26; &nbsp;Psalms 137:6). To gnaw one's tongue is a sign of fury, despair, and torment (&nbsp;Revelation 16:10). </p> <p> '''9.''' Some beautiful ''Comparisons'' occur. "An evil tongue is a sharp sword" (&nbsp;Psalms 57:4); "the tongue of the wise is health" (&nbsp;Proverbs 12:18); "like choice silver" (&nbsp;Proverbs 10:20), i.e. his words are solid, valuable, sincere. </p> <p> '''10.''' The ''Vices'' of the tongue are specified in great variety: flattery (&nbsp;Psalms 5:9; Proverbs 28:33); backbiting (&nbsp;Psalms 15:3), literally "run about with the: tongue" (&nbsp;Proverbs 25:23); deceit (Psalm 1:19); unrestrained speech (&nbsp;Psalms 73:9); lying (&nbsp;Psalms 109:2); "a lying tongue hateth those that are afflicted by it" (&nbsp;Proverbs 26:28; comp. Tacit. ''Agr.'' 42," Proprium humani ingenii est, odisse quem laeseris" ). "They have taught their tongue to speak lies. and weary themselves to commit iniquity" (&nbsp;Jeremiah 9:5) words which beautifully illustrate the fact that falsehood and vice are not natural, but are a restraint and compulsion upon nature: "double-tongued" (&nbsp;1 Timothy 3:8), δίλογος, saying one thing to this man and another to that (comp. &nbsp;Sirach 5:9; &nbsp;Sirach 5:14; &nbsp;Sirach 28:13). The retribution of evil-speakers is represented as brought on themselves (&nbsp;Isaiah 64:8). </p> <p> '''11.''' The [[Virtuous]] uses of the tongue are specified: "keeping the tongue" (&nbsp;Psalms 34:13; &nbsp;1 Peter 3:10; &nbsp;Proverbs 21:23); "ruling the tongue" (&nbsp;Sirach 19:6; &nbsp;James 1:26); the origin of the right and wrong use of the tongue traced to the heart (&nbsp;Matthew 12:34). </p> <p> '''12.''' Mistranslations: as "holding the tongue;" the Hebrews had no such idiom (&nbsp;Psalms 39:2; &nbsp;Sirach 20:1; &nbsp;Sirach 20:7; comp. the Bible and Prayer-book version of &nbsp;Habakkuk 1:13). In &nbsp;Ezra 4:7, "the [[Syrian]] tongue," literally "in Syriac" (&nbsp;Esther 7:4). Our mistranslation of &nbsp;Proverbs 16:1 has misled many: "The preparations of the heart in man, and the answer of the tongue, is from the Lord;" literally," Of man are the dispositions of the heart, but a hearing of the tongue is of the Lord." </p> <p> '''13.''' The miraculous ''Gift Of Tongues,'' as well as its corresponding gift of interpretation, has been the subject of two opinions. It was promised by Christ to believers: they shall speak γλώσσαις καιναῖς (&nbsp;Mark 16:17); and fulfilled at Pentecost, when the apostles and their companions "began to speak ἑτέραις γλώσσαις (&nbsp;Acts 2:4; &nbsp;Acts 2:11; comp. &nbsp;Acts 10:46; &nbsp;Acts 19:6; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 12:30; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:2; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:39). In the last passage we have "to pray in a tongue" (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:14), "to speak words in a tongue" (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:19), "tongues" (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 12:10; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 12:28; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 13:8; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:22; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:26). The obvious explanation of most of these passages is, to speak in other living languages, the supernatural acquisition of which demonstrated the truth of the Gospel, and was a means of diffusing it. Some verses in 1 Corinthians 14 :however, have given rise to the notion of a strange, ecstatic, inspired, unearthly language; but these all admit of a different solution. In &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:2, "he who speaketh in a tongue" evidently means, he who speaks some foreign living language; the supplied word "‘ unknown" in the A.V. is needless, and misleads the English reader. It is further said that "he edifieth himself" (which, as Macknight justly pleads, required that he should understand himself), and edifieth the Church also if an interpreter were present (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:28). The apostle says (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:14), "If I pray in a tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful," which words in English seem to intimate that the speaker might not understand himself; but the words ὁ δὲ νοῦς μου sigify "my ''Meaning"'' (comp. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 2:16; Vulg. "sensum Domini" ), or, as Hammond and Schleusner say, "my faculty of thinking upon and explaining to others the meaning of what I utter" (comp. &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:15; &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:19), though in &nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:15 some take τῷ νοϊ v as a ''Dativus Commodi,'' and ‘ render "that others may understand." The key to the difficulties of this subject is the supposed absence of an inspired interpreter (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 14:28), in which case the gift would not be [[Profitable]] to the hearers. ‘ The gift of tongues was to cease (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 13:8). Irenieus testifies (&nbsp;1 Corinthians 5:6) that it subsisted in the Church in his time. When Paul says, that though he should speak with the tongue of men and of angels, it would be nothing without charity, he uses a supposed ‘ hyperbole; as when we say, angelical beauty, angelical voice, etc., e.g. "I would have every one set a due value on the gift of tongues; but though a man possessed the most exquisite eloquence, this inestimable gift would be of little use to him, as to salvation, if he be without charity." See Macknight, Notes on 1 Corinthians 14; Oihausen, Comment. on Acts 2, 4; Neander, Hist. of the [[Apostolic]] Age, and in Bibl. Repos. 4:249, etc.; Stosch, Archaeol. (Econ. N.T. p. 93; Gataker, ad M. Anton. p. 120; and Ernesti, Lex. Techn. Gr. Rhet. p. 62. (See [[Spiritual]] Gifts). </p>

<p> ''''' tung ''''' : Almost invariably for either לשׁון , <i> ''''' lāshōn ''''' </i> , or γλῶσσα , <i> ''''' glṓssa ''''' </i> the latter word with the cognates ἑτερόγλωσσος , <i> ''''' heteróglōssos ''''' </i> , "of strange tongues" (&nbsp; 1 Corinthians 14:21 ), γλωσσώδης , <i> '''''glōssṓdēs''''' </i> , "talkative," English [[Versions]] of the Bible "full of tongue" (Sirach 8:3; 9:18), γλωσσοτομέω , <i> '''''glōssotoméō''''' </i> , "to cut out the tongue" (2 Macc 7:4), δίγλωσσος , <i> '''''dı́glōssos''''' </i> , "double-tongued" (Sirach 5:9; 28:13). In &nbsp;1 Timothy 3:8 , however, "double-tongued" is for δίλογος , <i> '''''dı́logos''''' </i> , literally, "two-worded." Where "tongue" in the King James Version translates διάλεκτος , <i> '''''diálektos''''' </i> (&nbsp;Acts 1:19; &nbsp;Acts 2:8; &nbsp;Acts 21:40; &nbsp;Acts 22:2; &nbsp;Acts 26:14 ), the Revised Version (British and American) has "language," while for the King James Version "in the Hebrew tongue" in &nbsp;John 5:2; &nbsp;Revelation 9:11; &nbsp;Revelation 16:16 ( Ἑβραΐστί , <i> '''''Hebraistı́''''' </i> ) the Revised Version (British and American) has simply "in Hebrew." In addition, in the Old Testament and Apocrypha, the King James Version uses "to hold one's tongue" as a translation for various verbs meaning "to be silent"; the Revised Version (British and American) in the Old Testament writes "to hold one's peace" and in the [[Apocrypha]] "to be silent," except in [[Sirach]] 32:8, where the King James Version is retained (σιωπάω , <i> '''''siōpáō''''' </i> ). </p> <p> The various uses of "tongue" in English are all possible also for <i> ''''' lāshōn ''''' </i> and <i> ''''' glōssa ''''' </i> , whether as the physical organ (&nbsp; Exodus 11:7; &nbsp;Mark 7:33 , etc.) or as meaning "language" (&nbsp;Genesis 10:5; &nbsp;Acts 2:4 , etc.) or as describing anything shaped like a tongue (&nbsp;Isaiah 11:15; &nbsp;Acts 2:3 , etc.). In addition, both words, especially <i> '''''las̄hōn''''' </i> appear in a wider range of meanings than can be taken by "tongue" in modern English. So the tongue appears as the specific organ of speech, where we should prefer "mouth" or "lips" (&nbsp;Exodus 4:10; &nbsp;Psalm 71:24; &nbsp;Psalm 78:36; &nbsp;Proverbs 16:1; &nbsp;Philippians 2:11 , etc.), and hence, "tongue" is used figuratively for the words uttered (&nbsp; Job 6:30; &nbsp;Psalm 139:4; &nbsp;1 John 3:18 , etc.). So the tongue can be said to have moral qualities (&nbsp;Psalm 109:2; &nbsp;Proverbs 15:4 , etc.) or to be "glad" (&nbsp;Acts 2:26 ); to "love with the tongue" (&nbsp;1 John 3:18 ) is to love in word only, and to be "double-tongued" (Sirach 5:9; 28:13; &nbsp;1 Timothy 3:8 is to be a liar. A further expansion of this figurative use has produced expressions that sound slightly bizarre in English, although their meaning is clear enough: e.g., "Who have whet their tongue like a sword" (&nbsp; Psalm 64:3 ); "His tongue is as a devouring fire" (&nbsp;Isaiah 30:27 ); "My tongue is the pen of a ready writer" (&nbsp;Psalm 45:1 ), and, especially, "Their tongue walketh through the earth" (&nbsp;Psalm 73:9 ). </p> <p> In &nbsp;Job 20:12 , "Though wickedness be sweet in his mouth, though he hide it under his tongue," the figure is that of an uncultured man rolling a choice morsel around in his mouth so as to extract the utmost flavor. In &nbsp;Psalm 10:7; &nbsp;Psalm 66:17 (Revised Version margin), however "under the tongue" means "in readiness to utter," while in &nbsp; Song of Solomon 4:11 , "Honey and milk are under thy tongue," the pleasure of a caress is described. To "divide their tongue" (&nbsp;Psalm 55:9 ) is to visit on offenders the punishment of Babel. See [[Tongues]] , [[Confusion]] Of . </p>