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== Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_54422" /> == | == Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible <ref name="term_54422" /> == | ||
<p> <strong> THADDÆUS </strong> . This is the name of one of the Twelve [[Apostles]] as given in Matthew 10:3 , Mark 3:18 . He is doubtless to be identified with the ‘ <strong> [[Judas]] </strong> [son] of James,’ who appears in the Lukan lists ( Luke 6:18 , Acts 1:13; so RV [Note: Revised Version.] , but AV [Note: Authorized Version.] renders ‘ <em> brother </em> of James’), and with the ‘Judas, not Iscariot,’ of John 14:22 , though some [[Syrian]] writers have made this last Judas to be the same as the [[Apostle]] [[Thomas]] (syr sin reads here ‘Thomas,’ syr cur reads ‘Judas Thomas’), Thomas being confessedly only a surname, ‘the Twin.’ </p> <p> In all four lists Thaddæus (or Judas) comes next to Simon the Cananæan or Zealot, and may not improbably have been his brother or intimate friend (cf. the variant ‘Judas Zelotes’ in Matthew 10:3 , noted below). It is the opinion of almost all modern scholars that neither is to be identified with any of the [[Brethren]] of our Lord, though Dom [[Chapman]] has lately published an elaborate argument to the contrary ( <em> JThSt </em> <em> [Note: ThSt Journal of Theological Studies.] </em> vii. 412). </p> <p> Instead of, or in addition to, ‘Thaddæus,’ we find the variant <strong> Lebbæus </strong> . In Mark 3:13 , <em> Codex Bezae </em> (D [Note: Deuteronomist.] ) and some Old Latin MSS have ‘Lebbæus’; but all the best authorities, including syr sin (Syr cur is wanting here), have ‘Thaddæus,’ and this is doubtless right. In Matthew 10:3 the oldest Greek MSS ( × B), the Vulgate, the Coptic, and some Old Latin MSS have ‘Thaddæus,’ while D [Note: Deuteronomist.] , supported by the valuable Old Latin <em> k </em> and some other MSS, has ‘Lebbæus.’ Some other Old Latin MSS have ‘Judas Zelotes,’ and syr sin has ‘Judas son ( <em> sic </em> ) of James’ (syr cur is wanting here). Some inferior MSS and several [[Versions]] combine ‘Lebbæus’ and ‘Thaddæus,’ as AV [Note: Authorized Version.] (‘L. whose surname was Th.’); but this is clearly a later explanation, and must be rejected. We see, then, that in Mt. ‘Thaddæus’ has the best attestation, and this alone is read in RV [Note: Revised Version.] , from which ‘Lebbæus’ has completely disappeared. But how could ‘Lebbæus’ have been invented? It has been suggested ( <em> a </em> ) that some early scribe, taking ‘Thaddæus’ and ‘Lebbæus’ to be names of kindred meaning, the former from an [[Aramaic]] word denoting ‘breast,’ the latter from another denoting ‘heart,’ confused the two; or ( <em> b </em> ), with greater probability, that ‘Lebbæus’ is a form of ‘Levi,’ introduced by some scribe who did not know that [[Levi]] and Matthew were the same person. It does not affect these explanations if, with Dalman, we hold that these derivations are in fact wrong, for the scribes were not necessarily qualified to be good philologers. </p> <p> After NT times [[Thaddeus]] (Syr. <em> Taddai </em> ) was of ten confused with Addai, who was said to be one of the Seventy disciples, and who, being seat to Edessa, healed [[Abgarus]] (see Smith-Wace, <em> Dict. Chr. Biog. </em> iv. 875). In a list of Apostles given in Lagarde’s Appendix to the <em> [[Apostolic]] Constitutions </em> (p. 283), Thaddæus, ‘who is Lebbæus and Judas,’ is distinguished from ‘Judas of James,’ and is said to have preached at Edessa, to have been buried in Egypt, and to have been crucified. </p> <p> | <p> <strong> THADDÆUS </strong> . This is the name of one of the Twelve [[Apostles]] as given in Matthew 10:3 , Mark 3:18 . He is doubtless to be identified with the ‘ <strong> [[Judas]] </strong> [son] of James,’ who appears in the Lukan lists ( Luke 6:18 , Acts 1:13; so RV [Note: Revised Version.] , but AV [Note: Authorized Version.] renders ‘ <em> brother </em> of James’), and with the ‘Judas, not Iscariot,’ of John 14:22 , though some [[Syrian]] writers have made this last Judas to be the same as the [[Apostle]] [[Thomas]] (syr sin reads here ‘Thomas,’ syr cur reads ‘Judas Thomas’), Thomas being confessedly only a surname, ‘the Twin.’ </p> <p> In all four lists Thaddæus (or Judas) comes next to Simon the Cananæan or Zealot, and may not improbably have been his brother or intimate friend (cf. the variant ‘Judas Zelotes’ in Matthew 10:3 , noted below). It is the opinion of almost all modern scholars that neither is to be identified with any of the [[Brethren]] of our Lord, though Dom [[Chapman]] has lately published an elaborate argument to the contrary ( <em> JThSt </em> <em> [Note: ThSt Journal of Theological Studies.] </em> vii. 412). </p> <p> Instead of, or in addition to, ‘Thaddæus,’ we find the variant <strong> Lebbæus </strong> . In Mark 3:13 , <em> Codex Bezae </em> (D [Note: Deuteronomist.] ) and some Old Latin MSS have ‘Lebbæus’; but all the best authorities, including syr sin (Syr cur is wanting here), have ‘Thaddæus,’ and this is doubtless right. In Matthew 10:3 the oldest Greek MSS ( × B), the Vulgate, the Coptic, and some Old Latin MSS have ‘Thaddæus,’ while D [Note: Deuteronomist.] , supported by the valuable Old Latin <em> k </em> and some other MSS, has ‘Lebbæus.’ Some other Old Latin MSS have ‘Judas Zelotes,’ and syr sin has ‘Judas son ( <em> sic </em> ) of James’ (syr cur is wanting here). Some inferior MSS and several [[Versions]] combine ‘Lebbæus’ and ‘Thaddæus,’ as AV [Note: Authorized Version.] (‘L. whose surname was Th.’); but this is clearly a later explanation, and must be rejected. We see, then, that in Mt. ‘Thaddæus’ has the best attestation, and this alone is read in RV [Note: Revised Version.] , from which ‘Lebbæus’ has completely disappeared. But how could ‘Lebbæus’ have been invented? It has been suggested ( <em> a </em> ) that some early scribe, taking ‘Thaddæus’ and ‘Lebbæus’ to be names of kindred meaning, the former from an [[Aramaic]] word denoting ‘breast,’ the latter from another denoting ‘heart,’ confused the two; or ( <em> b </em> ), with greater probability, that ‘Lebbæus’ is a form of ‘Levi,’ introduced by some scribe who did not know that [[Levi]] and Matthew were the same person. It does not affect these explanations if, with Dalman, we hold that these derivations are in fact wrong, for the scribes were not necessarily qualified to be good philologers. </p> <p> After NT times [[Thaddeus]] (Syr. <em> Taddai </em> ) was of ten confused with Addai, who was said to be one of the Seventy disciples, and who, being seat to Edessa, healed [[Abgarus]] (see Smith-Wace, <em> Dict. Chr. Biog. </em> iv. 875). In a list of Apostles given in Lagarde’s Appendix to the <em> [[Apostolic]] Constitutions </em> (p. 283), Thaddæus, ‘who is Lebbæus and Judas,’ is distinguished from ‘Judas of James,’ and is said to have preached at Edessa, to have been buried in Egypt, and to have been crucified. </p> <p> A. J. Maclean. </p> | ||
== A Dictionary of Early Christian Biography <ref name="term_15203" /> == | == A Dictionary of Early Christian Biography <ref name="term_15203" /> == | ||
<p> <b> Thaddaeus. </b> [[Eusebius]] ( <i> Hist. Eccl. </i> i. 13) gives a story, which he says he found in the archives of Edessa, that after the ascension of our Lord, the apostle Judas Thomas sent Thaddaeus, one of the seventy disciples, to Edessa, to king Abgarus the Black, and that he cured the king of a serious illness, converted him with all his people to Christianity, and died at [[Edessa]] after many years of successful labours. The name of this apostle of the Edessenes is given by the [[Syrians]] as Addaeus ( <i> Doctrina Addai, </i> ed. Phillips, p. 5, Eng. trans. 1876), and it is possible that Eusebius misread the name as Thaddaeus. [[Thaddaeus]] was at a later date confused with the apostle Judas Thaddaeus. The documents given by Eusebius contain a correspondence between [[Abgar]] and our Lord, which of course is spurious. Cf. | <p> <b> Thaddaeus. </b> [[Eusebius]] ( <i> Hist. Eccl. </i> i. 13) gives a story, which he says he found in the archives of Edessa, that after the ascension of our Lord, the apostle Judas Thomas sent Thaddaeus, one of the seventy disciples, to Edessa, to king Abgarus the Black, and that he cured the king of a serious illness, converted him with all his people to Christianity, and died at [[Edessa]] after many years of successful labours. The name of this apostle of the Edessenes is given by the [[Syrians]] as Addaeus ( <i> Doctrina Addai, </i> ed. Phillips, p. 5, Eng. trans. 1876), and it is possible that Eusebius misread the name as Thaddaeus. [[Thaddaeus]] was at a later date confused with the apostle Judas Thaddaeus. The documents given by Eusebius contain a correspondence between [[Abgar]] and our Lord, which of course is spurious. Cf. R. A. Lipsius, <i> Die Edessenische Abgarsage kritisch untersucht </i> (Braunschweig, 1880), and in <i> D. C. B. </i> vol. iv.; also, by the same, <i> Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten, </i> vol. ii. 2, 178–201, and Suppl. p. 105; also Texeront, <i> Les Origines de l’Eglise d’Edesse et la légende d’Abgar </i> (Paris, 1888). </p> <p> [H.W.] </p> | ||
== Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_19107" /> == | == Bridgeway Bible Dictionary <ref name="term_19107" /> == | ||
