Difference between revisions of "Shishak"

<p> '''''Sheshonk Ι''''' in the monuments; first sovereign of the Bubastite 22nd dynasty. He comes before us without the ancient name of Pharaoh; he probably was a bold adventurer who supplanted the previous dynasty. Hence arose his hostility to Solomon, who was allied to a daughter of the former Pharaoh. By comparing [[Manetho]] and the monuments with &nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:2-9 and &nbsp;1 Kings 11:40; &nbsp;1 Kings 14:25-28, we infer that the first year of [[Shishak]] corresponds to Solomon's 26th year, about 988 B.C. (980: Hincks); and the 20th of Shishak when he invaded Judah (969 B.C.) to Rehoboam's fifth year. [[Zerah]] probably succeeded Shishak and attacked Judah before the 15tb year of Asa. The name Shishak answers to '''''Sheshach''''' ("Babylon"), as Usarken and Tekerut, his successors, answer to [[Sargon]] and Tiglath, Semitic names; '''''Νamuret''''' ("Nimrod") too is a name of princes of this line. </p> <p> The tablet of Harpsen from the Serapeium (Lepsius) makes Shishak son of a chief named Namuret, whose ancestors are untitled and bear foreign names. Shishak took as the title of his standard "he who attains royalty by uniting the two regions of Egypt." He married the heiress of the [[Rameses]] family; his son and successor took to wife the daughter of the Tanite 21st dynasty. A [[Pharaoh]] of the 21st dynasty took [[Gezer]] in [[Palestine]] from the [[Canaanites]] (&nbsp;1 Kings 9:16) and gave it as a present to his daughter, Solomon's wife. It was only late in his reign that Shishak could, like that Pharaoh, carry on foreign wars. Shishak early in his reign received [[Jeroboam]] the political exile, fleeing from Solomon, Jeroboam's enemy, toward whom Shishak would feel only jealousy, having no He of affinity as the Pharaoh of the previous dynasty had. During Solomon's powerful reign Shishak attempted no attack. </p> <p> The division of the tribes under Rehoboam gave Shishak the opportunity which he sought. (See [[Rehoboam]] .) With 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen, and Lubim, [[Sukkiim]] and Cushim without number, he took Judah's cities fortified by Rehoboam (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 11:5-12) and came to [[Jerusalem]] (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:2; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:4-5; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:9-12). (See [[Shemaiah]] .) Shishak has recorded this expedition on the wall of the great temple at Karnak; there is a list of the countries, cities and tribes, ruled, conquered, or made tributary by him, including many [[Jewish]] names, Taanach, Rehob, Mahanaim, Gibeon, Bethhoron, Kedemoth, Aijalon, Megiddo, Ibleam, Almon, Shoco, one of Rehoboam's fenced cities, etc. Telaim, [[Beth]] Tappuah, Golan, the circle of Jordan, the valley ( ''''''Eemek''''' ), Beth Emek; &nbsp;Joshua 19:27), the [[Negeb]] or S. of Judah, Jerahmeelites, [[Rekem]] (Petra), and the Hagarites, are all specified; </p> <p> '''(1)''' the [[Levitical]] and [[Canaanite]] cities are grouped together; </p> <p> '''(2)''' the cities of Judah; </p> <p> '''(3)''' [[Arab]] tribes S. of Palestine. Champollion reads in the inscription "the kingdom of Judah." Brugsch objects that the "kingdom of Judah" would be out of place as following names of towns in Judah, the supposed equivalent of "kingdom" ( '''''Malkuwth''''' ) rather answers to "king" ( '''''Melek''''' ). Shishak went to settle his protege, Jeroboam, in his northern kingdom, where he was endangered from the Levitical (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 11:13) and the Canaanite towns in northern [[Israel]] not being in his hands; these Shishak reduced and banded over to him. </p> <p> Shishak contented himself with receiving Rehoboam's submission, and carrying away the accumulated temple treasures of David's and Solomon's reigns, the golden shields, etc.; and allowed him to retain Judah, lest Jeroboam should become strong. His policy was to leave the two petty kings as checks upon each other, letting neither gain strength enough to trouble himself. He was not strong enough to attack Assyria; so he contented himself with subjugating Palestine and the parts of [[Arabia]] bordering on Egypt, so as to make them an effectual barrier against Assyria's advance. An inscription in the Silsilis quarries mentions the cutting of stone for the chief temple of [[Thebes]] in Shishak's 22nd year. He appears in the temple at Thebes as "lord of both Upper and Lower Egypt." The lotus and the papyrus are both upon the shields carried before him; the "nine bows" follow, symbolizing [[Libya]] . </p>

<p> King of Egypt, to whom Jeroboam fled for protection from Solomon. Shishak afterwards invaded Judah during the reign of Rehoboam, "because they had transgressed against the Lord." He came with an immense army, took fenced cities, and pillaged Jerusalem and the temple. Shishak left an account of this expedition. It gives a long list of places conquered, among which are the names of many Jewish towns, as Taanach, Rehob, Mahanaim, Gibeon, Beth-horon, Kedemoth, [[Aijalon]] and Megiddo. &nbsp;1 Kings 11:40; &nbsp;1 Kings 14:25,26; &nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:2-9 . See [[Egypt]] </p>

<p> [[Shishak]] ( ''Shî-Sh'' ''Ăk'' ). King of Egypt, known as Sheshonk I. The first year of Shishak would about correspond to the 26th of Solomon, b.c. 989, and the 20th of Shishak to the 5th of Rehoboam. Shishak at the beginning of his reign received the fugitive Jeroboam, &nbsp;1 Kings 11:40; and it was probably at the instigation of Jeroboam that he attacked Rehoboam. </p>

&nbsp;1 Kings 14:25-26&nbsp;1 Kings 3:1&nbsp;1 Kings 9:16Egypt

<p> ''''' shı̄´shak ''''' ( שׁישׁק , <i> ''''' shı̄shaḳ ''''' </i> (&nbsp; 1 Kings 14:25 ); Σουσακείμ , <i> ''''' Sousakeı́m ''''' </i> ): </p> 1. Shishak, 952-930 BC: <p> Sheshonk or Sheshenq I, as he is called on the monuments, the founder of the Xxii nd Dynasty, was in all probability of [[Libyan]] origin. It is possible that his claim to the throne was that of the sword, but it is more likely that he acquired it by marriage with a princess of the dynasty preceding. On the death of Pasebkhanu II, the last of the kings of the Xxi st Dynasty, 952 BC, Shishak ascended the throne, with an efficient army and a well-filled treasury at his command. He was a warlike prince and cherished dreams of Asiatic dominion. </p> 2. [[Patron]] of Jeroboam: <p> He had not long been seated on the throne when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, of the tribe of Ephraim, whom Solomon had promoted but afterward had cause to suspect, fled from the displeasure of his sovereign to the court of Shishak (&nbsp;1 Kings 11:26 ff). There Jeroboam remained till the death of Solomon, when he returned to Canaan, and, on Rehoboam's returning an unsatisfactory answer to the people's demands for relief from their burdens, headed the revolt of the Ten Tribes, over whom he was chosen king with his capital at [[Shechem]] (&nbsp; 1 Kings 12:25 ff). Whether there was not in the Xxi st Dynasty some kind of suzerainty of Egypt over Palestine, when Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter and received with her Gezer as a dowry, seems not to be clearly established. It is, however, natural that Jeroboam's patron in the day of adversity should take sides with him against Rehoboam, now that the kingdom was divided. Active support of Jeroboam would be in the line of his dreams of an eastern empire. </p> 3. [[Syrian]] Campaign: <p> So it came to pass that in the 5th year of Rehoboam, Shishak came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots, and 60,000 horsemen, and people without number out of Egypt, the Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians, and took the fenced cities of Judah, and came to Jerusalem. At the preaching of the prophet Shemaiah, Rehoboam and his people repented, and Jerusalem was saved from destruction, though not from plunder nor from servitude, for he became Shishak's servant (&nbsp;2 Chronicles 12:8 ). Shishak took away the treasures of the house of the Lord and the treasures of the king's house, carrying off among the most precious of the spoils all the shields of gold which Solomon had made (&nbsp;1 Kings 14:25 ff; &nbsp; 2 Chronicles 12:1-9 ). From the [[Scripture]] narrative it does not appear that there was any occupation of Palestine by the Egyptian forces on this occasion. </p> 4. Shishak's [[Record]] at Karnak: <p> There is, however, a remarkable contemporary record of the campaign engraved on the south wall of the [[Temple]] of [[Amon]] at Karnak by Shishak himself. Not only is the expedition recorded, but there is a list of districts and towns of Palestine granted to his victories by Amon-Ra and the goddess of Thebes engraved there. A number of towns mentioned in the Book of Josh have been identified; and among the names of the list are Rabbath, Taanach, Gibeon, Mahanaim, Beth-horon and other towns both of Israel and Judah. That names of places in the Northem [[Kingdom]] are mentioned in the list does not imply that Shishak had directed his armies against Jeroboam and plundered his territories. It was the custom in antiquity for a victorious monarch to include among conquered cities any place that paid tribute or was under subjection, whether captured in war or not; and it was sufficient reason for Shishak to include these [[Israelite]] places that Jeroboam, as seems probable, had invited him to come to his aid. Among the names in the list was "Jud-hamalek" - Y udhmalk on the monuments - which was at first believed to represent the king of Judah, with a figure which passed for Rehoboam. Being, however, a place-name, it is now recognized to be the town Yehudah, belonging to the king. On the death of Shishak his successor assumed a nominal suzerainty over the land of Canaan. </p> Literature. <p> Flinders Petrie, <i> History of Egypt </i> , III, 227 ff; Maspero, <i> Struggle of the [[Nations]] </i> , 772 ff; Nicol, <i> Recent [[Archaeology]] and the Bible </i> , 222-25. </p>

<p> '''II.''' History. '''''—''''' In order to render the following observations clear, it will be necessary to say a few words on the history of Egypt before the accession of Sheshenk I. On the decline of the Theban line or Rameses family (the twentieth dynasty), two royal houses appear to have arisen. At Thebes the high priests of Amen, after a virtual usurpation; at last took the regal title, and in Lower Egypt a Tanitic dynasty (Manetho's twenty-first) seems to have gained royal power. But it is possible that there was but one line between the twentieth and twenty-second dynasties, and that the high priest kings belonged to the twenty-first. The origin of the royal line of which Sheshenk I was the head is extremely obscure. Mr. Birch's discovery that several of the names of the family are Shemitic has led to the supposition that, it was of [[Assyrian]] or [[Babylonian]] origin. ''Shishak,'' '''''שַׁישִׁק''''' , may be compared with <p> '''Copyright Statement''' These files are public domain. </p> <p> '''Bibliography Information''' McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Shishak'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and [[Ecclesiastical]] Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/s/shishak.html. [[Harper]] & Brothers. New York. 1870. </p> </p>